Rise of the Cossacks - Origins of the Ukrainians DOCUMENTARY - YouTube
发布时间 2022-07-27 21:59:46 来源
Somewhere by the Black Sea coast, a young Kosak mounts his horse. He fondles says goodbye to his girl, and even more fondly says goodbye to Ukraine.
在黑海海岸的某个地方，一个年轻的哥萨克骑上了他的马。他抚摸着他的女孩向她告别，更加深情地向乌克兰告别。
In our previous video on the history of pre-modern Ukraine, we provided a brief survey of the ancient and medieval history of the lands that make up modern Ukraine, culminating with the formation of the Kingdom of Rothania.
在我们之前的视频中，我们对前现代乌克兰历史进行了简要概述，重点介绍了构成现代乌克兰的土地的古代和中世纪历史，最终以罗萨尼亚王国的形成作为结束。
In the second part of this series, as we move on to the early modern era, we will focus on a very specific yet fundamental pillar of Ukrainian ethnogenesis, Kosaks, the Free Men of the Wild Plains.
在这个系列的第二部分中，随着我们进入早现代时代，我们将重点关注乌克兰民族形成的一个非常特殊但又基本的支柱——科萨克，草原上的自由人。
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目前最接近这种自由的东西是互联网，就像哥萨克人需要装备来保护自由一样，你也需要保护互联网自由。你可以尝试我们的 Nord VPN 优惠。他们让你通过一个点击将你的互联网流量通过全球极快的服务器进行传输。这样可以隐藏你的位置并加密你的数据，以防止互联网服务提供商和跟踪器收集和出售你的数字足迹，并且避免下载速度被限制。或者对于高安全需求，你可以使用他们的双重 VPN 来实现加倍的加密。
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Nord VPN拥有来自59个国家的超过5600个服务器，让您轻松访问区域限制的内容，如电视节目、电影、游戏，甚至可以获得相同物品的不同价格。您只需在地图上选择一台服务器，就能获得该地区提供的所有内容。此外，当您旅行或使用免费Wi-Fi时，通常容易成为关键数据被盗的目标，使用Nord VPN可以保护您。您可以在六个设备上获得保护，无需额外费用，因此当您离开家时，可以保护您的手机和笔记本电脑。此外，测试表明Nord VPN是最快的提供商。您可以在NordVPN.com/slash Kings and Generals获得巨额折扣，还享有30天退款保证，所以尝试使用它没有任何风险。
The story of the Cossacks begins with the lands of modern Ukraine under foreign rule, but not by who you might expect. In 1323, the Kingdom of Rethynia was ruled jointly by two brother Kings, Andrew and Lev the Second, the great-grand sons of the Kingdom's founder Danilo. It was that year that disaster struck, as both were killed in a battle fought against their ostensible suzerain, Uzbek Khan of the Golden Horde. As neither brother had any heirs, Danilo's branch of the Ryrikid bloodline went extinct, and Rethynia was left without a rightful ruler.
哥萨克故事始于现代乌克兰的土地，当时这片土地并非由人们所期待的统治。在1323年时，雷西尼亚王国由两位兄弟国王安德鲁和列夫二世共同统治，他们是王国创始人丹尼洛的曾孙。就在那一年，灾难降临，两位国王在与乌兹别克汗（金帐汗国的君主）的战斗中丧生。由于两位兄弟没有后嗣，丹尼洛的拉里科血统一脉相控被绝迹，雷西尼亚丧失了合法的统治者。
Caught in such a state of vulnerability, the Rethynian Kingdom came into the crosshairs of two up-and-coming powers, Poland and Lithuania. To vastly oversimplify a half-decade of complex political jockeying, the Kingdom of Rethynia was ultimately partitioned between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who carved it in twain along the historic borders of the principalities of Galicia and Fellynia. Surprisingly enough, it was the Lithuanians, who for a time, were the most powerful overlords in the proto-Ukrainian world.
被困于如此脆弱的境地，瑞西尼亚王国成为正在崛起的波兰和立陶宛两个势力的目标。为了简化起见，五年复杂的政治权力争夺战最终导致瑞西尼亚王国的分割，波兰王国和立陶宛大公国按照加利西亚和菲利尼亚公国的历史边界将其划分为两部分。令人惊讶的是，立陶宛人在泛乌克兰世界曾经一度是最强大的超级霸主。
After the dynamic Grand Duke Gediminus, the last pagan country in Europe, had become a mighty military juggernaut, remarkably defeating the seemingly invincible Mongol juggernaut of the Golden Horde to annex not just the far-west principality of Fellynia, but also lands in eastern and central Ukraine, such as Chenahiv, Perieslav, Bhedolia and even Kiv.
在强大的大公盖迪米纳斯统治下，摒弃了信仰异教的欧洲最后一个国家成为了一个强大的军事强国，成功地击败了看似无敌的蒙古大军（金帐汗国），并吞并了远西的费利尼亚公国，以及乌克兰东部和中部的土地，如切纳希夫、佩列斯拉夫、贝多利亚甚至基辅。
At the dawn of the 1400s, nearly all the historic Rus' princedoms were either under Polish or Lithuanian rule. At the onset, this was not a terrible arrangement, and the Lithuanians in particular were light rulers. However, in the centuries that followed, the self-determination of the Rethynian religion, language and culture in the occupied territories was gradually rolled back. The catalyst for this began in 1385, when a matrimonial union between Grand Duke Jugayla and Queen Ytviga united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
在15世纪初，几乎所有历史上的鲁斯亲王国都处于波兰或立陶宛的统治之下。开始时，这种安排并不可怕，特别是立陶宛人是比较温和的统治者。然而，在接下来的几个世纪中，被占领领土上的雷西尼亚宗教、语言和文化的自主权逐渐受到限制。这一导火索始于1385年，当时大公儿子朱家拉和女王伊蒂维加的婚姻联姻统一了立陶宛大公国和波兰王国。
In order to secure this union, the Lithuanian Duke officially converted to Catholicism, the faith of the Poles. This had two-fold implications. The last vestige of paganism in Europe was snuffed, while the influence of Rethynian Orthodox Christianity in his realm declined. Then, in 1569, after a series of arrangements that entwined Poland and Lithuania ever closer to one another politically, the union of Lublin officially merged the two sides into one commonwealth.
为了巩固这个联盟，立陶宛公爵正式改信波兰人的天主教信仰。这有着两个方面的影响。欧洲最后的异教信仰被彻底消灭，同时，他领地内的喀山正教基督教影响力减弱。随后，在1569年，经过一系列将波兰和立陶宛在政治上更加紧密联系在一起的安排，卢布林联合正式将两个宗体合并为一个共和国。
Per the terms of the union, Rethynian lands were annexed into the administration of the Polish crown, under which the Polish language, culture and faith was predominant, and the old Orthodox Rus' elite faced ever more pressure to convert to Catholicism and Polinise.
根据该联盟的条款，列丁亚的土地被并入波兰王冠的行政管理下，波兰语言、文化和信仰成为主导，并且旧有的东正教俄罗斯精英阶层面临着越来越大的压力，要求他们改变信仰，转向天主教，并接受波兰化的影响。
The squeeze of Polish rule on Rethynian lands was felt not only among the native nobility, but the peasantry as well. Under Rethynian and later Lithuanian rule, the majority of medieval Ukraine's land had been owned by small landowners and tilled by free peasants. However, as profits from grain exports increased in the 15th century, the land was opened up to Polish Catholic nobles, magnates and small landowners were replaced by huge latifundia agricultural estates. Consequently, the peasantry who formally enjoyed freedom of movement was shackled into serfdom, bound to the land of their Catholic lords and forced to uphold strict agricultural obligations to their masters.
波兰统治对雷西尼亚土地的紧缩不仅让土著贵族感受到，农民们也同样受到了影响。在雷西尼亚及后来的立陶宛统治下，中世纪乌克兰的大部分土地归小地主所有，由自由农民耕种。然而，随着15世纪粮食出口利润的增加，土地开始向波兰天主教贵族开放，大地主和小地主被巨大的大庄园代替。因此，农民们原本享有的移动自由被束缚为农奴，他们被迫依附在天主教贵族的土地上，并被迫履行对主人的严格农业义务。
During the time of the Polish-Lithuanian rule, the lands of Western Ukraine were urbanized, cosmopolitan and highly developed. However, the same could not be said for the east. The reason for this was the Crimean Cunnit, a successor state of the Golden Horde, who considered the fields of Ukraine to be theirs, since it had once belonged to the Mongol Khans, and thus annually raided into Commonwealth lands for slaves, turning eastern Ukraine into a long, violent and volatile frontier.
在波兰立陶宛统治时期，乌克兰西部的土地城市化、国际化并且高度发达。然而，对于东部地区来说情况则完全不同。造成这种情况的原因是克里米亚汗国，它是金帐汗国的继任国，他们认为乌克兰的土地曾经属于蒙古可汗的领地，因此每年会进行掠夺行动，将东部乌克兰变成了一个漫长、暴力和不稳定的边境地带。
To fortify this region, the Lithuanians built a string of forts along the frontier, which they garrisoned with mercenaries, originally of mostly tartar Turkic origin, but later joined by Slavic militias too. However, since these forts were so far away from the governing centres of the Grand Duchy, they went rogue and became autonomous military communities unto themselves.
为了加强这个地区的防御，立陶宛人沿边境建造了一系列的堡垒，并雇佣了外籍雇佣军，最初主要是鞑靼突厥人，后来也有斯拉夫民兵加入。然而，由于这些堡垒距离大公国的治理中心太远，它们逐渐变得独立，并形成了自治的军事社区。
Later on, princes and nobles within the Polish Commonwealth began incentivising peasants to move into those steppe borderlands, offering them exemptions from taxes and indentured labour in return for developing the dangerous land. However, when the Polish aristocrats attempted to reimpose the tenets of serfdom upon these fledgling communities, many of the now-freedom accustomed peasants refused to be collared to a lord once again, and fled further eastwards and southwards to the fields along the Lower Dnieper River, dangerously close to the domain of the slavers of the Crimean Cunnit. There, the runaways likely intermingled with the already autonomous mercenary free-booters in the region. Abandoning their agricultural lifestyle, they armed themselves and began roaming the wild plains as hunters and brigands.
在波兰联邦境内，王子和贵族后来开始鼓励农民移居到那些边境草原地区，给予他们免除税收和契约劳动的优惠，以换取对危险土地的开发。然而，当波兰贵族试图重新强加农奴制度的原则给这些新兴社区时，许多已习惯了自由的农民拒绝再次成为领主的奴隶，逃往了更东部和更南部的下第聂伯河沿岸地区，与克里米亚库曼部落奴隶主的领地危险地接近。在那里，逃亡者很可能与该地区已经自治的雇佣自由掠夺者混合在一起。他们放弃了农业生活方式，武装自己，开始在荒野平原上作为猎人和土匪游荡。
Over the next century, the lands of eastern Ukraine continued to serve as an escape valve for the disenfranchised to flee Polish aristocratic rule without struggling against it. Not only peasants took this route, but indebted nobles and defrocked priests as well. It would be this diverse cast of misfits who would ultimately form the core of an emergent free Cossack society.
在接下来的一个世纪里，乌克兰东部的土地继续成为那些想逃离波兰贵族统治而无需与之抗争的被剥夺权益者的出口。不仅仅是农民选择了这种方式，还有负债累累的贵族和被剥夺斗师资格的牧师也是如此。正是由这样一群多样化的行为古怪的人组成的核心，最终形成了一个新兴的自由哥萨克社会。
Thus, at its core, Cossackdom at its onset was not a nation or race, but a shared lifestyle that valued freedom from the traditional feudal hierarchy.
因此，在其核心，刚刚开始的哥萨克教不是一个国家或种族，而是一种共同的生活方式，它重视摆脱传统封建等级制度的自由。
Let us now take a break from the march of history to essentialise what life as a Cossack was like. Although most of the Cossacks never abandoned their agricultural ways, a sizable portion lived a quasi-nomadic lifestyle, sustaining themselves by hunting in the steps and fishing along the rivers. They roamed the wild plains in covered wagons, which were always ready to be drawn up into a defensive square formation in the event of an attack.
让我们现在暂时中断历史进程，来概括一下哥萨克人的生活是怎样的。尽管大部分哥萨克人从未放弃农业生活方式，但是相当一部分人过着类似游牧的生活，通过在大草原上猎杀和河流中捕鱼来谋生。他们驾驶着有顶篷的马车，在荒野广阔的平原上漫游，这些马车常常准备好在被攻击时迅速组成防御方阵。
Indeed, true to their popular image, the average Cossack was a warlike individual. In the early stages of their existence, their principal enemy was the raiders of the Crimean and Nogai Khanats, with whom they cohabited the steppe frontier. Despite their popular image as Cowboy-esque horsemen, the majority of Cossacks fought as infantrymen. However, they still focused on mobility, speed and hit and run tactics, with the rifle as their primary weapon, which they wielded with dead eye accuracy. At sea, the Cossacks were strategic lightning raiders, plying their long-rowing galleys to strike Tata forts along the Danube River, and sometimes going even further, brutally sacking the coastal Anatolian settlements of the mighty Ottoman Empire. In that sense, the Cossacks fought in a manner not unlike the Varangian Vikings of old.
确实，顺应他们的普遍形象，普通的哥萨克是一个好战的个体。在他们存在的早期阶段，他们的主要敌人是克里米亚和诺盖汗国的袭击者，他们与他们共同居住在边疆的大草原上。尽管他们被普遍看作是类似牛仔的骑兵，但大多数哥萨克是作为步兵参战的。然而，他们仍然注重机动性、速度和袭击战术，步枪是他们的主要武器，他们使用得非常准确。在海上，哥萨克是策略性的闪电袭击者，借助他们长船快船袭击塔塔人沿多瑙河的堡垒，有时甚至更远，残忍地劫掠了强大的奥斯曼帝国沿海的安纳托利亚定居点。从这个意义上说，哥萨克的战斗方式与古代的瓦兰格·维京人并无二致。
Although the Cossacks spent most of their time on the roam, eventually, permanent settlements did begin building up around where they gathered. Eventually, these settlements became bustling trade on trapez, and peoples as far flung as Muscovites, Persians, Greeks, Armenians and Jews began gravitating towards the wild plains to trade for the gold, jewellery, slaves and animals accumulated by the Cossacks on their hunts and raids. As a result, these settlements grew profusely wealthy, but despite this, Cossack Society was remarkably egalitarian for the time.
虽然哥萨克人大部分时间都在游牧，但最终，在他们聚集的地方开始出现了永久定居点。这些聚落后来变成了繁荣的贸易中心，像莫斯科人、波斯人、希腊人、亚美尼亚人和犹太人等远方的民族纷纷涌向荒原进行金银珠宝、奴隶和野生动物的交易，这些物品都是哥萨克人在狩猎和掠夺中积累的。因此，这些定居点迅速积累了巨大财富，但尽管如此，哥萨克社会在当时令人惊讶地具有平等性。
According to legend, all wealth in Cossack compounds was owned collectively, with individuals' homes remaining unlocked and open at all times, although this is not grounded in historical fact. What is certain is that Cossack Society was democratic, while hierarchy did exist in Cossack Brotherhoods, with individual bands usually led by a supreme leader known as a Hetman or Attaman. Decisions that affected the entire Brotherhood were voted upon by public military councils, known as Radis, where the rule of the majority reigned supreme.
根据传说，哥萨克聚落中的所有财富都是集体所有的，个人的住宅始终开放无锁。虽然这并非历史事实，但可以肯定的是，哥萨克社会是民主的，尽管在哥萨克兄弟会中存在等级制度，通常由一位被称为哈特曼或阿塔曼的最高领导人领导各个小团体。影响整个兄弟会的决策由公开的军事会议（称为拉迪斯）投票决定，多数决定原则主宰决策。
Oftentimes, Hetman themselves were elected officials, and could be removed or even executed if they acted against the collective interests of his Brotherhood. The roots of Cossack Democracy likely stem from many places, with some claiming the Cossacks adopted the social structure of their Turkic neighbours. Others arguing it was a symptom of their desire to be free of Polish feudalism, and others claiming that its roots could be found in the inherently democratic customs of the old Kievan Rus.
在很多情况下，亲率可能也是选举产生的官员，如果他们违背了集体利益，甚至可以被罢免或处决。哥萨克民主的根源可能来自不同的地方，一些人声称哥萨克人采用了他们的突厥邻居的社会结构。其他人认为这是他们渴望摆脱波兰封建制度的一种反应，还有人声称其根源可以追溯到旧基辅罗斯的民主风俗。
This brings us to the topic of language and religion, for while the Cossacks were always a multi-ethnic phenomenon, and originally their Hetmans were mostly Polish-speaking Catholics, over time the importance of the Rethenian language and Rethenian Orthodox Christianity predominated as symbolic speartips of their martial culture.
这让我们来到语言和宗教的话题上，虽然哥萨克人始终是一个多民族现象，最初他们的尤里卡克（哥萨克酋长）大多是讲波兰语的天主教徒，但随着时间推移，喀秋莫语和喀秋莫东正教基督教的重要性在他们的武术文化中逐渐占主导地位，成为象征象征意义的先锋。
Now letters briefly zoom out and examine the world that the Cossacks inhabited. By the 16th century, Eastern Europe was a theatre contested by three main spheres of power. The first was of course the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The second was the Ottoman Empire, exercising influence through their vassals, the aforementioned Crimean Khanate. The third was the Muscovites, who in 1480 had ended the last vestiges of Mongol rule over the historic territories of northern Rus, and gone on an expansionist campaign that included the annexation of Chenahiv and Smolensk, marking the first time any Ukrainian lands came under the rule of Moscow.
现在，我们简要地回顾并审视一下哥萨克人所居住的世界。到了16世纪，东欧成为了三个主要势力范围争夺的战场。第一个势力范围当然是波兰立陶宛联邦。第二个势力范围是奥斯曼帝国，通过他们的附庸国克里米亚可汗国来施加影响。第三个势力范围是莫斯科人，在1480年结束了蒙古统治北部罗斯历史领土的最后残余，并展开了扩张活动，包括并吞切纳希夫和斯摩棱斯克，这是乌克兰任何土地首次被莫斯科统治。
A century later, Ivan IV, yes the terrible one, founded the Zardim of Russia. Nestled between sultans, Khans, Zars and Catholic kings, the Cossacks would rise and thrive. Of course at the onset, the Cossacks were at least ostensibly living on lands belonging to the Polish Crown, who found themselves in a quandary regarding their Cossacks' squatters. On one hand, they were openly defiant of the feudal authorities of the Polish Crown, but on the other hand, they were extremely useful as a buffer in fighting off Tatar raids into Commonwealth lands.
一个世纪后，可怕的伊凡四世建立了俄罗斯的扎尔迪姆。被苏丹、可汗、沙皇和天主教国王环绕的边地哥萨克人崛起并繁荣发展。当然，在开始时，哥萨克人至少表面上生活在属于波兰王室的土地上，这让波兰王室陷入了关于哥萨克人寄居者的困境中。一方面，他们公然反抗波兰王室的封建当局，但另一方面，他们在击退鞑靼人进攻波兰联邦领土时非常有用，可以作为一个缓冲区。
In the 1570s, the Polish king Stefan Batori tried to two birds one stone the situation by incorporating the Cossacks into the royal army of the Commonwealth through a registry system. This was largely a failure. Firstly, because the Polish government rarely paged the Cossacks their promised salaries, and secondly because the free-willed Cossacks were ever reticent to fight for any cause other than their own. Moreover, only a small minority of Cossacks were given the legal status of being registered, meaning the Polish government still saw the majority of them as illegal troublemakers and expected them to disband.
在1570年代，波兰国王斯特凡·巴托利尝试通过一个注册系统将哥萨克人纳入联邦的皇家军队，以达到一石二鸟的目的。然而，这个尝试在很大程度上是失败的。第一，因为波兰政府很少支付承诺的薪水给哥萨克人；第二，自由意志的哥萨克人只愿为自己的事业而战，对于其他任何原因他们都不太愿意出战。此外，只有少数哥萨克人被赋予合法注册的身份，意味着波兰政府仍将大多数哥萨克人视为非法的麻烦制造者，并期望他们解散。
All this led to increasing tensions between the Cossacks and the Commonwealth Crown. Until the registered Cossacks, as few as they were, were integrated into the Polish state apparatus, and their leaders were even legitimised as quasi-nobility, given lands and estates to run. This however would backfire spectacularly. In 1590, a Cossack Hetman by the name of Christov Kuzinsky was a state master of some peasant villages in eastern Ukraine. This however puts him in competition with the region's most powerful noble family, the Ostrogskis, the Palatines of Kyiv.
所有这些导致了哥萨克人与波兰联邦皇室之间紧张关系的不断加剧。直到少数哥萨克人被整合进波兰国家机构中，并且他们的领导人甚至得到了准贵族身份的合法化，被授予土地和庄园管理权。然而，这种做法最终产生了惊人的逆效果。在1590年，一位名为克里斯托夫·库津斯基的哥萨克负责管理乌克兰东部几个农民村庄。然而，这使他与该地区最强大的贵族家族——基辅的帕拉丁家族（Ostrogski）相竞争。
Initially, the Ostrogskis were a rithennian-speaking eastern Orthodox family, but that did not end up mattering when they tried to confiscate Kuzinsky's lands, and in so doing triggered a massive Cossack uprising against not only themselves, but their Polish overlords as well. This revolt was put down by 1593 with the help of another band of registered Cossacks, led by the Hetman Severin Eleveko. Of course it took less than a year for Eleveko to go rogue himself, as the allied himself with the unregistered Cossacks, and launched his own rebellion against the Ostrogskis and the Polish Crown. This too was put down in 1596, but its left-day desolated eastern Ukraine in its wake.
最初，奥斯特罗格斯家族是一个讲德涅斯特河语的东正教家庭，但当他们试图没收库津斯基的土地时，这一点并不重要，因为他们引发了一场庞大的哥萨克起义，不仅针对他们自己，还对波兰统治者。这场起义在1593年得到了另一支注册哥萨克队伍的帮助下平息，该队伍由亚特曼塞维林·埃利维科（Severin Eleveko）领导。当然，埃利维科自己不到一年时间就背叛了自己的盟友，他与未注册的哥萨克结盟，并发动了自己对奥斯特罗格斯家族和波兰王位的叛乱。这场叛乱也在1596年被平息，但却给东乌克兰带来了日后的荒废。
Neither the Poles nor their rithennian magnates gained much from their victories either, for although active challenges against their rule were for now stymied, Cossack bands continued to operate out on the wild plains out of reach of their effective jurisdiction. Indeed at the dawn of the 17th century, the Cossack Brotherhoods were doing more or less whatever they felt like doing. Sometimes this meant aiding the Polish Crown, as they did in 1618, when 20,000 of the free riders, led by Hetman Petro Kondershevich Sahidetzny, joined the Polish army in a march on Moscow during the Russian Zardum's time of troubles, helping the Poles win land at Russia's expense.
无论是波兰人还是他们的立陶尼亚放大有得到太多的胜利，因为尽管对他们统治的积极挑战暂时被阻止了，可哥萨克部队仍然在荒凉的草原上活动，超出了他们有效的管辖范围。事实上，在17世纪初，哥萨克兄弟会几乎为所欲为。有时候，这意味着他们会支持波兰王冠，就像他们在1618年所做的那样，当时由领袖彼得罗·康德尔舍维奇·萨希德茨尼率领的两万名自由骑手加入了波兰军队，在俄罗斯动荡时期的莫斯科进行行军，帮助波兰人以牺牲俄罗斯的土地为代价取得胜利。
Other times, this meant causing trouble. In 1616, they brutally sacked Kaffir, the main slave-trading city in the Crimean Kannet, and freed all its slaves. This eventually provoked a massive reprisal from Sultan Osman II, who led a 120,000-strong army into the Polish Commonwealth in 1621, only to be stopped by an alliance of Polish Crown forces at registered Cossacks at the dramatic month-long Battle of Cotton. Indeed the Cossacks proved excellent at solving problems that they themselves had caused, and as much as they enjoyed fighting with the Commonwealth Crown when it suited them, so too did they enjoy fighting against it.
有时候，这意味着制造麻烦。在1616年，他们残暴地洗劫了克里米亚卡费尔，这个主要的奴隶贸易城市，并释放了所有的奴隶。这最终引发了奥斯曼二世苏丹的大规模报复，他在1621年率领一支12万人的军队进入波兰联邦，但最后在波兰王位的同盟和注册哥萨克士兵在戏剧性的一个月的科顿战役中被阻止。事实上，哥萨克人在解决他们自己制造的问题方面表现出色，他们不仅喜欢在合适的时候与波兰联邦作战，也喜欢反抗它。
In 1625, 1630, 1637, and 1638, where all years where Cossack rebellions flared up, due to the state policy of polarization and the suppression of the Rethenian Orthodox Church, but although each one was crushed, the Cossacks were always either too useful or too stubborn for the Polish state to eradicate entirely. This would prove to be Poland's ultimate failing, for in the following decade, a terminus uprising would erupt that would finally see the Cossack planes break free from their Commonwealth for good.
在1625年、1630年、1637年和1638年，哥萨克叛乱都爆发了，这是由于国家政策的极化和对蕾森尼亚东正教会的镇压，尽管每次叛乱都被镇压，但哥萨克人对波兰国家来说要么太有用，要么太固执，无法完全消灭。这将证明是波兰的终极失败，因为在接下来的十年中，一个终极起义将爆发，最终会让哥萨克平原彻底摆脱波兰联邦的控制。
In the year 1648, a Cossack officer by the name of Bodand Malnitsky served as a minor land holder and loyal soldier of the Polish Crown. That is, until, evidently having learned nothing from the Kaczynski rebellion fifty years earlier, a Polish magnate tried to confiscate Malnitsky's lands. When the Cossack protested, his political opponents threw him into prison for his troubles. However, Bodand escaped, and now thoroughly disillusioned with the Polish state he served, he went directly to the largest settlement of the wild unregistered Cossacks, the Zeporosian siege, and began riling them up with firebrand talk of rebellion. Consequently, the free-booters of the siege quickly elected Malnitsky as their Ataman, and thus the insurrection had begun.
在1648年，一位名叫博丹德·马尔尼茨基的哥萨克军官作为波兰王冠的一位小地主和忠诚的士兵服役。然而，当他的土地被一位波兰的大地主试图没收时，他显然未从50年前的卡钦斯基叛乱中吸取教训。当哥萨克抗议时，他的政治对手为了报复把他扔进了监狱。然而，博丹德逃脱了，并对他所服役的波兰国家感到完全幻灭。他直接前往最大的非注册哥萨克聚居地——泽波罗日奴兵营，并开始用煽动性的言论激起他们的反叛情绪。因此，奴兵营的自由冒险者们迅速选举马尔尼茨基为他们的阿塔曼，并且起义就此开始。
Malnitsky was no fool. He knew that to succeed where the previous six Cossack uprisings had failed, he would need to draw allies from unconventional places. To that end, he turned to the traditionally bitter rival of the Ukrainian free-booters the Crimean Khan. Seeing opportunity in this unlikely alliance, the Khan agreed to help and deployed 4,000 Turkey course archers from his vassals in the Nogai horde to join Malnitsky's cause. With strong Cossack infantry paired up with deadly Tatar light cavalry, Bodand advanced against the Poles, crushing them in two battles at the Jovthi Vodiriva and the town of Cossack.
马尼茨基不是傻瓜。他知道要在之前六次哥萨克起义失败的地方取得成功，他需要从非传统的地方寻求盟友。为此，他转向乌克兰自由掠夺者的传统敌手克里米亚可汗。在这个不太可能的联盟中看到机会后，可汗同意提供帮助，并派遣了来自农各伊部落的4,000名火力强大的土耳其骑射手加入马尼茨基的事业。凭借强大的哥萨克步兵与致命的鞑靼轻骑兵相配，博丹德向波兰人发起进攻，在乔夫西沃迪里瓦和哥萨克镇两次战斗中将其击溃。
Not only was the campaigning ability of the Polish Crown forces effectively crippled by these victories, it also caused 6,000 registered Cossacks, who had previously been serving Polish magnates to instead defect to Malnitsky's cause. Meanwhile, chaos erupted throughout every layer of Ukrainian society. Throughout the villages and towns, Rethenians speaking Orthodox Christian peasants rose up against their Polish overlords as riots, vendettas and lynchings against Catholics became the order of the day. But Catholics were not the only victims, for some 14,000 to 20,000 Jewish peoples, blamed by Cossacks and the general peasantry alike for being long-time conspirators with the Polish elite, were massacred in a brutal prolonged pogrom.
这些胜利不仅有效地削弱了波兰王冠军队的战斗能力，还导致了之前为波兰贵族效力的6000名注册的哥萨克人起而背叛，投奔马尔尼茨基的阵营。与此同时，乌克兰社会的各个层面都陷入了混乱。在村庄和城镇中，说着东正教基督教的瑞瑟尼亚人起来反抗他们的波兰统治者，成为当时的日常秩序，针对天主教徒的暴动、私仇和私刑也随之发生。然而，天主教徒并不是唯一的受害者，因为大约14,000至20,000名犹太人被哥萨克人和一般的农民们指责为长期与波兰精英勾结的阴谋家，遭受了残酷而长时间的大屠杀。
By autumn, Malnitsky's army had marauded its way as far west as King Danalo's historical capital of Lviv. In December, the Ataman entered Kyiv, the symbolic urban cradle of Rus. There, the Orthodox Metropolitan of Kyiv declared Malnitsky to be prince and declared his war to be a most holy crusade against Catholic oppression. After, Hetman Budan declared himself to be the sole master of the historical Kyiv and Rus lands, a true heir to Velodimir and Yaroslav. The Cossacks, originally a ragtag collection of fugitives and misfits, had become nation builders and the nation they built was the genesis of the modern Ukrainian state.
到秋天，马尔尼茨基的军队已经抢劫了一路西行，直到历史上的首都利沃夫。十二月，阿塔曼进入了基辅，罗斯的象征性都市摇篮。在那里，基辅的东正教大主教宣布马尔尼茨基为王子，并宣布他的战争是对天主教压迫的最圣洁的十字军运动。之后，赫特曼布丹宣布自己是历史性的基辅和罗斯土地的唯一统治者，维洛迪米尔和亚罗斯拉夫的真正继承人。原本是一群逃亡者和不合时宜者的哥萨克人成为了国家建设者，他们建立的国家是现代乌克兰国家的起源。
In the summer of 1649, a coalition of Malnitsky's Cossacks and Crimean Tatas won a final battle over the Polish army outside the town of Zaboriv. After that, the war was pretty much over, and a new, effectively independent nation, the Cossack Hetmanet, was born. It is with the creation of the Cossack Hetmanet, arguably the first independent and distinctively Ukrainian state to exist in the early modern era, that we will end this chapter of our series on pre-modern history.
在1649年的夏天，马尔尼茨基的哥萨克与克里米亚鞑靼人的联军在扎博里夫镇外打败了波兰军队的最后一战。此后，战争基本结束，一个新的、有效独立的国家——哥萨克哈特曼国诞生了。在这一早期现代时期可能是第一个独立而明显具有乌克兰特色的国家——哥萨克哈特曼国的建立之际，我们将结束我们在现代之前历史章节中的介绍。
However, to win freedom is one thing, but to keep it is another matter entirely. Ukraine was sandwiched between the vengeful Poles, the mighty hosts of Sultan Osman, and most importantly, the ever zealously expansionist Tsars of Moscow. The free Cossacks of the wild plains would face many challenges ahead in their bid to preserve their right to self-determination.
然而，赢得自由是一回事，但保持自由则完全是另外一回事。乌克兰被怀恨在心的波兰人、强大的奥斯曼苏丹的军队，以及最重要的是一直热衷于扩张的莫斯科沙皇们夹在中间。荒野平原上的自由哥萨克人在保留自决权利上将面临许多挑战。
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