Encore: Tulsa Race Massacre | The Powder Keg | 2
发布时间 2021-06-02 09:00:00 来源
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嘿，亚马逊会员们，你们可以在亚马逊音乐上无广告地收听《美国历史讲述者》节目，今天就下载应用程序吧。
Imagine its early evening on Tuesday, May 31, 1921. It's hot here on the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse, but the metal bars of Dick Roland's jail cell door are cool in your hands as you swing at shot. You pull a heavy key ring from your pocket, flip through it and finding the right key, lock the teenager in the cell.
想象一下，现在是1921年5月31日星期二的傍晚。我站在塔尔萨县法院顶层，天气非常炎热。但我手中摇摆着狄克·罗兰的牢房门的金属栏杆很凉爽。我从口袋里拿出一串沉重的钥匙，翻找着找到正确的钥匙，把这个少年关进了牢房。
Something in his terrified eyes gets to you. You okay? You didn't need... I guess. I didn't do anything, Sheriff. When can I get out of here?
他惊恐的眼神里面有些东西让你心里不舒服。你还好吧？你不需要……我猜。我并没有做什么，警长。我什么时候可以离开这里？
I don't know, boy. You just hang on tight tonight. No telling what'll happen in court, but you're safe up here that you would be out there.
我不知道，男孩。你今晚抓紧，不要放松。法庭上会发生什么事情还不确定，但在这里比在外面更安全。
As you turn to leave, you nod at one of the young guards position your buy. You step into the creaky elevator and head down to your office. Your head is pounding and the muscles in your neck are so tight they feel like they could snap. You rub your temples hoping to relieve the tension. The elevator rumbles down slowly, but you hear someone yelling before the door is even open.
当你转身离开的时候，你向一位年轻的警卫点了点头来指定你的买卖。你走进嘎吱作响的电梯，往下到你的办公室。你的头痛得难受，颈部的肌肉也紧绷得感觉像可以断掉一样。你揉着太阳穴，希望能缓解紧张感。电梯缓慢地响着声音下降，但是你甚至在门开之前就听到有人在叫喊了。
Sheriff, you there, Sheriff. Man is charging towards you down the hallway. Behind them are two other men, they're all carrying guns and they smell like they've been drinking.
警长，您在那儿吗？有个人正在走廊向您冲过来。他身后还有两个人，他们都拿着枪，而且闻起来好像喝了酒。
You tense up. What can I help you with, sir?
您有点紧张。先生，我能为您提供什么帮助吗？
It's awful late to be at the courthouse. I think you know exactly what we want, Sheriff. We're looking for that boy. The one the tribute calls Diamond Dick.
现在在法院这么晚真是太糟糕了。我觉得你很清楚我们想要什么，警长。我们正在寻找那个男孩，那个致敬称之为"钻石狄克"的男孩。
I don't know what you're talking about, sir. And it's time for you to leave my courthouse. All of you.
我不知道您在说什么，先生。现在是您离开我的法院的时候了。所有的人都需要离开。
No, we don't have no intention of leaving without that boy.
不，我们绝不打算离开而不带上那个男孩。
You leave or I'll have you locked up. You're all strangers to me and you have any business here at this time of night. I know there's been some talk of lynching a Negro here tonight, but there won't be anything doing. Now get out of here.
你们走，不然我会把你们关起来。你们对我来说都是陌生人，夜里来这里做什么事？我知道今晚有些人在讨论要在这里私刑一名黑人，但是这件事不会发生。现在离开这里。
The three men glare defiantly, but they turn around, open the courthouse door and sontry down the front steps. Following them, you're startled to see so many onlookers, while there could be 700, 800 people here.
这三个男人目光挑衅地盯着你，但他们转身打开法院的门，缓步走下台阶。当你跟着他们走时，你惊讶地看到了这么多的旁观者，可能有七百八百人在这里。
The three ringleaders cross the street and get into a car and just sit there. That's it. Enough is enough. You stride to the car and lean in. Your anger is at a high pitch.
三个带头的人穿过街道，上了一辆车，然后就坐在那里。就是这样了。够了，够了。你大步走向车子，倚在里面。你的愤怒已经到了高峰。
My boys, there isn't going to be a lynching here tonight if that's what you're looking for. You just as well go on home. Get away from here and stop this excitement.
我这里不会有私刑，伙计们，如果你们想找这种事情的话。你们还不如回家吧。离开这里，别制造这种骚乱。
Return and head back to the courthouse steps. One hand, prominently on the gun in your holster. You turn to the crowd.
回到法院的台阶上，一只手明显放在腰带里的枪上。你转向人群。
All right, all right. Now there's one thing you need to know and you need to hear it loud and clear. I will kill the next man who enters this courthouse. Now it would be an easy matter for you boys to kill me, but you still wouldn't get any further. My deputies are on instruction to kill any man who tries to get near the prisoner. Now go home. All of you before there's trouble.
好的，好的。现在有一件你需要知道并且你需要清楚听到的事情。我会杀掉下一个进入这座法院的人。现在你们这些男孩可以轻松地杀掉我，但你们还是无法得逞。我的副手们已经受到指示，要杀死任何试图接近囚犯的人。现在回家吧。在出现麻烦之前，所有人都回家。
You're going to get the crowd murmurs, some turn and begin to walk away. Others stay looking restive and angry, but you've said your piece and you mean it. You walk back up the courthouse steps into the limestone building, pulling the huge door shut behind you. It's going to be a long night.
你将会引起人群的窃窃私语声，一些人会转身离去。其他人会留下来，显得焦躁和愤怒，但你已经说了你的话，而且是认真的。你走回法院的台阶，走进石灰石建筑物内，把巨大的门关上。今晚会很漫长。
Some wondering, I'm Lindsey Graham and this is American History Tellers, Our History, Your Story.
有些好奇，我是林赛·格雷厄姆，这里是《美国历史讲述者》，我们的历史，你的故事。
On Monday, May 30th, the day before an angry mob showed up at the Tulsa courthouse, 19-year-old Dick Roland had stepped into an elevator operated by a young white woman named Sarah Page. What happened next is unclear, but Page screamed and Roland fled the scene.
5月30日星期一，愤怒的暴民在塔尔萨法院门前聚集之前的一天，19岁的狄克·罗兰德走进一个由一位年轻的白人女性莎拉·佩奇操作的电梯。接下来发生了什么是不清楚的，但佩奇尖叫起来，罗兰德逃离了现场。
As soon as Page cried out, Roland would have known he was in danger. Ever since Oklahoma became a state in 1907, lynching of black residents had become more common. By 1930, 41 victims would be tortured and murdered in Oklahoma, most of them African-American. And those were just the lynchings to enter the official record, many more went unreported.
一旦佩奇大喊，罗兰就会知道他处于危险之中。自1907年俄克拉荷马州成为州份以来，黑人居民的私刑处死时间变得越来越普遍。到了1930年，在俄克拉荷马州有41个受害者遭到酷刑并被谋杀，其中大多数是非裔美国人。而这些只是进入官方记录的私刑处死事件，还有更多的事件没有被报道。
One of the leading justifications for hanging African Americans was rape. Accusations that a black man had assaulted a white woman so inflamed emotions that the evidence didn't matter. An accusation alone was enough for a black man to find himself hounded by a mob, beaten, burned, and then swinging from a treeline. Rape was also a convenient story when white men wanted to make an example of a black man.
在对非裔美国人进行绞刑的主要理由之一是强奸。有人指责黑人袭击了白人女性，这样的指责引起了情绪的激化，即使没有证据也无法阻止。对于黑人来说，一项指责就足以使他被围攻、被打、被烧，最终被吊在树上。强奸也是白人想要以黑人为例子的一种方便的说辞。
In Greenwood, that was likely the case. Attracted by the opportunity to make a living in the oil fields, thousands of white workers had flooded into Tulsa, swelling the population. But now, following World War I, many of those newer residents found themselves unemployed, aimless, and resentful of their prosperous black neighbors. And everywhere, the Ku Klux Klan had been stoking white rage, blaming white joblessness on African Americans. In Tulsa, that envy and resentment was coming to a head.
在格林伍德，这很可能是真的。成千上万的白人工人被石油领域的赚钱机会所吸引，涌入了塔尔萨，使人口膨胀。但现在，在第一次世界大战之后，许多新居民发现自己失业了，没有方向，对他们富裕的黑人邻居充满了怨恨。而且，在每个地方，三K党一直在煽动白人的愤怒，把白人的失业归咎于非洲裔美国人。在塔尔萨，这种嫉妒和怨恨正在酝酿。
When the crowd finally snapped, they would head to the heart of Greenwood, to its thriving neighborhood businesses and the homes of its 10,000 residents with only one thing in mind. Run the Negroes out of town. This is episode two of our four-part series on the Tulsa Race Massacre, The Powderkeg.
当人群最终崩溃时，他们会前往Greenwood的核心地带，拥有蓬勃发展的社区企业和10,000名居民的家园，只有一个想法 - 把黑人赶出城。这是我们关于塔尔萨种族大屠杀的四集系列的第二集，名为“火药桶”。
After he fled the Drexel Building Monday afternoon, Dick Roland had raced home from downtown Tulsa to Greenwood. In the meantime, police questioned Sarah Page, who initially claimed that Roland had assaulted her. The next morning, police had no trouble finding Roland on Greenwood Avenue, arresting him and bringing him to the city jail.
周一下午，狄克·罗兰从德雷克塔大楼逃走后，他飞快地从市中心的塔尔萨回到了格林伍德。与此同时，警方询问了萨拉·佩奇，她最初声称罗兰袭击了她。第二天早上，警方毫不费力地在格林伍德大道找到了罗兰，将他逮捕并带到城市监狱。
When questioned, Roland told police that he had tripped while entering the elevator and fell against Page, possibly stepping on her foot. She panicked and screamed. Later that same day, Page corroborated his account and admitted that she had overreacted, but Roland was not released. The news of the young man's arrest traveled fast and it caused a stir. Over the next several hours, tensions grew.
当被询问时，罗兰告诉警方他在进入电梯时跌倒并撞到了佩奇，可能踩到了她的脚。她恐慌地尖叫了起来。同一天晚些时候，佩奇证实了他的说法，并承认她反应过度了，但罗兰并没有被释放。这位年轻人被逮捕的消息传得很快，引起了轩然大波。接下来的几个小时，紧张局势不断加剧。
At about four o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, Tulsa County Sheriff Willard McCullough received a phone call warning him that a lynch mob was out to get Roland. Police decided to transfer Roland from the city jail to the courthouse, saying he'd be safer there since the county jail was on the top floor and harder to access. With this transfer, Roland and the growing mob became McCullough's problem.
在周二下午大约四点左右，塔尔萨县警长威拉德·麦卡洛收到了一通电话警告他，一伙私刑团正在寻找罗兰。警方决定将罗兰从市内监狱转移到法院，称在那里他会更安全，因为县监狱位于最高楼层，更难以进入。随着这次调动，罗兰和越来越多的暴民成为了麦卡洛的问题。
Sheriff Bill McCullough was a former cowboy with an elegant handlebar mustache and a determined manner. He'd been sheriff off and on since 1910, three years after statehood, but he'd only returned to the office six months before Roland's arrest. He'd taken over from the previous sheriff, Jim Wooley. He lost his reelection bid to McCullough after failing to protect accused murderer Roy Belton, a white man from being lynched nine months earlier in late August 1920. Then a gang of thugs had grabbed Belton out of the courthouse from the very cell where Roland was now being held and hanged him in front of a rowdy crowd.
比尔·麦卡洛是一位走过场牛仔，有着优雅的手柄小胡子和坚定的态度。自1910年州庆之后，他一直时而担任警长，但只是在罗兰被捕六个月前才重新回到办公室。他接替了前任警长吉姆·伍利。九个月前的2010年8月底，他在无法保护被指控谋杀案凶手罗伊·贝尔顿（一名白人）免遭私刑之后，输掉了连任竞选。然后，一群暴徒从罗兰现在被关押的牢房里抓出贝尔顿，并在热闹的人群面前将他绞死。
Though McCullough was a veteran law man with his poorly handled 45-calor epistle, he had a reputation for preferring to talk, not shoot his way out of trouble. More than a decade earlier in his previous stint of sheriff, he'd had to execute a convicted black man by hanging. It was about the worst job I ever had to do, he said later. And on this night, Tuesday, May 31, 1921, McCullough had no intention of losing his job over Roland, nor of letting anyone harm the young man. To prevent the crowd from getting to the prisoner, he assigned six deputies to remain upstairs with Roland, with orders to shoot to kill if any outsiders came close. Paula also disabled the elevator, one more measure to prevent anyone from grabbing Roland.
麦卡洛是一名经验丰富的执法人员，但他常常不用枪支而是选择与人对话解决问题而闻名。十多年前，他曾在前一次担任警长期间，不得不执行一名黑人的绞刑。他后来回忆说，“那是我做过的最艰难的工作。”而在这个周二晚上，1921年5月31日，麦卡洛绝不想因为罗兰而失去工作，也不想让任何人伤害这位年轻人。为了防止人群接近罪犯洛兰，他指派了六名副手留守楼上，命令他们如果有任何局外人接近，就开枪射杀。保拉还关掉电梯，以防任何人劫持洛兰。
Later McCullough would identify his biggest mistake that night. I should have killed those three men, he would say. To him, making an example of them could have made all the difference. Instead, the crowd of hundreds swelled into a mob of thousands, which stayed outside the courthouse for hours.
后来麦卡洛夫会指出那晚他最大的错误，他会说：“我应该杀了那三个人。”对他来说，以他们为例可能会有所不同。相反，数百人的人群膨胀成了数千人的暴民，他们在法院外面逗留了几个小时。
As rumors that Roland had raped Sarah Page flew around both white and black Tulsa, the two communities responded in dramatically different ways. On the white side of town, Tulsa Tribune editor Richard Lloyd Jones reacted with vigor. The son of a prominent Unitarian minister, Jones had a flair for the dramatic. At the turn of the century, he'd been a Broadway actor, a short story writer, and later the editor of Cosmopolitan magazine.
关于罗兰强奸了萨拉·佩奇的谣言在白人和黑人的塔尔萨城传播开来，两个社区以截然不同的方式作出了回应。在城镇的白人一侧，塔尔萨论坛报的编辑理查德·劳埃德·琼斯作出了积极的反应。琼斯是一位著名的一贯派牧师的儿子，有一种戏剧性的天赋。在世纪之交，他曾是一位百老汇演员、短篇小说作家，后来成为《大都市》杂志的编辑。
In 1919, at 46 years old, Jones had come to town from Wisconsin and purchased the Tulsa Democrat from a wealthy friend. He changed its name to the Tribune and said about to do everything he could to increase circulation. Jones transformed the paper into a tabloid that ran a constant stream of stories about car jackings, murders, and lynchings. Because of Tulsa's lawlessness, there was no shortage of crime news to seize on.
1919年，46岁的琼斯从威斯康辛州来到城里，从一个富有的朋友手中购买了塔尔萨民主党报。他将其改名为“论坛报”，并努力做出一切能够增加发行量的事情。琼斯将这份报纸变成了一份小报，刊登了大量的汽车劫持、谋杀和私刑的报道。由于塔尔萨的无序状况，有关犯罪的新闻没有短缺。
In 1921, there were some 6,000 cases waiting to be heard at the county courthouse. And at the time of Dick Roland's arrest, Jones had been running a string of editorials castigating the mayor and the police for failing to clean up crime and so-called immorality. The word immorality was a loaded term. One that the clan had co-opted to mean everything from jazz age relaxation of sexual morays to women's independence and the mixing of races. For the clan, relationships between black and white people were the worst offences, because the clan believed in the purity of white blood. Anything that hinted of sex between a black man and a white woman implied that pure white blood would be tainted.
1921年，县法院有约6,000件等待审理的案件。迪克·罗兰被捕时，琼斯一直发表文章，谴责市长和警察未能清除犯罪和所谓的不道德行为。 “不道德行为”这个词是一个具有含义的词语。白人至上主义组织将其占为己有，将其定义为从爵士时代对性道德的放宽到妇女的独立以及种族混合等一切问题。对于白人至上主义组织来说，黑人和白人之间的关系是最严重的罪行，因为他们坚信白人血统的纯洁性。任何暗示黑人和白人之间发生性关系的事情都意味着白人血统的纯洁性将受到污染。
The KKK's presence in Tulsa wasn't widely known, though, although clan recruiters had set up shopping at downtown Tulsa office building. But the clan's philosophies were embraced by a sizable number in the white community, including Tulsa Tribune editor Richard Lloyd Jones.
在塔尔萨，三K党的存在不是广为人知的，尽管该党的招募人员曾在市区的办公楼设立购物区。但该党的哲学被相当一部分白人社区接受，包括《塔尔萨论坛报》编辑理查德·洛伊德·琼斯。
As the head of the Tulsa Tribune, he echoed this kind of coded language, and his sensational headlines and shrill editorials would rapidly ampt up the Tribune circulation and would make him a wealthy man. It was no surprise then that on Tuesday, May 31, 1921, Jones seized on the arrest of Dick Roland, quickly producing a story for the afternoon paper.
他是《塔尔萨论坛报》的主编，在那里他传递这种暗示性的语言，并且他那具有轰动效应的标题和尖锐的社论迅速提高了该报的发行量，使他成为了一个富有的人。因此，1921年5月31日星期二，琼斯对迪克·罗兰的逮捕抓住机会，很快为下午刊写了一篇报道，这并不令人惊讶。
According to One Eye Witness, newsboys hawk the paper on downtown corners using provocative language, emphasizing the lurid story of a negro assaulting a white girl. White passers-by quickly scooped up the paper. The article, a blend of fact and fiction, spared no melodrama.
据一名目击者所说，小报贩子在市中心街角兜售报纸，使用挑衅性的语言，强调一篇关于黑人性侵白人女孩的猎奇故事。白人路人很快就抢购了这份报纸。这篇文章是事实与虚构的混合体，毫不避讳地渲染了所有戏剧化的元素。
The story said Roland had looked up and down the hall to make sure he was alone before getting on the elevator. The account of the alleged attack itself, which had no witnesses, was woven out of whole cloth. The article read, he entered the elevator she claimed and attacked her, scratching her hands and face and tearing her clothes.
故事中说Roland先仔细上下查看了大厅，确保自己独处后才上了电梯。据说袭击案本身没有任何目击者，完全是捏造的。文章中写道，他进了电梯，她声称他袭击了她，抓她的手和脸，撕碎了她的衣服。
The Tribune also played on the sympathies of white readers by claiming without evidence that Roland was a playboy who went by the nickname of Diamond Dick and that the young vulnerable Sarah Page was an orphan, working as an elevator operator to pay her way through business college. But that wasn't all. Many readers said they also saw an editorial in the Tribune headlined, to Lynch and Negro tonight, but the op-ed hasn't survived.
《论坛报》还声称罗兰德是名“钻石迪克”的花花公子，而年轻而脆弱的莎拉·佩奇则是一名孤儿，作为电梯操作员来支付自己上商学院的费用，从而博得白人读者的同情。但事情并不仅仅如此。许多读者说，他们还看到了一篇《论坛报》的社论，题为“今晚轮奸和黑鬼一起”，但这篇社论已经失传了。
Before that issue of the paper could be preserved, someone destroyed the editorial pages of every existing copy. Within an hour after the Tribune rolled off the presses, there was talk of a lynching on the streets of Tulsa. At four o'clock, the phone on police commissioner J.M. Agkinson's desk rang.
在该报纸问题得以保存之前，有人摧毁了每一个现有副本的编辑版。在Tribune印刷下来后的一小时内，在Tulsa的街头就传出了私刑的谈论。四点钟，警察局长J.M. Agkinson的电话响了。
An anonymous voice came across the line, we're going to lynch that Negro, that black devil who assaulted that girl. By Tuesday afternoon, anxiety-pervaded greenwood. It centred in the offices of the Tulsa Star, one of two newspapers, along with the Tulsa Eagle, that served Tulsa's black residence.
一个匿名的声音通过电话传来，“我们要绞死那个袭击那个女孩的黑人恶魔。”到星期二下午，忧虑氤氲在格林伍德地区。这个忧虑的中心在塔尔萨之星的办公室里，这是为塔尔萨黑人居民服务的两份报纸之一，另一份是塔尔萨之鹰。
The news of Roland's plight had quickly reached AJ Smitherman, owner and editor of the Star. At about four o'clock, Sheriff McCullough called the Star Office to say he expected an attack on the courthouse that night. Word went out that McCullough might need help protecting Roland from the mob.
罗兰遭遇困境的消息很快传到了《明星报》的老板和编辑AJ斯密瑟曼那里。大约下午四点，麦卡洛警长打电话给《明星报》办公室，说他预计那晚会有轰炸法院的袭击事件发生。消息传出，麦卡洛可能需要帮助保护罗兰免受暴民的袭击。
So a group of men gathered at the Star offices on Greenwood Street to hash out what to do. It would be an excruciating decision. They would have to balance courage, caution and pride. Older members of the group felt a careful strategy was needed, and they feared the consequences of an unthinking, instinctive response to the threat.
所以一群男人聚集在格林伍德街的星星办公室商讨该怎么办。这将是一个极为痛苦的决定。他们需要权衡勇气、谨慎和自豪。群体中的老年成员觉得需要谨慎的策略，他们担心不经思考的本能反应会造成的后果。
Imagine a late Tuesday afternoon on May 31, 1921, at the headquarters of the Tulsa Star in Greenwood. You've shed your coat and are in white shirt sleeves and vest. There's still a newspaper to print, and you, as editor, have a lot of work to do. But a crisis is at hand.
想象一下1921年5月31日，周二下午在格林伍德的《塔尔萨之星》总部的场景。你已经脱下外套，穿着白色衬衫和背心。还有一份报纸要印刷，作为编辑，你有很多工作要做。但是现在出现了一个危机。
Your office is filled with community leaders, former soldiers, fathers, labors, young friends of Dick Rollins. They're all perched on every available chair and the edges of messy desks. OK, OK, settle down, everyone. We've known this day would come. It is imperative that we keep cool heads about us.
你的办公室里坐满了社区领袖、老兵、父亲、工人和迪克·罗林斯的年轻朋友。他们都坐在每一个可用的椅子和凌乱的桌子边缘上。好了好了，大家冷静下来。我们早已知道这一天会来临。我们非常必须保持冷静头脑。
As you begin to speak, you eye Barney Cleaver in the corner. He's one of the only two black sheriff deputies in Tulsa, and he looks worried. I believe we must defend the young man. As I have long said, we cannot let any Tulsa citizen become a lynching victim.
当你开始说话时，你看着角落里的巴尼·克利弗。他是图尔萨市仅有的两名黑人治安官之一，看上去很担心。我认为我们必须保护这个年轻人。正如我长期以来所说的，我们不能让任何图尔萨市民成为私刑的受害者。
Cleaver, the deputy sheriff, stands up. No, no, no. You've got an outsized idea of what we can do against these white folks. Barney, we can do this in a measured, calm way, but we must have a plan. If they'll let a white man get lynched. Why don't just chief Gustafson, McCullough, or any of them to protect a black man against a mob? They have more people than we do, more firepower, and we'll stop at nothing.
副警长克莱弗站起来说：“不，不，不。你对我们对付这些白人的能力有太高估计了。巴尼，我们可以冷静地计划，但必须得有一个方案。如果他们让一个白人被私刑处死，为什么不找古斯塔夫森警长、麦考洛或其他人来保护一个黑人？他们比我们人多，更有武力，而且我们也不会退缩。”
Now Barney, we have appeased for far too long and look where it has gotten us. You have five kids, AJ. What about all? What would your wife do if you were killed? We all have families, AJ. Yeah. We do all have families. And many of us have sons just like Dick. Barney, McCullough called to let us know what could happen. He needs our help and is admitting as much. We need to send men to the courthouse not in violence, but in aid. We need to protect that young man from the mob.
现在，巴尼，我们已经太久安抚了，看看我们现在的处境。你有五个孩子，艾杰。如果你被杀了，你的妻子该怎么办？我们都有家庭，艾杰。是的，我们都有家庭。而且，我们中有很多人都有像迪克一样的儿子。巴尼，麦卡洛电话告诉我们可能会发生什么。他需要我们的帮助，并且承认这一点。我们需要派人到法院，不是为了暴力，而是为了帮助。我们需要保护那个年轻人免受暴民伤害。
Around you, some of the younger men, the veterans of the war, getting fired up. They're starting to gather the things to get ready to leave. The deputy sheriff looks around, alarmed. I see many of you have made up your minds. I'll do what I can to keep the peace. But frankly, if you show up at that courthouse, I fear for your lives. And mine.
在你周围，一些年轻的男人，即战争的老兵们，开始燃起了斗志。他们正在准备离开的物品。副警长环顾四周，感到惊恐。我看到你们中的许多人已经下定决心了。我将尽力维护和平。但说实话，如果你们去了法院，我担心你们的生命，也担心我的生命。
Andrew Jackson, Smitherman, or AJ, as he was known, was a publisher, father, and husband, and an affluent, highly respected leader in Greenwood. He also held strong opinions. Under his leadership, the star urged dignity, respect, and equal rights for Tulsa's black citizens. Smitherman took a stance that some considered even militant, that the black community should defend its people against white brutality with force, and if necessary, with their lives.
安德鲁·杰克逊·斯密瑟曼，或者被称为AJ，是格林伍德一个富裕、备受尊敬的领袖，也是一位出版商、父亲和丈夫。他拥有坚定的观点。在他的领导下，这颗星星呼吁为塔尔萨的黑人公民争取尊严、尊重和平等权利。斯密瑟曼采取了一种有些激进的立场，认为黑人社区应该以武力保护自己的人民免受白人野蛮袭击，并在必要时付出生命的代价。
Smitherman was a study in contrasts. Both eloquent and elegant, he was small in stature, but he was as tough as he was articulate. Born in 1883 in Alabama, he moved with his parents to the Indian territory in 1890. At one point, he worked in a coal mine, but he followed that labor with extensive education. He attended the University of Kansas and Northwestern University, and got a law degree at Philadelphia's LaSalle University. He moved to Tulsa in 1913 and started the star. He was also active politically, at one point serving as a justice of the peace for Tulsa County.
斯密瑟曼是一个引人注目的对比。他既雄辩又优雅，身材娇小，但即使是文辞流畅，他也同样坚定果敢。1883年出生在阿拉巴马州，他于1890年跟随父母移居印第安领地。他曾在一家煤矿工作，但之后开始广泛接受教育。他曾就读于堪萨斯大学和西北大学，并在费城拉萨尔大学获得法律学位。1913年，他搬到了塔尔萨并创办了Star。他也积极参与政治活动，曾一度担任塔尔萨县治安官。
When Roland was arrested, Smitherman feared the teenager sitting in jail was engraved danger. White jailers were known to aid lynch mobs, as in the lynching of Roy Belton just eight months earlier had proved. To Smitherman, that incident showed that no one was safe in the hands of Tulsa's white officials, let alone a black man. And he hadn't had to wait long for proof. Only a day after the Belton lynching, an angry white mob in Oklahoma City, just 100 miles from Tulsa, had easily stolen a black prisoner named Claude Chandler out of a local jail, and lynched him.
当罗兰被逮捕时，史密瑟曼担心坐在监狱里的那个少年是刻在危险之中的。白人狱警因协助私刑团伙而出名，就像八个月前对罗伊·贝尔顿的私刑一样。对史密瑟曼来说，这个事件表明，在塔尔萨的白人官员手中，谁都不安全，更何况是黑人。而且，他不用等太久就有了证明。在贝尔顿被私刑的第二天，距离塔尔萨只有100英里的俄克拉荷马城，一群愤怒的白人轻易地从当地一家监狱中抢走了一名黑人囚犯克劳德·钱德勒并对他实施私刑。
Furthermore, a thousand black Oklahoma City residents had turned out to defend Chandler, but obeyed police when they were turned away. An outraged Smitherman felt they'd failed moral cause. He penned an editorial, writing that it was the duty of lawful citizens to march to the jail, tell the jailer their purpose of their visit, and take life if they need to, to uphold the law and protect the prisoner. The Chandler event indicated to Smitherman that white leaders couldn't be trusted to protect black prisoners. But it also proved something else, that violence against black people would continue unless men of color fought back.
此外，成千上万的奥克拉荷马城黑人居民赶来保护钱德勒，但被警察赶走时服从了指令。受到激愤的史密瑟曼觉得他们没有完成道义使命。他写了一篇社论，指出守法公民的职责是走到监狱，告诉狱警他们来的目的，并在需要的时候采取生命来维护法律和保护囚犯。钱德勒事件向史密瑟曼表明，白人领导不能信任他们保护黑人囚犯。但这也证明了另一件事情，即除非有色人种反抗，否则对黑人的暴力仍将继续。
He had reason for hope, because he'd seen the strategy work before. In 1918, when he was Justice of the Peace, Smitherman had been summoned to Bristol, Oklahoma, to help protect a black man named Edward Bohannon from lynching. He sent a telegram to the governor, requesting help. A race riot is imminent, he stated, kindly acted once. But before Smitherman got to Bristol, 200 black farmers had gathered, determined to defend Bohannon from an even larger mob. The Bristol police chief warned the white crowd that he would shoot to kill anyone who dared harm Bohannon. He then safely took Bohannon out of town, averting the lynching.
他对希望有理由，因为他之前见过这种策略奏效。1918年，他还是治安法官时，史密斯曼被传唤到俄克拉荷马州的布里斯托尔，帮助保护一个名叫爱德华·博汉农的黑人，免遭私刑。他向州长发送了一封电报，请求帮助。他说，“一个种族暴乱即将爆发，请尽快采取行动。”但在史密斯曼到达布里斯托尔之前，已有200名黑人农民聚集在那里，决心保卫博汉农免遭更大的群众极端主义者的恶意攻击。布里斯托尔警察局长警告白人群众，谁敢伤害博汉农就要开枪，杀无赦。然后他安全地带博汉农离开了城镇，避免了私刑发生。
Smitherman and his followers were convinced that appeasing lynch mobs was folly. Not only was it humiliating, but he only served to show whites that they could get away with torture and murder over and over again, without end. Smitherman, a talented poet, summed up his philosophy with this verse. They are trying to lynch our comrade, without cause in law to fai. Get your guns and defend him. Let's protect him, win or die.
斯密瑟曼和他的追随者们坚信迎合私刑团是愚蠢的。不仅仅是耻辱的，而且只会让白人明白他们可以反复折磨和谋杀，毫无束缚。斯密瑟曼是一位才华横溢的诗人，他用这首诗概括了他的哲学。他们试图无端私刑处死我们的同志。拿起你们的枪为他辩护。无论胜负生死，都要保护他。
At the same time, Smitherman was a highly respected leader of the community. He believed in self-defense, but was aware of the danger of simply reacting without a strategy. Other than rushing toward the mob, weapons in hand, he wanted to hear what Sheriff McCalla had to say. Other Greenwood leaders, JB Stratford and O.W. Gurley, would also weigh in.
同时，斯密瑟曼是社区非常受尊敬的领袖。他相信自卫，但知道不加思考地反应会很危险。除了手持武器冲向暴徒，他想要听听麦卡拉警长要说什么。其他格林伍德的领袖，例如JB斯特拉福德和O.W.格利也会发表自己的看法。
Like Smitherman, Stratford was angry. He had achieved enormous success and had no intention of acting subservient to whites. Moreover, he had always stood up for civil rights. Back in 1912, he'd sued a railroad when he became the target of a Jim Crow law that forced him to leave his first-class railroad seat and move to a black-only car, and it was widely known that he'd almost beaten a white delivery man to death when the man insulted the color of Stratford's skin. But Stratford had sunk his life savings into the magnificent Stratford hotel, and he also owned a great deal of other property in Greenwood. Now, in his early 60s, he was one of the richest men in Greenwood. He had a lot to lose. He struggled with these contradictions in the Tulsa Star Office, first urging a reason to defend, but then saying, "if anything were to happen to Roland, I will go single-handed and empty my automatic into the mob and then resign myself to my fate."
和史密瑟曼一样，斯特拉特福德也很生气。他取得了巨大的成功，并不打算向白人屈服。此外，他一直为民权辩护。早在1912年，他因被一项“吉姆•克劳法”迫使离开他的一等铁路座位并移动到一个只允许黑人的车厢而起诉了一家铁路公司，而且众所周知，当有人侮辱斯特拉特福德的肤色时，他几乎将一名白人送货员打死。但是，斯特拉特福德将他的一生积蓄投入到宏伟的斯特拉特福德酒店中，他还拥有格林伍德的大量其他财产。现在，他六十多岁，是格林伍德最富有的人之一。他有很多东西要失去。他在塔尔萨星报社办公室里与这些矛盾斗争着，一开始敦促合理辩护，但后来说：“如果发生任何事情导致罗兰身受重伤，我会单枪匹马地把我的自动手枪放空向人群射击，然后任凭命运安排。”
Amidst the debate, the conflict intensified. O.W. Gurley, who along with Stratford had found it Greenwood, was almost as wealthy. So Gurley had a lot at stake, too, and he had done business with White Tulsons. In the discussions, he urged calm and offered to walk to the courthouse and carefully offer Greenwood's assistance, wanting to avoid using force. But some of the younger men were far too upset to buy their time. Their growing pride, belief and equality, and conviction in the morality of self-defense overtook the calmer older voices in Greenwood. One of them, Obey Mann, a World War I veteran who owned a nearby grocery store, was bristling with rage. He'd had enough talk. At six foot five and still as powerful as he'd been in the war, he was a natural fearsome leader. He stormed out onto the street, and the handful of fellow soldiers were right behind him. A storm was gathered.
在辩论中，冲突加剧了。与斯特拉福德一起发现格林伍德的欧文·古利也相当富有。所以古利也有很多利益关系在内，他与白色图尔森做过生意。在讨论中，他呼吁保持冷静，并提议步行前往法院，并谨慎地提供格林伍德的帮助，希望避免使用武力。但是一些年轻人太过沮丧，无法等待时机。他们日益增长的自尊心、平等信念和自卫道德的坚定，超越了格林伍德更冷静的声音。其中一位是欧比·曼 (Obey Mann)，一位一战退伍军人，拥有附近的杂货店，他满腔怒火。他已经讲够了。作为一个六英尺五寸高的、仍然像战争时一样强大的自然可怕的领袖，他冲出了街头，他的几个战友紧跟在他后面。一场风暴正在酝酿之中。
It was seven o'clock, not yet dusk, when an initial small group of 30 men intent on defending Roland arrived at the courthouse.
当初步的30人小团队来到法院，时间是七点钟，天色还没有暗下来，他们都有意保卫罗兰。
Meet Jill Evans. Jill's got it all. A big house, fast car, two kids in a great career. But Jill has a problem. When it comes to love, Jill can never seem to get things right. And then along comes Dean. "I can't believe my luck. Whoa, I hit the jackpot." It looks like they're going to live happily ever after. But on Halloween night, things get a little gruesome.
遇见吉尔·埃文斯。吉尔拥有一切。一幢大房子，快速汽车，两个孩子在很棒的职业生涯中。但吉尔有一个问题。当涉及到爱情时，吉尔总是似乎无法做得对。然后迪恩出现了。“我简直不敢相信我的运气。哇，我中彩了。”看起来他们将会幸福地生活下去。但在万圣节晚上，事情变得有些可怕。
This is where the shooting happened outside a building society in New Romney. It's thought the 42-year-old victim was killed after he opened fire on police. And Jill's life is changed forever. From Wondery and Novel comes Stolen Hearts. A story about a cop who falls in love with a man who is not all he seems to be. Stolen Hearts, wherever you get your podcasts, you can binge the entire series, add free, on Amazon Music. Download the Amazon Music app now.
这就是在纽罕姆的某建筑协会门外发生枪击事件的地方。据说这位42岁的受害者在向警察开枪后被杀。而吉尔的生活也因此永远改变了。从Wondery和Novel推出的《被盗的心》讲述了一个警察与一个并不是表面上看起来那么简单的男人坠入爱河的故事。在哪里听这个故事？您可以在亚马逊音乐中畅听整个系列的广告免费版本。立即下载亚马逊音乐应用程序。
It's the fall of 2017 in Rancho Tejama, California. A man and his wife are driving to a doctor's appointment when another car crashes into them, sending them flying off the road. Disoriented, they stumble out of the car, only to hear dozens of gunshots whizzing past them. This is just one chapter of a much larger nightmare unraveling in their small town.
现在是2017年的秋天，他们夫妻俩正在加利福尼亚的Rancho Tejama开车去看医生，突然一辆车撞上了他们，让他们飞出了道路。他们感到头晕眼花，艰难地爬出车外，却突然听到了无数枪声从身旁呼啸而过。这只是整个小镇里更大恶梦的一个章节罢了。
This is actually happening, presents a special limited series called Point Blank, shedding a light on the forgotten spree killings of Rancho Tejama, where alone gunmen devastated a small town, attacking eight different locations in the span of only 25 minutes. The series follows five stories of people connected to the incident, from a father that drew the gunmen away from a local school to the sister of the shooter. These are riveting stories that will stick with you long after you listen. Follow This is Actually Happening wherever you listen to podcasts. You can listen ad-free on the Amazon Music or Wondery app.
这实际上正在发生，呈现了一个特别限定的系列，叫做《Point Blank》，揭示了Rancho Tejama遗忘的连环枪击案，仅在短短25分钟内，单独的枪手摧毁了小镇，并袭击了8个不同的地点。该系列追踪了5个与事件有关的人的故事，从一个让枪手远离当地学校的父亲到枪手的姐姐。这些引人入胜的故事会在你听完后长久留在你心中。在你听播客的任何地方关注《This is Actually Happening》。你可以在Amazon Music或Wondery应用上无广告收听。
These were greenwood neighbors who hadn't attended the meeting at the star. The feelings that defending Roland was the right thing to do had rippled throughout the neighborhood. And this group, also mostly veterans, had dawned their uniforms, grabbed their guns, and driven across town to offer help to Sheriff McCullough. When they arrived, there were at least 700 whites, men, women, and children at the courthouse, jeering McCullough, who was trying vainly to disperse the crowd.
这些人是格林伍德的邻居，他们没有出席在星际举行的会议。为保护罗兰是正确之举的感觉在整个社区中蔓延开来。这个团体也大多是老兵，他们穿上制服，拿起枪支，驱车穿过城镇，提供帮助给麦卡洛警长。当他们到达时，至少有700名白人，男人、女人和孩子在法院大楼前嘲笑麦卡洛，他徒劳无益地试图驱散人群。
O.W. Gurley had already made it to the courthouse. There McCullough had urged him to go home and calm down the greenwood residents, and persuade them to stay away from the courthouse. But it was too late. Gurley couldn't turn back the waves of men from greenwood. Barney Cleaver had also made it over to the courthouse. The African-American deputy sheriff hurried over to the greenwood vets.
O.W. Gurley 已经到达了法院。那里，McCullough 建议他回家冷静一下，劝服格林伍德居民远离法院。但为时已晚。Gurley 无法阻止一波又一波来自格林伍德的人。Barney Cleaver 也赶到了法院。这位非裔美国副警长匆匆走向了格林伍德的老兵们。
"Boys, you're not doing this right," he said according to later court testimony. "There isn't anybody going to get that boy tonight. He's perfectly safe here. He shouldn't have done this thing for it only stirs up race trouble. Go on home and behave yourselves."
据后来的法庭证言，“男孩们，你们做错了。”他说，“没人会今晚接到那个男孩。他在这里是完全安全的。他不应该做这件事，这只会引起种族麻烦。回家表现好。”
Uneasily, the veterans did as Cleaver told, maybe, despite appearances, the sheriff did have the situation under control. So they returned over the Frisco tracks and into greenwood back to their homes and families. But the trouble had only just begun. The greenwood men were not organized, and they were angry. As the first group returned home, other groups were just arriving at the courthouse.
退役军人们不安地按照克里弗的指示去做，也许尽管表面上如此，警长确实掌控局面。于是他们返回Frisco轨道上并回到绿林，回到了家中和家人身边。但是麻烦才刚刚开始。绿林的男人们没有组织起来，而且很生气。当第一批人回家时，其他人群正好到达法院。
Had they realized the situation they would encounter, they might have had second thoughts. It was almost dark, and the white mob had grown from hundreds to thousands. Like Tulsa itself, the group was economically mixed. By then Tulsa was home to some 400 oil companies, seven banks, luxurious hotels, and opera company, four train lines and restaurants and shopped for miles. It was a playground of the newly wealthy, a wash and oil money. But it was also home to thousands of poor people who had flooded into the city from all over the south and southwest, chasing work in the oil fields.
如果他们意识到他们将面临的局势，他们可能会考虑再三。那时天色几乎黑了，白人暴民的数量从数百增长到数千。就像塔尔萨本身一样，这个团队经济上也很混杂。当时，塔尔萨是大约400家石油公司、七家银行、豪华酒店、歌剧公司、四条铁路以及数英里的餐馆和商店的所在地。它是新贵们的游乐场，是洗涤和石油资本的摇篮。但同时，它也是成千上万穷人的家园，这些人从南部和西南部涌入城市，在油田中寻找工作。
With the first world war over, demand for oil fell, and many people newly settled in Tulsa were out of work and resentful. Throughout the country, the clan played on these fears, blaming white unemployment on black economic self-sufficiency, and nowhere was that contrast greater in Tulsa where poor white people envied the wealth and success so apparent in greenwood. This resentment was also fueled by moonshine. Although alcohol had been illegal in Oklahoma even before the ratification of the 19th amendment, it was still everywhere.
一战结束后，对于石油的需求下降，许多新定居在塔尔萨的人失去了工作并感到愤怒。在全国范围内，Klan利用这些恐惧情绪，将白人失业归咎于黑人的经济自给自足，而在塔尔萨，这种对比更加明显，穷白人羡慕格林伍德那显而易见的财富和成功。这种怨气还被白兰地（一种非法酿制的威士忌）助长。尽管在19号修正案生效之前，俄克拉荷马州就已经禁止酒精饮料，但它还是无处不在。
The crowd had attracted rough oil workers, and many unemployed poor white people barely hanging on. By sundown at the courthouse, many were drunk. Some held open bottles in one hand and weapons in the other. Others were unarmed, but they wouldn't remain so for long. The situation was quickly growing more dangerous. On both sides of the tracks, men were roaming the streets, some urging fighting, others attempting to calm things down.
人群吸引了粗暴的石油工人和许多勉强维持生计的失业白人。日落时，许多人都喝醉了。有些人手里拿着敞口的瓶子和武器。还有些人没有武器，但很快也会有的。情况迅速变得更加危险。在铁路两旁，有人在街上游荡，有些人劝架，有些人试图平息事态。
In the latter group was a young greenwood resident named Columbus F. Gabe. Gabe was heading from the courthouse to the safety of his home when he ran into some African-American veterans, three carloads of men, including some who had been at the meeting at the Tulsa Star. Gabe, who after the master-ter, would become a Tulsa police officer, jumped into the street to block their way. He threw his hands up in the air, urging them to turn around. But one of the greenwood men pointed his gun at Gabe and ordered him out of the street. Gabe stepped away from the car, his eye on the gun, and they drove on.
在后一组人中有一个名叫哥伦布·F·盖布的年轻格林伍德居民。当他从法院前往自己的家时，他遇到了一些非裔美国退伍军人，其中包括三辆汽车的男人，其中一些曾经参加过《塔尔萨星报》的会议。盖布在主席后成为了塔尔萨警察，他跳到街上，阻挡他们的去路。他举起手来，敦促他们转身离开。但其中一名格林伍德男子朝盖布指着枪，命令他离开道路。盖布躲开汽车，目视着枪，然后他们开车离开了。
Back at the courthouse, a white man was also urging restraint, trying desperately to control the huge mob. He pleaded for the crowd to back down, because the black community could and would fight back. Gabe told them, falsely, that African-Americans were riding around downtown with revolvers and rifles. Rumors were flying that night, and it's possible the man believed what he said, or that he exaggerated the threat to disperse the crowd. Either way, some whites were preparing to leave.
回到法院，一个白人也在极力要求克制，拼命地控制着这个庞大的暴民。他恳求人群退缩，因为黑人社区有能力，也会反击。盖布告诉他们，错误地说非裔美国人在市中心骑着左轮手枪和步枪。当天晚上谣言四起，那个男人可能相信了自己所说的话，或者夸大了威胁来驱散人群。不管怎样，有些白人准备离开了。
But before they could, the three carloads of black veterans Gabe had tried to stop, pulled up, armed, and in military uniform. They marched, single-file toward the courthouse. At six foot five, Grocer Obey Man, who was leading the group, posed a formidable presence. But along with him were peg-leg Taylor, Will Robinson, Bud Bassett, Jack Scott, and many others, including those known only by their nicknames, Fattie, Chummy, and Big Fred. They met another 35 black man marching alongside the courthouse, and Sheriff McCullough was trying to reason with all of them.
但是在此之前，三车载的黑人退役军人，他们本应被Gabe阻止，已经带着武器和军服到达了。他们单行列队向法院走去。身高6英尺5寸的Grocer Obey Man率领整个团队，给人留下了强大的印象。他们还有皮脚Taylor、威尔·罗宾逊、Bud Bassett、杰克·斯科特以及很多其他人，其中包括那些仅以绰号为人所知的人，例如Fattie、Chummy和Big Fred。他们遇到了另外35个黑人在法院旁边行进，警长麦卡洛试图与他们谈判。
He would later testify that some said they would go if he would assure them that he would not let the mob take the roll and boy. But just as one wave of black men would turn to leave, another group would appear, and McCullough found himself surrounded by greenwood residents, all talking and arguing at once. And as in the white mob, some of the black men had been drinking.
他后来作证说，有些人说如果他可以保证他不让暴民拿走名单和男孩，他们会去。但就在一群黑人开始离开时，另一群人出现了，麦卡洛找到自己被格林伍德居民包围着，大家都在同时讲话和争吵。就像白人暴民一样，有些黑人也喝醉了。
Imagine it's 930 Tuesday night. You've just pulled up outside the courthouse in your model T, with a posse of men from Greenwood. Your plan is to reason with Sheriff McCullough, and you're ready to pull a trigger if you need to. You got used to that in France, and you also got accustomed to being respected by the French citizens and soldiers. But it's been starkly different since you returned home from the war.
想象一下，现在是星期二晚上 9:30。你刚刚开着你的 model T，跟来自 Greenwood 的团队停在法院外面。你的计划是跟警长 McCullough 进行谈判，如果需要的话，那你就准备动用枪支。在法国，你已经习惯了这样的事情，也习惯了法国居民和士兵对你的尊重。但是自从你从战争归来以后，情况就非常不同了。
You're tall enough so that you can see above the enormous crowd, and once you see alarms you. Not just the size, but the fury, the weapons, the open bottles of booze, it's a powder cake. Come on boys, let's go talk to the sheriff. You lead your group through small crowds of your neighbors and friends, toward Sheriff McCullough, the only white face in the sea of dark ones, still fair bit from you. You want to make your case that he needs the protection you soldiers can give to keep Dick Rowland safe. If you could just get over to the sheriff to talk.
你个子够高，能够看到高高的人群之上，见到了使你惊恐的警报。不仅仅是人数庞大，而是其中的暴力、武器以及敞开的酒瓶，这是一种引爆点。走吧，伙计们，让我们去找警长谈一谈。你领着你的团队穿过邻居和朋友的小人群，走向那唯一一张白脸在黑色海洋中的麦考洛警长，距离你们还有一段距离。你想让他明白，他需要你们士兵们的保护，以保护迪克·罗兰的安全。如果你们能到达警长那里谈谈就好了。
But suddenly, a white man, about 5'6", appears in front of you and plants his feet. He's not going anywhere. You're a foot taller than he is, much stronger. But that doesn't stop him from addressing you in an old, familiar way. Are you going with that weapon boy? I'll use them if I have to. Like hell you will, give it to me. He reaches for your pistol, you trick it away. He grabs your arm. The crowd seems to crush in on you. Man's eyes, intent, and furious. You'll think back on this moment for the rest of your life, and you're still not sure what happened. But you know for sure what happened next.
突然一名白人，大约5英尺6英寸，出现在你面前，并摆出一副不走的样子。他比你矮一英尺，但你比他强壮。但这并不能阻止他用一种古老而熟悉的方式与你交谈。小子，你打算带着那个武器走吗？必要的时候我会用它的。你才不会呢，把它给我。他伸手取你的手枪，你用小技巧夺了回来。他抓住了你的手臂。人群似乎把你压得透不过气来。他的眼睛，充满坚定和愤怒。你会在余生中回忆起这一刻，但你仍然不确定发生了什么。但你肯定知道接下来发生了什么。
Sheriff McCullough would testify later that the sound of the gunshot was just like throwing a match in the powder can. Near him, Black Veterans began shooting. Surrounded by African American men offering their help in protecting Rowland, McCullough's first thought was that the white mob would immediately begin shooting back toward the Black crowd he was in, so he dove for the sidewalk. When he got up, the streets cleared, the crowds having fled the gunfire. But a body-layed dying near the courthouse under a billboard of smiling movie star Mary Pickford.
谢里夫麦卡洛将在后来作证说，枪声就像在火药罐里撒火柴。在他身边，黑人退伍军人开始射击。被许多非洲裔男性包围，他们提供帮助保护罗兰德，麦卡洛的第一个想法是白人暴民会立即向他所在的黑人群体打回火，因此他趴到了人行道上。当他站起来时，街道已经清空了，人群逃离了枪击。但在法院附近的一块广告牌下，却有一具正在濒死的尸体，上面笑着的是电影明星玛丽·皮克福德。
Chaos followed the initial killing with people shooting and running throughout downtown. In short order, a dozen people laid dead on the streets near the courthouse. Though many were armed, hundreds in the white mob didn't have guns, but wanted them. Here in the evening about 400 whites had tried to break into the National Guard Armory, but Major Jason Bell had stopped them, stationed in guards around the building and one on the roof. Without access to the armory's weapons, the white mob now ransacked downtown pawn shops, hardware and sporting goods stores, looking for firearms. The sound of breaking glass shattered the night as they destroyed store windows. Some stores trying to avoid the destruction voluntarily opened their doors to the mob.
混乱随着最初的杀戮而来，人们在市中心射击和奔跑。很快，在法院附近的街道上，有十几个人倒在了街头。尽管许多人都携带武器，但白人团伙中有数百人没有枪支，但却想要它们。傍晚时，约有400名白人试图闯入国家警卫军军械库，但詹森·贝尔少校阻止了他们，派遣警卫在建筑物周围和屋顶上驻扎。由于无法获得军械库的武器，白人团伙现在在市中心的当铺、五金店和运动用品店里搜寻枪支。他们砸坏了商店的橱窗，发出了破碎玻璃的声音。有些商店试图避免被毁，自愿向暴民开门。
The white rioters, including hundreds who had been drinking all night, quickly grabbed every gun and box of ammunition in town. For getting Dick Roland, still secure in his county jail cell, and now turning to fight what they believed was a negro uprising.
白人暴徒，包括数百名整夜喝酒的人，迅速抢走了镇上的每一把枪和弹药箱。他们为了抓到迪克•罗兰德，他仍然安全地关在县监狱里。他们现在转而对抗他们所认为的黑人起义。
When the shooting began, it seemed to be everywhere at once. The police force was wholly unprepared. For some reason there were few police officers on the street that night. The normal patrols were missing. The white lapse was part of a broader pattern of actions, either intentional or due to incompetence, that would eventually see police chief John Gustafson convicted for neglect of duty.
当射击开始时，似乎到处都在发生。警方完全没有准备。出于某种原因，那晚街上的警察很少。正常的巡逻队消失了。这种白痴行为是更广泛的行动的一部分，可能是故意或由于无能，最终会导致警察局长约翰·古斯塔夫森因职务疏忽而被定罪。
Gustafson had just been appointed to his position the previous year. He had a dubious history. Sheriff McCullough despised him. Shortly after Gustafson's appointment, McCullough complained to the city commissioner about the new police chief's decades-long involvement with snitches and crooks. McCullough diarly predicted that Gustafson would be counted on to hire that same class of people as his new police officers. And McCullough was right.
古斯塔夫森去年才被任命到他的职务上。他有一个可疑的历史。谢里夫麦卡洛恨他。古斯塔夫森刚上任不久，麦卡洛就向市委员会抱怨这位新警察局长与线人和罪犯长达数十年的关系。麦卡洛预测，古斯塔夫森将被要求雇用这些人作为他的新警察。而麦卡洛是对的。
Only two weeks before Roland was arrested, the city had concluded an investigation into the force, prompted by numerous complaints of ineptitude, sexual abuse of female prisoners, and corruption. Officers were known to confiscate illegal alcohol and either use it themselves or sell it sometimes to their prisoners. The investigation went nowhere, though, and a Tulsa-World newspaper headline in May had reported impeachment of police falls flat.
在罗兰被逮捕仅有两周之前，市政府已经完成了一次调查，调查涉及该市警察部门存在无能、性虐待女囚犯和腐败等多项投诉。警察们被知道会没收非法酒精，有时会自己饮用或将其出售给犯人。不过调查并没有得到任何进展，五月份《塔尔萨世界报》的头条新闻报道称“警察弹劾未果”。
But perhaps Gustafson's worst violation of law and order had come earlier when Roy Belton was lynched. A line of hundreds of cars had followed the mob out to the remote location where Belton was to be hanged. Rather than trying to stop the vigilantes and save Belton, Gustafson had directed traffic. After the murder, Gustafson said he didn't condone mob law, but he added, it is my honest opinion that the lynching of Belton will prove of real benefit to Tulsa and vicinity.
也许古斯塔夫森最糟糕的违反法律和秩序的行为发生在洛伊·贝尔顿被私刑处死之前。数百辆汽车跟随暴民到达了贝尔顿被绞刑的偏远地方。古斯塔夫森没有试图阻止私刑行动并救下贝尔顿，而是指挥交通。在谋杀之后，古斯塔夫森说他不赞成暴民法，但他补充说，我诚实地认为，贝尔顿的私刑将对塔尔萨及其周边地区产生真正的好处。
At the courthouse, on the night of May 31, Gustafson checked in a few times. When the shooting started, he didn't question the mob's conclusion. A black uprising was happening and it had to be quashed. Gustafson deputized approximately 500 white men on the spot. They were given badges and arms. Gustafson relied upon his gut feeling and little announced to choose his new deputies. He would later say, I talked to the men and those I thought would remain cool headed, I commissioned.
在法院，5月31日晚上，古斯塔夫森几次签到。当枪声响起，他没有质疑暴民的结论。一场黑人起义正在发生，必须被镇压。古斯塔夫森当场任命了大约500名白人代表。他们得到了徽章和武器。古斯塔夫森依靠自己的直觉和很少宣布的选择他的新代表。他后来会说，我跟这些人谈话，那些我认为会保持头脑冷静的人，我就任命他们。
Notably all of his emergency commissions were given to white men. As NWA CP executive secretary Walter White later said in a report about the riot, they could have been thugs, murderers, escape felons, or a member of the mob itself. The police did refuse to commission at least one man, a 26 year old white bricklayer named Laurel Buck.
值得注意的是，他所有的紧急委托都交给了白人男性。正如NWA CP执行秘书沃尔特·怀特在关于骚乱的报告中所说的那样，他们可能是暴徒、杀人犯、越狱罪犯或暴民的成员。警方确实拒绝了至少一名男子，一位26岁的白人砖匠名叫劳雷尔·巴克。
They didn't give him a badge, but they did give him instructions. Get yourself a gun, get busy and try to get a Negro.
他们没有给他徽章，但是他们给了他指示。拿一把枪，忙起来，试着找到一个黑人。
Imagine it's about dusk on Tuesday, May 31. You turn away from your bedroom door and gaze at your stunning new prom dress lying on your bed. This silk, the first evening dress you've ever owned, made custom for you by Betty Williams, the best seamstress in Greenwood. It has a tight bodice and a huge taffit of skirt. You love how it rustles when you walk in it.
想像一下，这是5月31日星期二傍晚的时候。你转过身，望着躺在床上的那条令人惊艳的新晚礼服。这件丝绸材质的晚礼服是你第一件拥有的，由格林伍德最出色的缝纫工贝蒂·威廉姆斯为你量身定制的。它有一个紧身的上衣和巨大的塔夫绸裙子。你很喜欢穿着走路时它发出的沙沙声。
Mama, it's time to start getting ready. I'm going to need a hand with all these buttons. You can just imagine how the dress will move when you and Verbi dance together tonight. And not in some old high school gym, no, the Stratford Hotel, one of the finest hotels in the whole country, right here in Greenwood.
妈妈，是时候开始准备了。我需要帮忙系这些纽扣。你可以想象一下，当你和Verbi今晚一起跳舞时，这件礼服将会如何移动。而且不是在一些老旧的高中体育馆里，而是在Greenwood这个国家最好的酒店之一Stratford Hotel里。
Your mother appears at the door, balancing your little brother willy on her hip. "Vines, you don't want to get in that dress right now. You'll get it all sweaty. Fix your face first, get your stockings on and your jewelry." You step lightly over to your dresser and pick up a length of pearls. "Oh Mama, I haven't shown you yet. I just picked these up from Betty. She lent them to me for tonight. Aren't they stunning?"
你的母亲出现在门口，用臀部支撑着你的小弟弟威利。 "温斯，你现在不想穿那条裙子。你会弄脏它的。先化妆，穿上袜子和珠宝。" 你轻轻地走到梳妆台旁，拿起一串珍珠。 "哦，妈妈，我还没有给你看。我刚从贝蒂那里拿了它们。她借给我今晚穿。它们不是很棒吗？"
"They are, but you have to be careful with those. They need to go right back to her in the morning."
他们是，但你必须小心处理。它们需要在早上立即归还给她。
"Mama, of course I will. Look at the window." You freeze in shock, dropping the pearls. "Mama, what is that?"
妈妈，当然我会。看窗户。你惊讶地僵住了，掉下珍珠。妈妈，那是什么？
"Oh, Lord, honey, I don't know." Your mother shrinks away from the window, the comers willy's head as best she can. "Something bad is happening. You leave that dress there and come with me."
哦，天啊，亲爱的，我不知道。你的母亲躲在窗户后，尽可能把头缩得小一些。似乎有什么不好的事情正在发生。你把那件裙子放在那儿，跟我走吧。
"But Mama..."
"但妈妈..."（没必要改写，这是合适的中文表达。）
"Now, baby, now." You follow your mother downstairs to the kitchen. Your younger siblings come running to clutching at you and your mother. Willy has begun wailing and your mother instinctively hushes him. Through the doorway into the parlor, you see your father grab his gun from over the mantle, bound out the back door.
现在，宝贝，现在。你跟着妈妈下楼到厨房。你的小兄弟小妹们跑过来紧紧抓住你和你的妈妈。威利已经开始哭泣，你的妈妈本能地安抚他。透过门口进入客厅，你看到你的父亲从壁炉上抓起他的枪，冲出后门。
"Where is he going?"
他去哪儿了？
"Quiet, baby. You need to be quiet." Outside you hear running, yelling, and gunshots. It sounds like a war. You pick up four-year-old Lily and squeeze her tight as your heart races. After a long two minutes, the door opens again. It's your father. "There's a race ride. It's time to go."
“宝宝别出声。你要安静。”外面传来奔跑、喊叫和枪声。听起来像是战争。你抱起四岁的莉莉，紧紧地搂住她，心跳加速。长长两分钟之后，门再次打开了。是你的父亲。“有辆赛车要赶。该走了。”
It takes you a minute to grasp what he's saying - that you have to leave your home and flee Greenwood to escape the dangerous white men outside. But no one moves until the sounds of the yelling fade. It seems they have moved on. Now, it's time to run. Venese Sims and her family dashed into her father's black Ford, and drove north out of town, in a line behind many other cars also escaping the violence. The perfect dress, shoes, and shiny pearls had to stay behind, along with her dreams of dancing in the grandeur of the Stratford Hotel. In the backseat, with Willie perched on her lap, Venese Sims wept.
你需要花一分钟才能领会他的话——你必须离开家，逃离格林伍德外面危险的白人。但是直到尖叫声消失，没有人动弹。看起来他们已经走了。现在，是时候逃跑了。Venese Sims和她的家人匆忙跑进她父亲的黑色福特汽车，跟随其他许多汽车一起北上逃避暴力。完美的礼服、鞋子和闪闪发光的珍珠只能留在身后，连同她在斯特拉福德酒店繁华中跳舞的梦想。在后座上，Willie坐在她膝盖上，Venese Sims哭泣着。
The Sims family was able to get out of town to safety that night, but that wasn't the case for many Greenwood residents. Some, who have been watching a movie at the Dreamland Theatre, walked out into the street when the film ended and found themselves inexplicably being shot at. But only some of the white mob had come to Greenwood. Others had run back to their home from the courthouse to pick up weapons. Others were scouring guns from downtown Tulsa hardware stores, pawn shops, and even the police station.
Sims 大家庭在那个晚上得以逃离市区以获得安全，但许多格林伍德居民却不是这样的情况。一些正在 Dreamland 影院看电影的人，在电影结束后走出街道时，发现自己莫名其妙地被射击。但只有一部分白人暴民来到了格林伍德。还有一些人从法院跑回家拿武器。其他人则在唐斯市中心的五金店、典当行，甚至警察局搜寻枪支。
In downtown Tulsa, in Greenwood's business district, and here and there on residential streets throughout Greenwood, it was chaos. Only after the pistol shot at the courthouse that marked the beginning of the rioting, Columbus gave the soon-to-be Tulsa police officer and gone back out onto the streets to see what was happening. He wanted to do whatever he could to keep the peace. He soon realized how impossible that was. Hearing a shot, Gabe saw a man fall. Terrified to be out in the open, he began running as fast as he could.
在塔尔萨市中心，在格林伍德商业区和格林伍德的居民街道上，混乱不堪。只有在法院那一枪开响，暴乱才开始，哥伦布成为了即将成为塔尔萨警察的人，又回到街头看看发生了什么。他想尽他所能来保持和平。他很快意识到这几乎是不可能的。听到枪声，加布看到一个人倒下了。他害怕暴露在外，开始尽可能快地奔跑。
Several Greenwood residents were taking cover in a big metal boiler and Gabe hid behind it. The white men were hunted down in the Frisco train depot on the border between the white and black sections of town. A white person would shoot toward Greenwood and someone hiding in the boiler would shoot back. Soon the ting of bullets hitting metal was coming often. Intermittently Gabe heard someone yell, run out from the depot or the boiler, and pick up an injured man.
几个格林伍德居民正在一个大的金属锅炉里避难，而盖布藏在那里面。白人在Frisco铁路站被追逐，这个站点是城镇的白人和黑人之间的边界。一名白人朝格林伍德开枪，有人躲在锅炉里还击。很快子弹击中金属的声音变得频繁起来。盖布不时听到有人喊叫，从车站或锅炉里跑出来，然后去救一个受伤的人。
In the midst of this standoff, Gabe saw one white woman lean out of the window of a car, point a weapon at an unarmed black man in the street, and shoot him. Hearing enough, Gabe ran toward his home. As he did, he saw white men on Boston Street in Greenwood, holding lighted torches aloft. They were heading toward two vacant shacks that sat near the train tracks and set them on fire. Later Gabe would realize that this was just the beginning of the burning.
在这场僵局中，加布看到一名白人女子从车窗伸出手，瞄准马路上的一名手无寸铁的黑人男子，然后开枪打他。听够了，加布朝着家的方向跑去。他跑着跑着，看到有些在格林伍德的波士顿街上抬起点燃的火把的白人男子在走。他们正朝着靠近铁路线的两间空房子走去，然后放火烧毁了它们。后来，加布意识到这只是燃烧的开始。
At midnight the fire department arrived to put out the fires, but the white mob, guns drawn, wouldn't let them. The firefighters left and came back an hour later. By then the first shack had burnt to the ground, but the second was still standing. Once again the mob threatened the firefighters away from the fire, and the roaring flames continued to burn.
子夜时分，消防队赶到现场灭火，但带着枪的白人暴徒不允许他们进入。消防队员离开了，一个小时后又回到了现场。第一座棚屋已经被烧成了灰烬，但第二座仍然屹立着。暴徒再次恐吓消防队员离开，熊熊的火焰继续燃烧。
In the deep Greenwood business district, three to four hundred black men were roaming around armed with whatever they could get - guns, sticks, stones. People, mostly black, began falling in the street, dying where they lay.
在繁华的格林伍德商业区，三到四百名黑人手持任何能拿到的武器——枪支、棍棒、石头四处游荡。大部分是黑人的人们开始在街上倒下，就地死去。
But soon some order began to be imposed, as the black veterans realized they were in a war, a battle that felt familiar. As they had in France, they took up defensive positions and buildings along the railroad tracks.
不久，军队开始执行一些秩序，黑人老兵们意识到他们已经身处在战争之中，并开始采取防御性姿态，占领铁路沿线的建筑物，这让他们想起了在法国的经历。
In the bell-free of the just-completed Mount Zion Baptist Church in their homes, more former soldiers donned their uniforms, even their helmets, and they pulled out weapons they brought home from the war, aiming their long-range windchesters at the riders. They were fighting fiercely, giving as good as they got. They would later say that until the events of the following day they were winning.
在刚刚完成的锡安山浸信会教堂的无钟乐声里，更多的退伍士兵穿上了他们的制服，甚至戴上了他们从战争带回家的头盔，并拿出了武器，将他们的长程温彻斯特瞄准了骑手。他们在激烈地战斗，不分上下。他们后来会说，在接下来的一天之前，他们一直在赢得胜利。
Still as the night wore on, Greenwood men were driven back into their neighborhood, until finally the fighting was confined there. By midnight a new intention of the armed mob became clear to trap black Tulsons in their neighborhood and kill as many as they could, and not just men, but women, children, old people.
夜晚还在继续，格林伍德的人们被驱逐回他们的社区，最终的战斗被限制在那里。到了午夜，武装暴徒的新意图变得清晰，他们打算困住黑人图尔森斯人在他们的社区，尽可能杀死许多人，不仅仅是男性，还有妇女、儿童和老人。
Sixty to seventy white drivers fell into an organized line that began driving slowly and menacingly around the circumference of Greenwood. But as May 31st ended and the new day began, the sound of gunfire rattled through the streets. Some Greenwoods men continued to defend their neighborhood, even as others and their families fled to the small towns to the north, some grabbing whatever possessions they could. Others leaving barefoot with nothing.
大约60至70名白人驾驶员排成一条有组织的队列，开始缓慢而威胁性地沿格林伍德的周长行驶。但当5月31日结束，新的一天开始时，枪声穿过街道回响。一些格林伍德的男子继续保卫他们的社区，即使其他人和他们的家人逃往北部的小镇，有些人带走了他们可以的所有物品，然而还有些人一无所有地赤足离开。
They'd all assumed they'd come back, probably within hours or days. Some were right. Others never returned. Forts on American history tellers, former soldiers tried to defend Greenwood against white Tulsons armed with torches, machine guns, and airplanes.
他们都认为他们会回来，可能在几小时或几天内。有些人是对的。而其他人则永远没有回来。在美国历史上的堡垒上，前士兵试图用火把，机枪和飞机保卫格林伍德免受白人图尔森武装的攻击。
The life of the best black surgeon in the country is threatened, and thousands of African Americans are sent to internment camps while city leaders plan their next moves. From under 8 this is American history tellers.
这位国内最优秀的黑人外科医生的生命受到威胁，同时成千上万的非洲裔美国人被送往拘留营，城市领导们在策划下一步行动。这是从《八岁以下》讲述的美国历史。
In history tellers is hosted, edited and produced by me, Lindsey Graham for Airship. Sound Design by Derek Barons. This episode is written by Elaine Ableton Grant, edited by Dorian Marina, edited and produced by Jenny Lauer-Packman. Our executive producer is Marshall Lewey, created by her non-low pass for wandering.
「历史讲述者」的主持人、编辑和制作人是我，Lindsey Graham，为Airship工作。声音设计由Derek Barons负责。本集由Elaine Ableton Grant撰写，Dorian Marina编辑，Jenny Lauer-Packman编辑和制作。我们的执行制作人是Marshall Lewey，由非低通滤波器创造，她试图走向未知的领域。