1.1- The Kingdoms of Charles Stuart
发布时间 2013-09-15 19:53:00 来源
Hello, and welcome to Revolutions. Episode 1 The Kingdoms of Charles Stewart.
大家好，欢迎来到《Revolutions》。第一集名为“查尔斯·斯图尔特的王国”。
In 1625, Charles Stewart became King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. In 16100, Charles was the second son and third child of King James VI of Scotland. The young prince spent a sickly childhood overshadowed by his dashing older brother Henry Frederick and his vibrant older sister Elizabeth, both of whom thrived in the public spotlight. A spotlight that got quite a bit brighter in 1603 when Queen Elizabeth died and James VI of Scotland became James I of England, uniting the British crowns for the first time in history.
1625年，查尔斯·斯图尔特成为英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的国王查尔斯一世。1610年，查尔斯是苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世的次子和第三个孩子。这位年轻的王子度过了一个病弱的童年，在他帅气的哥哥亨利·弗雷德里克和充满活力的姐姐伊丽莎白的阴影下生活，他们都在公众视线中蓬勃发展。这个聚光灯在1603年女王伊丽莎白去世、詹姆斯六世成为英格兰国王詹姆斯一世后得到了明显加强，这也是英国王位历史上首次统一。
Charles, meanwhile, grew to be a reserved and solitary young man, ill at ease with the loose commotion of his father's court. But that was alright. As the second son, he could afford to fade into the background.
同时，查尔斯变成了一个内向孤独的年轻人，对他父亲的宫廷的混乱局面感到不自在。但这没关系。作为次子，他可以在背景中消失。
But then in late 1612, 18-year-old prince Henry died, and all of a sudden Charles became heir to the throne. Acutely aware of the responsibilities he now faced, he did his best to prepare for the monumental job that lay ahead, he read, he studied, he thought deeply, but he lacked the era of authority that came so naturally to his father and elder siblings.
然后在1612年末，18岁的亨利王子去世了，查尔斯突然成为了王位的继承人。他非常清楚自己现在所面临的责任，他尽力为即将到来的重大任务做好准备，读书、学习、深思熟虑，但他缺乏他父亲和兄姐们所天然拥有的权威感。
When James died in March 1625, 24-year-old Charles, ready or not, became the ruler of three kingdoms. England was the largest and wealthiest of these kingdoms. Her five million souls dwarfed the million or so living in Scotland and two million living in Ireland. The English population was primarily rural and coastal, and they spent their days farming, shepherding, fishing and mining.
当詹姆斯于1625年三月去世时，24岁的查尔斯，无论准备好与否，都成为了三个王国的统治者。英格兰是这些王国中最大和最富有的。她的五百万灵魂远远超过苏格兰的一百万左右和爱尔兰的两百万居民。英格兰的人口主要是农村和沿海居民，他们的日常活动是耕种、牧羊、捕鱼和采矿。
The economy was mostly insular, with the primary export being undied wool, and that export mostly headed straight to Dutch merchants on the other side of the channel. There were small, regional cities scattered across England, Norwich and the East, York and the North and Bristol and the West, but they all held barely 10,000 people. When you talked about the city, you meant the city, London. When Charles ascended to the throne, London held somewhere north of 300,000 people. It was the political capital, the conduit for all trade, and the cultural heart of England.
英国的经济主要是封闭的，主要出口是未染色的羊毛，这些出口大多直接运往英吉利海峡另一侧的荷兰商人。英格兰有分布在各地的小城市，如东部的诺里奇，北部的约克和西部的布里斯托尔，但它们都只有不到一万人。当谈到城市时，你指的是伦敦。查尔斯登基王位时，伦敦有超过30万的人口。它是政治首都、所有贸易的渠道和英格兰的文化中心。
Up to the north, Scotland, the ancestral home of the steward, was divided by the classic line between the Highland North and the Lowland South, which served not only as the major geographic divide, but also the major cultural, linguistic, political and religious divide. In rough terms, the Lowlanders were more Anglo-centric, settled, and critically in terms of what's about to happen, pretty radically Protestant. The Highlanders, meanwhile, were fiercely independent, spoke Galic and remained Catholic.
向北，苏格兰是司库的祖传之地，分为高地北部和低地南部两部分，这不仅是主要的地理分界，也是主要的文化、语言、政治和宗教分界。大体上来说，低地人更加接受英格兰文化，生活更加稳定，而在即将发生的事情方面，他们是相当激进的新教徒。另一方面，高地人则非常独立自主，说盖尔语，仍然信仰天主教。
The largest city in Scotland was the capital Edinburgh, which in the mid-1600s was about the same size as York, Norwich and Bristol. Scotland had long been dominated by her neighbour to the south, but it is important to note that at this point, even with King James VI of Scotland becoming King James I of England, we are still dealing with two separate countries, not a single unified polity.
苏格兰最大的城市是首都爱丁堡，17世纪中期与约克、诺威奇和布里斯托尔差不多一样大。苏格兰一直被南边邻居控制，但必须注意，在这一时期，即使苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世成为英格兰国王詹姆斯一世，我们仍然在处理两个独立的国家，而不是一个统一的政治体。
Ireland, meanwhile, was not an equal monarchy to England the way that Scotland was. It was instead a dependency claimed by England since the 1540s. By the time of Charles's ascension, Ireland was composed of three main groups, the Old Irish, Celtic, Galic and Catholic, the Old English, descendants of Anglo-Norman settlers who had come over during the Middle Ages and who formed the ruling aristocracy, and for the most part remained Catholic after the Reformation, and then finally there was the new English, settlers who had come over on plantation schemes in the last century. They were uniformly Protestant and represented a threat both to the Old English and the Old Irish.
与苏格兰不同，爱尔兰并不是一个与英格兰拥有相等地位的君主制国家，而是自1540年代起被英格兰宣称为附属国。在查尔斯即位时，爱尔兰由三个主要族群组成，分别是古老的爱尔兰人、凯尔特人和天主教徒，老英格兰人，他们是在中世纪来到这里的盎格鲁-诺曼定居者的后代，组成了统治贵族阶层，并在宗教改革后仍然大多信奉天主教，最后是新来的英国人，他们是在上个世纪的开发计划中来到这里的定居者，他们普遍信仰新教，并对老英格兰人和古老的爱尔兰人都构成了威胁。
The English, especially the New English, took the Old Irish as some weird race of subhumans and the gold of royal administrators was to civilize them, that is, turn them into Protestants, without it costing the extracur too much money because the English extracur, as we're about to see, is kind of a mess.
英国人，尤其是新英格兰人，将古老的爱尔兰人视为一群奇怪的亚人种族，他们认为王室行政人员赋予他们的黄金可以文明他们，也就是说，将他们变成新教徒，而不会让英格兰贵族花费太多金钱，因为正如我们即将看到的那样，英格兰贵族有些混乱。
One of the first things Charles did after ascending to the throne was to call a parliament. Not only was he just getting started with his own reign, but war with Catholic Spain was brewing, and that meant that the new king needed to get his financial house in order, and calling a parliament was the only way to get his financial house in order.
查尔斯登基后，他做的第一件事就是召开议会。他不仅刚开始自己的统治，而且与天主教西班牙的战争正在酝酿，这意味着新国王需要管理好他的财政，而召开议会是管理好他的财政的唯一途径。
The institution of parliament had grown out of medieval great councils, meetings of the leading nobles and clergymen, designed to make sure everyone was on the same page when it came to royal policies, and by policies I of course mean taxation. These great councils morphed into proto-parlemants around about the Magna Carta, and were basically called whenever the king needed money.
议会制度起源于中世纪的大议会，这是领先的贵族和教士们的会议，旨在确保在皇家政策方面所有人都必须取得共识，当然这里指的是税收政策。这些大议会大约在《大宪章》时期演变成了原型议会，而且基本上只有在国王需要钱的时候才会召开。
By the 1300s, parliament was divided into its familiar two branches, the Upper House of Lords composed of the Pears and Bishops, an exclusive little club of 120 or so during the Stuart era, and the lower House of Commons composed of the Knights, lesser gentry and professional classes, a less exclusive club of 400 or so members.
到了14世纪，议会分为熟悉的两个分支：上议院由伯爵和主教组成，是一个专属的小俱乐部，在斯图亚特王朝时期大约有120名成员。下议院则由骑士、小地主和专业人士组成，大约有400名成员，比较不那么独占。
Now it is critical to remember that parliament, even with the commons, was by no means a body that represented the people. Membership and franchise was restricted, membership even more so, but it did represent the only thing that was important for it to represent at the time. Namely, these were the guys with the money, and it was important to make them feel like they were a part of the process.
现在要记住的是，议会即使有下议院，也绝不是代表人民的机构。会员资格和选举权都受到限制，会员资格更加狭窄，但在当时，它确实代表了唯一重要的事情。也就是说，那些拥有财富的人，重要的是让他们觉得自己是进程的一部分。
Initially, getting the stamp of approval from the men who controlled the wealth of the nation was a savvy political and economic expedient, but by the time Charles took office, parliamentary approval of new taxes was more than just an expedient. It was settled law that parliament must approve new taxes, or they were illegal. As we will see, the kind of litigious Englishmen who milled around Westminster took this right very, very seriously.
一开始，从掌控国家财富的人那里得到认可是明智的政治和经济手段，但到查尔斯上任时，议会对新税收的批准不仅仅是一种手段。根据法律规定，议会必须批准新税收，否则它们就是非法的。正如我们将看到的那样，徘徊在威斯敏斯特周围的那些善于讼事的英国人非常严肃地对待这个权利。
So when the king or queen needed money for something, war being that most typical of some things, they would call a parliament and ask it to approve a subsidy or two. These subsidies took the form of a wealth tax, and after a little bit of wrangling the monarch usually got what they asked for.
所以当国王或女王需要钱用于某些事情时，战争是其中最典型的事情，他们会召开议会并要求其批准一两项补贴。这些补贴采取财富税的形式，经过一些争吵，君主通常会得到他们所要求的东西。
But unfortunately for the stewards, one of the ways Queen Elizabeth had courted favor, was by keeping regular taxes ridiculously low and the subsidy requests to a minimum. It's not that she was a big spender, quite the opposite, but unfortunately that unwillingness to spend was yet another problem for the stewards.
很不幸，女王伊丽莎白拉招揽人心的其中一个方法是保持税收极低和减少津贴请求。她不是一个花费大手大脚的人，相反，这种不愿意花钱的态度却是守护人们的又一个问题。
King James inherited a kingdom with minimal revenue streams, lots of debt, and a boatload of projects that needed funding. So the early steward period is plagued with financial difficulties, because everyone had been conditioned by the tutors to expect tax payments that were hilariously out of date. The nobility for example was being assessed at rates a century old that took no account of the 600% inflation over the same period.
金詹姆斯继承了一个收入微薄、负债累累、需要资金支持的大量项目的王国。因此，早期管家时期受到财务困境的困扰，因为每个人都被导师训练成期望非常过时的税款支付。例如，贵族们被评估的税率是一个世纪前的，没有考虑到同期的600%的通货膨胀。
So when the stewards started trying to bring a little sanity to the system, there was this terrible gap between what was politically possible and what was economically necessary. By which I mean that when parliament thought that it was being generous, its subsidies still weren't even coming close to meeting the financial needs of the state.
因此，当主管人员试图让系统变得更加理智时，政治上可以做到的与经济上必要的之间存在着可怕的差距。我所说的是，当议会认为它非常慷慨时，它的津贴仍然远远不足以满足国家的财政需求。
Now it was customary that in the first parliament of a new reign, the king would be voted something called tonnage and poundage for life. Simply put, tonnage and poundage was a collection of import export duties that the king would use to finance the routine organs of government.
现在，在一个新时期的第一届议会中，通常会为国王投票批准终身所得税和磅牢。简单地说，所谓的所得税和磅牢是进出口税的集合，国王将用它来资助政府的日常机构。
Granting it for life meant that no matter what the king would have an independent financial base from which to run his administration. It was traditional, it was expected, it was a respectful little tip of the cap.
授予它终身意味着无论国王如何，他都会有一个独立的经费基础来运行他的行政工作。这是传统的，是被期望的，是一个有礼貌的小礼物。
The first parliament of Charles's reign, however, got together in May 1625 and decided to vote him tonnage and poundage for one year only. The historical consensus appears to be that this unprecedented stinginess was simply a maneuver to get the young king to agree to some much-needed reforms, but Charles took it as a slap in the face. So it's fair to say that relations between Charles and his parliaments got off on the wrong foot right away.
查理统治时期的第一届议会于1625年5月召开，决定仅向他征收吨位和磅位税一年。历史界的共识似乎是，这种前所未有的吝啬只是为了让年轻的国王同意一些急需的改革，但查理却视其为一记耳光。因此可以说，查理与他的议会的关系从一开始就走错了方向。
Parliament followed up on this insult to Charles's royal dignity with a second one when they started openly attacking George Villiers, the first duke of Buckingham. Okay, stay with me.
议会在公开攻击乔治·维利尔斯，第一代百克汉姆公爵时，对查尔斯皇家尊严的侮辱进行了第二次回应。好的，请跟着我。
Buckingham had been rapidly elevated up the purge after the charismatic young man had caught the eye of King James the decade before. He was created duke of Buckingham in 1623, right about the time he was jumping ship from the deteriorating old King James to the rising young prince Charles.
巴克汉姆在十年前吸引了詹姆斯国王的眼球，因此得到了快速的晋升。在詹姆斯国王的境况日趋恶化时，他在1623年被封为巴克汉姆公爵，同时他也开始追随崛起的查尔斯年轻王子。
The bond between duke and prince had been sealed during an impulsive and ill-fated trip to Wu the Infanta of Spain in 1623. The reckless wooing of the Catholic princess had failed spectacularly to the great rejoicing of Protestant England, but it had cemented Buckingham as one of the few men Charles called friend.
公爵和王子之间的纽带在1623年一次冲动和不幸的旅程中与西班牙公主伍·因法坦塔之间的狂放追求中被密封。这种鲁莽的追求天主教公主以失败告终，给英国的新教徒带来了巨大的欢乐，但它将印证巴克汉姆成为查尔斯所有亲友中的一员。
Handsome and self-assured, Buckingham provided a crutch for Charles to lean on as he made the transition from prince to king. But Buckingham's self-regard was not only infuriating to his rivals, it was usually a delusion. He had managed to convince both himself and the stewards that he was a wizard of finance, diplomacy and war, but everyone else thought that he was a corrupt blunderer who was going to bring the kingdom to ruin.
巴克汉姆英俊、自信，他给查尔斯提供了一把拐杖，帮助他从王子过渡到国王。但巴克汉姆自视甚高，这不仅使他的对手感到愤怒，而且通常是幻觉。他已经成功地让自己和管家们相信自己是财政、外交和战争方面的巫师，但其他人则认为他是一个腐败的大错失者，将会把王国拖垮。
So the parliament of 1625 started making noise that they intended to impeach Buckingham and get him the hell away from the levers of power. But Charles had very few men he called friend and none that he trusted more than Buckingham. The tonnage and poundage vote had put him on edge, the attacks on Buckingham pushed him over.. And in August 1625 he dissolved parliament, as was absolutely his legal right.
所以1625年的议会开始喧闹，表示他们打算弹劾巴克汉姆，让他远离权力的杠杆。但是查理身边很少有他称之为朋友的人，也没有任何人比巴克汉姆更值得他信任。吨位和磅数的投票让他感到不安，对巴克汉姆的攻击推动他走到了极限。所以在1625年8月，他完全有法律权利解散了议会。
Disalving parliament may have been emotionally satisfying, but it did nothing to set the royal finances in order, so in 1626 Charles called for a new parliament. But this time he made sure that the most outspoken MPs from the last session were appointed sheriffs of their various counties so that they were ineligible to sit again. But the maneuver had little effect and the new parliament picked up right where the last one had left off. They voted the king for subsidies, but kept the bill locked in committee while they renewed their complaints against Buckingham.
解散议会或许令人情感上得到满足，但对解决王室财政问题毫无帮助。于是在1626年，查尔斯召开了一次新的议会。但是这一次，他确保上一届中最直言不讳的议员被任命为其所在的不同县的治安官，以使他们无法再次当选。但是这一策略几乎没有产生效果，新的议会立刻接手上一届留下的工作。他们为国王投票提供补贴，但同时他们又在委员会内锁定了这项法案，继续对巴克林进行投诉。
The parliament of 1626 then started harping on another point near and dear to everyone's heart, religion. Okay, so let's talk about religion. Martin Luther kicked off the Protestant Reformation about 100 years before Charles became king.
那么，让我们谈谈宗教吧。1626年的议会开始谈论另一个众所周知的重要话题——宗教。好的，马丁·路德在查尔斯国王登基前大约100年就发起了新教改革。
The Reformation hit England a few years later when Henry VIII decided that he wanted to divorce his wife and marry his mistress. In 1534 the Church of England with the king as its supreme head was formally separated from the Catholic Church. After Henry died there was a tug of war between Protestants and Catholics during the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I and then when Elizabeth became queen the Protestants established permanent ascendancy but not without compromise.
这是在亨利八世决定离婚并娶他的情妇几年后，英国也经历了宗教改革运动。1534年，英格兰教会正式与天主教会分离，并由国王成为最高头领。在亨利去世后，爱德华六世和玛丽一世期间，新教徒和天主教徒之间展开了一场拉锯战，后来伊丽莎白成为女王后，新教徒确立了永久的优势，但也不得不做出妥协。
In 1559 the so-called Elizabethan settlement established the Church of England's independence from Rome and laid out its formal structure. But because the settlement was just that, a settlement, the Church of England wound up maintaining a semi-Catholic form with 26 bishops and two archbishops. The real key to the settlement however was the gap between dogma and discipline. Elizabeth wanted religious peace and so she was never much interested in pursuing rigid uniformity. Within reason parishes could decide for themselves what form they wanted their worship to take.
1559年，所谓的伊丽莎白安定协议确立了英国教会独立于罗马的地位，并规定了其正式结构。但由于该协议只是一个折衷方案，因此英国教会最终仍保持着半天主教的形式，拥有26位主教和两位大主教。然而，协议的真正关键在于教义和规律之间的差距。伊丽莎白想要宗教和平，因此她从来不太关心追求严格的统一性。在合理范围内，教区可以自行决定他们的崇拜形式。
Meanwhile up in Scotland the Reformation followed a different course. In England everything had been funneled through the crown. The king was the supreme governor, the bishops and clergy were used to reinforce the authority of the monarchy and so on. But the Scottish Reformation had been opposed by the Catholic monarchy so it was not imposed from the inside out but rather from the outside in. Kings and bishops were not defenders of the Reformation but rather its arch enemies.
与此同时，在苏格兰，宗教改革的进程则有所不同。在英格兰，所有事情都是通过皇冠来行使的。国王是最高统治者，主教和牧师用以加强君权的权威等等。但苏格兰的宗教改革曾遭受天主教君主的反对，因此它不是从内部向外强制实行的，而是从外部向内实行。国王和主教并不是改革的捍卫者，而是其主要敌人。
From Mary Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate her infant son James, Charles's father, was crowned king. But during his minority reign the Protestant nobles who had overthrown Mary pursued Reformation to the Hilt, establishing what became known as Presbyterianism, which massively decentralized the Church's structure, put power in the hands of lay elders and abolished a piscopacy that is the bishops.
当玛丽王后被迫放弃她的婴儿儿子詹姆斯时，查尔斯的父亲成为了国王。但在他的未成年时期，推翻玛丽的新教贵族们一心追求改革，建立了后来被称为长老会制度的体系，大规模地去中心化了教会的结构，使权力掌握在俗人长老手中，并且废除了主教制度。
When James emerged from his minority in the 1580s he moved to reinstate the bishops, a move usually seen as an attempt to align the Scottish Reform Church with the Church of England in anticipation of Elizabeth's call to be her heir which finally came on her deathbed in 1603. Okay, yes, you might have to listen to this episode again but I promise this is all really important.
当詹姆斯在16世纪80年代成年后，他试图重新任命主教，此举通常被视为是试图将苏格兰改革教会与英格兰教会对齐，以期望伊丽莎白女王将他作为她的继承人，在她于1603年临终前的召唤。好的，是的，你可能需要再听一遍这一集，但我保证这都非常重要。
Back in England the combination of loose discipline and the example of the Scottish Church allowed for the growth of a godly movement that contemporaries derisively labeled Puritanism. The Puritans, they did not call themselves that, were not united of mind or purpose but they did hold some general principles in common. They were mostly Calvinists and believed that the Reformation was thus far a deed half done. They were rigid, austere, convinced that only a select community would find salvation and believed in a literal reading of the scriptures.
在英格兰，宽松的纪律和苏格兰教会的示范相结合，使得一个虔诚运动得以发展，被同时代人嘲笑地称为“清教徒主义”。这些清教徒并不自称为这样，他们并不确立思想或目的的统一，但他们确有一些共同原则。他们大多是加尔文派，相信宗教改革到目前为止只完成了一半。他们坚定、朴素，确信只有一部分社群会得到救赎，并且信仰经文字面的解释。
It was a movement that spread to all socio-economic classes but its emphasis on private Bible study obviously meant that literacy was generally a prerequisite. The Puritans abhor the loose morality and corruption of the Episcopal hierarchy with its lazy ministers and corrupt bishops growing fat on forced tides from their ill-served parishioners. They were never aiming to overthrow the Church of England or set up a rival church, such would have been unthinkable in the 17th century when it was taken as axiomatic that a kingdom could only function with one church. They simply wanted to see the Reformation through to its logical conclusion.
这是一个流传到所有社会经济阶层的运动，但其着重私人圣经研习显然意味着识字通常是先决条件。清教徒憎恶国教会等级制度的放荡不羁和腐败，其中懒惰的牧师和腐败的主教从他们不称职的教区的信徒上勉强收取教税。他们从未旨在推翻英国教会或建立一个竞争教会，这在17世纪是不可想象的，当时被视为一个王国只能有一个教会的公理。他们只是想看到宗教改革达到其必然的结局。
But the issue facing the Parliament of 1626 was not just a rivalry between Puritans and modern Anglicans, another word that didn't exist yet. It was between Puritans and Armenians.
然而，1626年的议会面临的问题不仅仅是清教徒和现代圣公会派之间的竞争，还涉及到清教徒和亚美尼亚人之间的竞争，这是一个当时还不存在的词。
Okay, so what the hell is an Armenian? Well, they took their name from a Dutch theologian who went by the Latinised name Armenius. Unlike the Puritans who looked at the Reformation and thought, hey, this doesn't go far enough, Armenians looked at the Reformation and thought, well, how do we pull back from this?
好的，那么亚美尼亚人到底是什么？嗯，他们取名自荷兰神学家亚美尼乌斯的拉丁化名。与那些看到宗教改革后想，“嘿，这还不够” 的清教徒不同，亚美尼亚人看到了宗教改革，反思道，“嗯，我们该如何缩回去呢？”
They were emphatically Protestant, but danced as close to the edge of Roman Catholicism as you could get without falling in. They loved the fancy ceremonies, they rejected Calvin's rigid theories of predestination. There were other differences, but what they added up to was a doctrine that to a Puritan basically rejected everything that they thought distinguished them from the evil Roman Catholics in the first place.
他们坚定地信奉新教，但在不坠入罗马天主教的深渊的情况下跳舞。他们喜欢华丽的仪式，却拒绝了加尔文关于命运预定的严格理论。还有其他的分歧，但总的来说，这种教诲基本上拒绝了清教徒所认为的与邪恶的罗马天主教区分开来的所有东西。
Unfortunately for the Puritans, Charles seemed inclined to favour an Armenian outlook, which developed due to his close association with Bishop William Lod. William Lod, he is important.
不幸的是，清教徒们遇到了麻烦。查尔斯似乎倾向于支持亚美尼亚观点，这是由于他与主教威廉·洛德的密切关系而发展起来的。威廉·洛德非常重要。
Lod was an angry little man. Literally, he was short and had a raging temper, who seemed to stand for everything the Puritans hated. Shortly before Charles became king, Lod had become Buckingham's personal chaplain, and through Buckingham had caught the future King's ear. It turned out that he and the King saw eye to eye on the kind of ceremonial formalities and strong institutional hierarchies that the Puritans despised as creeping popery. Politically, Lod was a staunch defender of the King's prerogatives, and happily lectured both of Charles's first two parliaments, that their sole duty was to vote the King whatever money he asked for and then go home.
Lod是一个愤怒的小个子。他很矮，情绪激动，似乎代表着清教徒所憎恶的一切。在查理斯成为国王之前不久，Lod成为了巴克汉姆的私人牧师，并通过巴克汉姆得到了未来国王的青睐。结果证明，他和国王在形式主义和强制性机构等方面的看法是一致的，而这些正是清教徒所憎恶的逐渐流行的罗马教教义。在政治上，Lod是国王特权的忠诚捍卫者，并愉快地向查理的前两个议会讲解说，他们唯一的职责就是投票让国王得到他要求的任何钱，然后回家。
Lod was deeply unpopular, but he wasn't yet the most despised man in the kingdom. That title was still reserved for Buckingham, whom parliament once again tried to impeach. This time harping on the embarrassingly inept assault he had just led on the Spanish port of Kadees, which turned out to be less an assault, and more of a his men getting drunk and then refusing to fight.
Lod并不受欢迎，但他还不是王国中最被鄙视的人。这个头衔仍然是为巴克汉姆保留的，议会再次试图弹劾他。这次议会一直强调他刚刚领导的尴尬无比的对开迪斯港口的攻击，结果不是一次攻击，而是他的士兵喝醉酒，拒绝战斗。
So in June 1626, Charles dissolved his second parliament in a row. But by dissolving parliament, Charles abandoned the four subsidies that had been buried in committee, and he had still not been granted tonnage and poundage.
所以在1626年6月，查尔斯接连解散了两届议会。但是通过解散议会，查尔斯放弃了那四个被搁置在委员会中的补助，而他仍然没有被授予吨税和磅秤费。
Buckingham, brilliant diplomacy that he was, somehow then managed to get England into a war with France to go along with its war against Spain, a move that would have been catastrophic had not France and Spain both been too distracted with real problems to worry about the English.
巴克汉姆是个非常出色的外交家，但不知怎么搞的，他竟然让英格兰也卷入了与西班牙作战的同时，又与法国开战。要不是法国和西班牙都有更紧要的事情分心，不关心英格兰，这么做会带来灾难性后果。
But whatever the attitude of France and Spain, England was taking these wars seriously, except oh yeah, Charles was operating without any money to pay for any of it. So, first, he just started collecting tonnage and poundage without any official parliamentary grant. This ruffled some feathers, but most let it pass since they had been paying tonnage and poundage to their kings and queens forever.
无论法国和西班牙的态度如何，英格兰都认真对待这些战争，除了啊，查理斯没有任何支付这些战争的资金。所以，首先，他只是开始收取吨位税和磅位税，没有经过官方议会的许可。这搅乱了一些人的心情，但大多数人让它过去了，因为他们一直向国王和女王支付着这些税款。
But then Charles also started issuing what have become known as forced loans, which are exactly what they sound like. He, or most likely Buckingham, came up with a number they thought some individual peer or county ought to produce to keep the crown solvent, and then they simply demanded it. This, as you can imagine, did more than ruffle a few feathers. And the irritation was compounded by Buckingham taking the money, using it to botch a naval assault in support of French Protestants besieged at La Rochelle and losing half his men.
但是，查尔斯接着开始发布所谓的“强制贷款”，这正是它的名字所示的。他本人，或更有可能是巴克林汉姆，制定了一个他们认为某个个体同侪或县份应当出产以维持王室的数目，然后他们就直接要求这笔钱。正如你可以想象的那样，这做法引起了不少麻烦。而巴克林汉姆却还把这笔钱拿去支持法国胡格诺派被围攻的拉罗谢尔，并输掉了一半的士兵，这更加激起了人们的不满。
But even still, given the circumstances, most people complied and paid with the crown said they owed. But if you resisted, citing any number of precedents in common law, that what the king was doing was illegal. Charles responded by locking up those who refused to pay.
即便如此，考虑到情况，大多数人还是履行了支付皇冠所称欠款的义务。但是，如果你抵制，引用普通法中的任何先例，即国王所做的是非法的，查尔斯会采取措施囚禁那些拒绝支付的人。
The issue of forced loans came to a head the next year, when five nights imprisoned for their refusal to pay, sued for a writ of habeas corpus. The subsequent case, creatively dubbed the Five Night Case, wound up hinging not on the right of the king to issue forced loans, but on his right to imprison, by his own special command.
下一年，强制贷款问题在五夜因拒绝支付而被监禁并起诉要求人身保护令的事件中达到了顶峰。随后的案件，被巧妙地称为"五夜案"，并不关注国王颁布强制贷款的权利，而是他通过自己特殊命令而对人实施监禁的权利。
The judges found that Charles did indeed have wide discretion to imprison, but it was a peric victory for the king. He got his extra parliamentary revenue, and he could lock up people as he saw fit, but his subjects were rapidly losing faith in him as a king they could trust.
法官们裁定查尔斯确实有广泛裁量权可以监禁，但这是国王的一次惨败。他得到了额外的议会收入，可以随心所欲地关押人们，但他的臣民正在快速失去对作为值得信任的国王的信任。
By 1628, there was clear that Parliament and the king were going to have to come to some sort of understanding. So Charles agreed to call another session, and keep it sitting until it could complete its business, as long as they were framed from attacking Buckingham.
到了1628年，显然议会和国王必须达成某种谅解。所以查尔斯同意召开另一次会议，并让它继续开，直到完成业务为止，只要他们避免攻击巴克汉姆。
The disgruntled MPs who assembled with Charles' third Parliament did indeed refrain from attacking Buckingham, but they let fly on everything else that had been bugging them. Forced loans, forced billeting, arbitrary imprisonment, and the Five Nights in particular, and martial law in general. A back and forth with Charles over his conduct resulted in Parliament passing the famous petition of right.
那些不满意的议员与查尔斯三世的议会聚集在一起，的确没有攻击白金汉公爵，但他们对其他一切困扰他们的事情发泄了不满。强制贷款、强制驻扎、任意拘留、特别是“五夜事件”和普遍的戒严状态。随着查尔斯关于自己行为的交锋，议会通过了著名的请愿书。
The petition of right was a declaration not of new rights Parliament was inventing, but of right Englishmen already enjoyed. Specifically, that non-parliamentary taxation was illegal, due process of law must always be observed, habeas corpus must always be granted, and soldiers could not be billeted without consent. Charles accepted the petition of right, with the proviso that he would observe it within the bounds of settled law.
请注意，以下翻译为AI生成，仅供参考。
《权利请愿书》并非是议会创造出的新权利声明，而是确认英国人民已拥有的权利。具体而言，非议会征税属于非法行为；必须始终遵守合法程序；必须始终授予 writ of habeas corpus （英国法律的一种程序，意为“你应有身体”，意图保护被制拘留者的人身自由；应该始终获得直接的许可；士兵不能非法占用住所。查尔斯虽然接受了《权利请愿书》，但有一个前提，就是在有限制的法律范围内遵守这份文件。
Settled law, then among other things established that there were royal loopholes for everything. Parliament sighed and voted the King Five subsidies. For the first time since Charles had become king, a session of Parliament was seen through to its conclusion. Charles was evidently satisfied enough by their conduct that he invited them back for a second session after the New Year.
"已定案的法律，确立了皇家漏洞的存在，凡事都能免于惩罚。议会叹了口气，并投票给了国王五项补贴。自从查尔斯成为国王以来，议会首次完整地开会。显然，查尔斯对他们的表现相当满意，他邀请他们在新年后再次开会。"
In the meantime, however, one of the major sources of tension between King and Parliament was removed from the picture. In August 1628, the Duke of Buckingham was stabbed to death by a disgruntled officer, angry at being passed over for promotion. This you would think would mark the dawning of a new era of political peace.
同时，国王与议会之间的主要紧张源头之一已经从画面中消失。在1628年8月，巴克汉姆公爵被一名不满的军官刺死，他因未能被提拔而生气。你会认为这标志着新的政治和平时代的开端。
The King had a parliamentary approved revenue stream, the petition of right had been accepted, the hated Buckingham was dead, but it was not to be. The next session of Parliament wound up being the last Charles would call for eleven years. The last you would have ever called if he had had his way, but you probably shouldn't have tried to impose the book of common prayer on the Scots then, huh?
国王拥有议会批准的财政来源，权利请愿书已被接受，可憎恶的白金汉已去世，但命运却不容许。下一个议会会期成为查尔斯在接下来的十一年里最后一个召开的。实际上，如果他按自己的方式办事，那将是你永远不会再召开的最后一次了，但你可能不应该试图强制施行普通祷告书对待苏格兰人，对吧？
Instead of reconciliation, the assassination of Buckingham embittered Charles while the emboldened MPs decided to press for further reforms. They decided to raise the old issue of Connogen Poundage, which they had still not officially granted, and denounced the imprisonment of merchants who refused to pay as was their right.
与其和解，暗杀巴克汉姆更加激怒了查尔斯，而得势的议员决定继续推动改革。他们决定重新提出康诺根镑租的问题，这是他们仍未正式授予的，谴责那些拒绝支付的商人被监禁的做法，这是他们的权利。
They also got back on the horse about encroaching Arminianism and started for the first time making links between Charles's arbitrary taxes and his support for crypto-catholics in the Church of England. Weary of the Carping MPs, Charles decided to once again dissolve Parliament. But a group of agitated members decided that with Charles once again pulling the plug early, it was time for a demonstration.
他们也重新开始抨击阿民主义，并首次开始联系查尔斯任意征税与他支持英国教会中的隐匿天主教徒之间的关系。由于疲倦了不停抱怨的议员，查尔斯决定再次解散议会。但一些激动的议员决定，随着查尔斯再次提前停止，是时候进行一次示威了。
In the last session meant, the speaker took his place and was about to rise to formally dissolve the body when he found himself literally held down in his chair until the house was able to officially register its disapproval of Charles's illegal collection of Connogen Poundage and the whole Arminian establishment that seemed to be destroying the Church of England.
在上一次会议中，发言人就要站起来正式解散会议，但他却发现自己被真的按在椅子上，直到议会能够正式记录对查尔斯非法收取康诺根磅值的不满和似乎正在摧毁英格兰教会的整个亚尔明宗派体系。
Charles was not amused, and when the speaker was finally allowed to dissolve Parliament, the hostile MPs were locked up and then left to rot. Charles began the personal rule of King Charles I.
查尔斯不觉得有趣，当演讲者最终被允许解散议会时，敌对的议员被锁起来后被任其腐烂。查尔斯开始了查尔斯一世的个人统治。
Next week, we will delve into the era of personal rule, and the running battle over the means of royal financing and the fate of the Church of England. We will also start rolling out some of the key figures who will dominate the coming showdown between King and Parliament, John Pym, John Hamden, the Earl's Bedford and Warwick, and of course Thomas Wentworth, the Earl of Strathurd.
下周，我们将深入探讨个人统治时代，以及围绕皇家财政手段和英国教会命运的运行战斗。我们还将开始推出一些将主宰国王和议会之间即将到来的决战的关键人物，约翰·庞姆、约翰·哈姆登、贝德福德和沃里克伯爵以及当然是斯特拉斯伍德伯爵托马斯·温特沃斯。