1.4- The Long Parliament
发布时间 2013-10-07 00:33:56 来源
Hello, and welcome to Revolutions. Episode 4 The Long Parliament. If there is a moment, when we can reasonably talk about a parliament fully united in opposition to the king, November 1640 is that moment.
你好，欢迎来到Revolutions第4集《长议会》。如果有一个时刻，我们可以合理地谈论一个完全团结反对国王的议会，那么就是1640年11月。
Except for a few diehard royalists, the members who showed up for the opening session of the long parliament, though it was obviously not called that yet, were ready for a reckoning with the king. That unity, of course, could not withstand the enormous pressures that were about to force everyone to take sides in the civil war, but in November 1640, the 450 odd MPs who came together in Westminster were fairly united in purpose and fairly represented the collective will of the voters. The third of adult males that could vote, anyway.
除了一些顽固的皇室主义者外，那些出席了开幕会议的成员，尽管当时显然还没有称其为“长议会”，但他们已做好迎接国王的审判的准备。当然，这种团结无法抵挡即将迫使每个人选边站队的巨大压力，但在1640年11月，在威斯敏斯特汇聚的450名议员在目标上相当团结，也相当代表选民的共同意愿。至少能投票的三分之一成年男性如此。
As had been the case in the short parliament, the first order of business for the long parliament was venting frustrations about the last 11 years, most especially about religious innovation and unconstitutional taxation. It is actually quite a debate among modern historians which of these two agitated the populace more, but whichever it was in the opening days of the long parliament, the two issues were linked by a central theme.
与短期议会一样，长期议会的首要议事日程是宣泄对过去11年的不满情绪，尤其是对宗教创新和违宪征税的不满。现代历史学家对这两个问题哪个更激起人民更有争议，但在长期议会伊始时，这两个问题都与一个中心主题有关。无论是哪个问题，它们都紧密联系着。
The king had been led astray by evil counsellors, specifically Archbishop William Laud and Thomas Wentworth the Earl of Straford. The time had come for them to go. After being summoned back to England by King Charles, Straford was impeached by parliament on November 11th. Two weeks later, he was formally charged with traitorously endeavouring to subvert the fundamental laws and government of the realms of England and Ireland and instead thereof to introduce an arbitrary and tyrannical government against law. Archbishop Laud was impeached on December 18th for subverting true religion, assuming tyrannical powers and causing the war with the Scots.
国王被邪恶的顾问们，特别是威廉·劳德大主教和斯特拉福德伯爵扯了进去。他们该走了。斯特拉福德伯爵在国王查尔斯召回他回到英国后，于11月11日被国会弹劾。两周后，他被正式指控企图叛国，试图颠覆英格兰和爱尔兰王国的基本法律和政府，而代之以任意和暴虐的政府。劳德大主教在12月18日被弹劾，指控他颠覆真正的宗教，夺取暴虐的权力，并导致与苏格兰的战争。
With those Scots occupying the north, there was nothing Charles could do to prevent these bold attacks on his most trusted counsellors. All he could hope for is that they would find a way to beat the rap.
由于苏格兰人占领了北方，查尔斯无法阻止这些对他最信任的顾问的大胆攻击。他唯一能做的就是希望他们能找到一种方式摆脱困境。
Now as I just mentioned, the early sessions of the long parliament were absorbed in a lot of negativity, accusing royal counsellors of treason declaring ship money unlawful, that sort of thing. But there was a positive agenda buried in the mix that really started to take form once all the preliminary complaining was out of the way.
我刚才提到，议会早期的会议充斥着很多负面情绪，指责皇家顾问叛国罪，宣布船费非法等等。但是其中混杂着一个积极的议程，一旦所有的初步抱怨都解决了，它就真正开始形成。
For the dissident Puritans, Bedford, Warwick, Saiyan seal and the lords, and guys like John Pym and Oliver Singen in the Commons, the positive agenda was to force Charles to seed power to them. And to this end, they had two central demands. First, parliament must meet at regular intervals, whether the king called for them or not. And second, parliament was going to have veto power over who the king selected as royal counsellors. Both carved deeply into Charles's prerogative powers and there was no way he was just going to give them what they wanted.
“反对清教徒”、“贝德福德”、“沃里克”、“赛揚印章”的领主们以及“约翰·皮姆”和“奥利弗·辛根”这样的下议院成员，他们的积极议程是强迫查尔斯将权力授予他们。为此，他们有两个中心要求。首先，议会必须按定期召开，无论国王是否召集。其次，议会将拥有否决权，对于国王选择的皇家顾问进行否决。这两个要求都深深地削弱了查尔斯的权力，他不可能轻易地满足他们的要求。
But that's where things like the impeachment of Stratford came in. It was all about leverage. Trapped between an English parliament he couldn't control, and a Scottish army he couldn't beat, King Charles was forced to start doing the one thing he appears to have hated doing more than just about anything else, and that is giving in to other people's demands. In February 1641 he accepted the Triennial Bill, which was an enormous constitutional concession.
但这就是弹劾斯特拉特福德这类事情派上了用场。这都与施压有关。国王查尔斯被困在一个他无法掌控的英国议会和一个他无法击败的苏格兰军队之间，被迫开始做他似乎最讨厌的事情之一，那就是屈服于他人的要求。1641年2月，他接受了三年法案，这是一个巨大的宪政让步。
The bill stated that if three years passed without the king calling a parliament, elections would just be held anyway. In return for this enormous concession, the leaders in parliament promised to vote Charles for subsidies, very radical Presbyterian church reforms that were starting to gain traction, and considered leniency for the Earl of Stratford. John Pym, who had by now established himself as an effective parliamentary leader, delivered on the first two promises in the Commons.
这个法案规定，如果三年内国王不召开议会，选举仍将进行。作为巨大的让步回报，议会领袖们承诺投票支持查尔斯获得补贴，支持开始得到持续支持的激进长老会教堂改革，并考虑对斯特拉福德伯爵采取宽大处理。现在已经成为有效议会领袖的约翰·庇姆，在下议院履行了前两个承诺。
But the third promise, leniency for Stratford, exposed a split among the Puritan lords. The moderate faction was led by the Earl of Bedford, and they were absolutely willing to spare Stratford's life if Charles gave in to their demands. For them, the looming impeachment trial was simply a means to an end. After a hard-er-line faction led by the Earl of Warwick, were adamant that Stratford must die.
但第三个承诺，对斯特拉福的宽大，暴露了清教徒贵族之间的分裂。温和派由贝德福伯爵领导，他们绝对愿意在查尔斯满足他们的要求时饶恕斯特拉福的性命。对他们来说，即将到来的弹劾审判只是达成目的的手段。在以沃里克伯爵为首的强硬派之后，他们坚持认为斯特拉福必须死。
So why must Stratford die? In the noble revolt, John Adamson's insanely detailed history of the 18 months between the closing of the short parliament in May 1640 and the evacuation of Charles from London in January 1642, he floats a theory that the drive to kill Stratford was about something I hinted at last week.
那么，为什么一定要杀死斯特拉福德？在约翰·亚当森详细描绘1640年5月短期议会结束到1642年1月查尔斯从伦敦撤离的18个月的历史中，他提出了一个理论，即杀死斯特拉福德的动机可能与我上周提到的某些东西有关。
The Puritan lords had been in continuous contact with the Scottish Covenants throughout the Bishop's Wars, and there is good evidence that they had invited the Scots to invade, which was, you know, treason. Warwick and his faction believed that Stratford knew all about it, was gathering evidence to prove it, and as soon as the evidence was in hand, he was going to take the heads off of every last one of them.
长老派贵族与苏格兰盟约一直保持着联系，这在主教战争期间尤其明显。有很好的证据表明，他们邀请了苏格兰人入侵，这是叛国行为。沃里克和他的派系认为，斯特拉福德知道一切，正在收集证据来证明这一点，一旦证据到手，他就会惩罚他们每一个人。
So for Warwick and his group, killing Stratford was not just about leverage, it was about self-preservation. The trial of the Earl of Stratford was the climax of the first phase of the long parliament. It was also a complete joke.
因此，对于沃里克和他的团队来说，杀死斯特拉福德不仅仅是为了获取优势，更是为了自保。斯特拉福德伯爵的审判是长议会第一阶段的高潮。而它却是一个彻头彻尾的笑话。
When Stratford was finally presented with the 28 articles of impeachment against him in February 1641, he breathed the sigh of relief because it was obvious that his enemies in parliament had nothing on him. It was just a bunch of petty complaints cobbled together that were somehow supposed to add up to treason.
当斯特拉特福德在1641年2月最终收到28条弹劾案时，他松了一口气，因为很显然，议会中的敌人并没有任何证据指控他。这只是一些琐碎的抱怨拼凑在一起，试图凑成叛国罪的形式。
So rather than approaching his defense with a sense of foreboding, Stratford set to work with relish, he was going to slaughter his accusers in court, and there's absolutely no question that when his trial started, that's exactly what happened.
因此，斯特拉福德并没有带着一种预感的心态来面对自己的辩护，而是怀着热情投入工作，他要在法庭上屠杀控告他的人，毫无疑问，当他的审判开始时，正是这种情况发生了。
The procedure for impeachment was that the House of Commons would prosecute the defendant, and the House of Lords would act as judges. Pym and his colleagues ensured that the trial was turned into as huge as spectacle as possible, and the proceedings were thrown open to the public, and risers were set up to accommodate as large an audience as possible.
弹劾的程序是由下议院起诉被告，上议院充当法官。皮姆和他的同事们确保将审判变成一场尽可能大的场面，审讯向公众公开，并搭建观众席尽可能容纳更多的人。
I've posted a contemporary engraving of the trial at RevolutionsPodcast.com to give you a sense of what this all looked like. The idea was to demonstrate to as many people as possible that Stratford was evil, and through him proved that the whole reign of King Charles up to this point had been one terrible injustice after another.
我在RevolutionsPodcast.com上发布了一张现代版的审判版画，让你感受到这一切的样子。这样做的目的是为了向尽可能多的人证明斯特拉福德是邪恶的，通过他证明到此为止整个查理国王的统治都是一场场可怕的不公正。
But as the prosecution got started, it became clear that their case was, well, it wasn't clear what their case was. Their accusations were met at every turn by the quick-witted Stratford, who appeared to have total mastery over the facts, despite the fact that he wasn't even working from notes. Very soon the audience, invited to bear witness to Stratford's guilt, was eating out of his hands. The Lords, meanwhile, started shifting uncomfortably in their seats. Why had this impeachment been called again?
当起诉开始时，情况变得明显了：他们的案子，唔……他们的案子不够清晰。无论指控是什么，斯特拉福德都能机智地应对，似乎完全掌握了事实，尽管他甚至没有准备笔记。很快，观众被邀请见证斯特拉福德的罪行，却对他的演讲感到非常欣赏。而众议员们则开始在座位上感到不安，为什么要这样弹劾他呢？
Then came the supposed Kudigra. As I mentioned last week, at the fateful May 5th meeting of the King's privy council, the meeting where it was decided to bust up the short parliament, Stratford had allegedly said to the King, quote, You have an army in Ireland that you may employ here to reduce this kingdom. End quote.
之后便出现了所谓的库迪格拉事件。正如我上周所提到的，在国王的私人会议上，也就是那个决定解散近期议会的命定性会议上，据称斯特拉特福德曾对国王说：你在爱尔兰拥有一支军队，可以用它来镇压这个王国。
It was obvious from the context that Stratford was talking about using the Irish forces he had raised against the Scots, because that's what the privy council had been discussing at the time. But the prosecution launched into an utterly contrived attempt to convince everyone that Stratford was talking about this kingdom, England.
从语境中很明显可以看出，斯特拉特福德指的是利用他筹集起来的爱尔兰军队对抗苏格兰人，因为那是当时私人议会正在讨论的问题。但是控方却进行了一个完全捏造的企图，试图说服所有人认为斯特拉特福德是在谈论本国——英格兰。
And Stratford had advised the King to use a foreign army against his own people. Therefore, he was guilty of treason, case closed. But the only evidence for this accusation was the memory of Sir Henry Vane, and as soon as he was put on the stand, he started backpedaling.
斯特拉福德建议国王使用外国军队对付自己的人民。因此，他犯了叛国罪，案子结案了。但是，这项指控的唯一证据是亨利·万爵士的记忆，而一旦他受审，他马上开始摇摆不定。
Then no other privy councilor called to testify could recall Stratford ever suggesting the Irish army be deployed against English subjects. According to accepted jurisprudence, proving treason required at least two witnesses. The prosecution only had one, and not a very good one at that.
然后，没有其他陪审会成员能回忆起斯特拉特福德曾建议动用爱尔兰军队来镇压英国公民。按照普遍法律原则，证明叛国罪至少需要两位证人。控方只有一位证人，而且还不是很可靠。
The defense, meanwhile, had a half dozen witnesses who said he never said it. And with that, the case against Stratford disintegrated. The King was jubilant. It was only a matter of time now before an acquittal came through.
与此同时，辩护方有六名证人称他从未说过这话。因为这个原因，对斯特拉福德的指控不攻自破。国王欣喜若狂。现在只是时间的问题，他将很快被无罪释放。
But then things took an ugly turn. As I mentioned, Stratford's enemies and parliament feared reprisals if Stratford was let off, so they changed tactics in midstream, and presented to the commons a bill of a tanger.
但后来情况变得不太好。就像我之前提到的，斯特拉特福的敌人和议会担心如果放过斯特拉特福就会遭到报复，所以他们突然改变策略，向下院议员提出了一个有争议的法案。
A bill of a tanger is basically one of the scariest things you've probably never heard of. It is a legislature declaring you guilty of some crime by a straight majority vote. No rules of evidence, no beyond a reasonable doubt, just we took a vote and find you guilty. Bills of a tanger are so scary that the US Constitution explicitly forbids them in not one but two separate places.
一份陪审团裁决书基本上是你可能从未听说过的最可怕的东西之一。它是一项法律，通过纯粹的多数票宣布你犯有某些罪行。没有证据规则，没有超出合理怀疑的要求，只是我们投票并认定你有罪。陪审团裁决书是如此可怕，以至于美国宪法明确禁止它们，不仅一次，而是两次。
But with the legal prosecution of Stratford and Shambles, a bill of a tanger was introduced into the commons to simply declare him guilty of treason. But at this point, it still kind of looks like the bill of a tanger was just a way to make sure that the pressure on Charles didn't let up.
但是随着 Stratford 和 Shambles 的法律起诉，一项指控他叛国罪的 tanger 官方法案被提出到众议院中，仅仅是为了宣布他有罪。但目前为止，这似乎仅仅是一个确保对查尔斯的压力不放松的方法。
At an early May 1641, two things happened that sealed Stratford's fate. The first was a bungled attempt by Charles to rescue Stratford from the Tower of London, where he was being held for the duration of his trial. And before you ask, the answer is no, the king did not have the authority to just tell the guards to stand down and let Stratford out, it was way more complicated than that.
在1641年5月初，发生了两件事情，这确定了斯特拉福德的命运。第一件事是查尔斯试图解救斯特拉福德脱离伦敦塔，因为他正在那里等待审判的结果。在你问之前，回答是否定的，国王没有权力告诉守卫放他离开，情况比那更加复杂。
Anyway, the half-baked rescue plot came to nothing, but an alienated, moderate members of the commons, just as they were starting to think that maybe the hardcore anti-Stratford types were getting out of hand. The second thing that happened is on May the 9th, the Earl of Bedford suddenly died. He had been the great weight keeping the extremists in check and keeping the king at the negotiating table.
总之，那个半吊子的营救计划没有成功，但是一些中间派的议员感到疏离，他们开始认为激进的反斯特拉福德派可能已经失控。第二件事发生在5月9日，贝德福德伯爵突然去世。他曾经是控制极端分子和让国王坐到谈判桌前的重要力量。
It looks like he was on the verge of trading Stratford's life in exchange for real power within the Prairie Council for him and his allies. With his death, let Warwick and his faction, who did not trust the king like Bedford did, move forward unimpeded. The bill of a tinder was passed, and all that was left was for Charles to sign the death warrant. Until the very end, Charles remained adamant that whatever the outcome he was going to pardon his loyal advisor.
他看起来快要为了自己和他的盟友在草原议会内获得真正的权力，而将斯特拉特福德的生命作为交换。他去世后，让不像贝德福德一样信任国王的沃里克和他的派系毫无阻碍地前进吧。一项引火物法案已经通过，现在唯一剩下的就是查尔斯签署死亡令。直到最后一刻，查尔斯仍然坚定地认为无论结果如何，他都要赦免自己忠诚的顾问。
But after the revelation of the army plot, which is what we call the attempt to break Stratford out of jail, the mobs of London turned on the king and started demanding Stratford's head. Almost certainly these mobs were organized by Warwick and his allies, but Charles was now generally fearful for the safety of his family in the borderline riotous capital. So he gave in and signed the execution order. On May 12th, the Earl of Stratford was executed on Tower Hill.
但在公开揭露军事阴谋后，也就是我们所说的试图将斯特拉福德从监狱中解救出来的阴谋之后，伦敦的暴民转而对着国王发起攻击，并开始要求斯特拉福德的头颅。几乎可以肯定，这些暴民是由沃里克及其盟友组织起来的，但是查尔斯现在普遍担心他的家人在这个边缘混乱的首都的安全。因此，他屈服了，并签署了处决令。5月12日，斯特拉福德伯爵在塔山被处决。
Charles never forgave himself and came to believe that the horror of the coming civil wars was divine retribution for Stratford's death. In the aftermath of the execution, the relationship between King and Parliament was so strained that Charles decided to suddenly change political trajectory.
查尔斯永远无法原谅自己，并开始相信即将到来的内战之恐怖是因为斯特拉特福德之死受到了上天的惩罚。在行刑过后，国王和议会的关系紧张到查尔斯决定突然改变政治轨迹。
Thus far, the king had been trying to get Parliament to align with him against the Scots, but what happened was that Parliament had aligned itself with the Scots against the King. So, beyond furious with the Parliamentary leadership, Charles turned on a dime in the summer of 1641 and announced that he was headed to Scotland. If he couldn't get Parliament to help him defeat the Scots, then maybe he could get the Scots to help him defeat Parliament.
到目前为止，国王一直试图让议会与他联合对抗苏格兰人，但事实是，议会已经与苏格兰人联合起来反对国王。因此，查尔斯对议会领导层非常愤怒，于1641年夏天突然改变计划，宣布他要前往苏格兰。如果他无法获得议会的帮助打败苏格兰人，那么也许他可以得到苏格兰人的帮助打败议会。
The official reason for the trip was to finalize the details of the Treaty of London, signed between the King and Covenanters in August. Charles in pursuit of his new political strategy had hastily given into most of the Scottish demands, paving the way for their immediate withdrawal from English soil. But it is doubtful Charles planned to bind himself to the terms of the Treaty because Charles, like always, was convinced he was about to get the upper hand on everyone.
这次旅程的正式原因是为了敲定伦敦条约的细节，该条约是国王和盟约者在8月签署的。查理斯追寻他的新政治策略，匆忙地满足了苏格兰的大部分要求，为他们立即从英国领土上撤离铺平了道路。但是有人怀疑查理斯是否打算遵守条约的条件，因为查理斯一如既往地相信自己即将在所有人面前获得优势。
And once he had the upper hand, he could do whatever he liked. So he and his royal entourage headed north to get the upper hand in August 1641, which again, like always, just isn't going to happen. The key to Charles' strategy in Scotland was the Earl of Argyle, specifically detaching him from the Covenanter cause.
一旦他掌握了上风，他就可以为所欲为了。所以他和他的王室随行人员在1641年8月向北进发，想要掌握上风，但就像往常一样，这是不可能发生的。查尔斯在苏格兰的战略关键是Argyle伯爵，特别是将他从Covenanter的事业中分离出来。
Argyle was a young man, still in his early 30s, but he was by far the largest landowner in Scotland, and the leader of the powerful clan Campbell. He had aligned himself with Covenanters, but according to the King's sources, he was not a true believer. So breaking Argyle away would deprive the Covenanters of a powerful ally, and simultaneously give the King a native force strong enough to protect his interests in Scotland.
Argyle是个年轻人，还不到三十多岁，但他却是苏格兰最大的土地拥有者，也是强大的Campbell部落的领袖。他已经与盟友立誓者结盟，但根据国王的消息来源，他并不是一个真正的信徒。因此，分裂Argyle将削弱立誓者的强大盟友，同时为国王提供一个足以保护他在苏格兰利益的本土力量。
So Charles launched a charm offensive, promoted Argyle to Markwis, and started hinting that more was on the way if Argyle abandoned the Covenanters. But then the damnedest thing happened, something that has become known as simply the incident. The incident was the attempted kidnapping of Argyle by Royalist Scotsman. That's right, Royalists are about to try to kidnap Argyle.
所以，Charles启动了一次魅力攻势，晋升Argyle为Markwis，并开始暗示如果Argyle放弃盟约派，将有更多的好处。但是，无法预料的事情发生了，这件事情被称为“事件”。这件事情是皇家主义苏格兰人企图绑架Argyle。没错，皇家主义者即将试图绑架Argyle。
And not just Argyle, but also the Markwis of Hamilton, the King's point man in Scotland. So what? Behind the plot, we find the Markwis of Montrose, who popped up briefly last week as the Covenanter leader who retook Aberdeen. And to the Bishop's Wars, Montrose had moved decisively, if secretly, over to Charles. There are a couple of reasons for this, but the one we should note for the moment is that he and Argyle were bitter rivals, and Argyle had emerged as a leader of the Covenanters, someone Trose, switch sides.
不仅仅是阿吉尔，还有汉密尔顿的马克威斯，他是苏格兰国王的当务之急。那又怎样呢？在这个阴谋背后，我们发现蒙特罗斯的马克威斯，他上周短暂出现，成为夺回阿伯丁的盟约派领袖。在主教战争中，蒙特罗斯偷偷地站在查尔斯一边，起到了决定性的作用。有几个原因，但我们目前应该注意的一个原因是，他和阿吉尔是激烈的竞争对手，而阿吉尔已经成为盟约者的领袖，因此蒙特罗斯转换了阵营。
The kidnapping plot was supposed to be about Montrose exposing a secret alliance between Argyle and Hamilton against the King, but the plot was betrayed just as it was about to be carried out, so Argyle and Hamilton got away. Unfortunately, for Charles, this incident destroyed his credibility with the Scots.
绑架阴谋原本是关于蒙托斯揭露阿盖尔和汉密尔顿与国王对抗的秘密同盟，但在即将实行时，阴谋被背叛，阿盖尔和汉密尔顿得以逃脱。不幸的是，这件事摧毁了查尔斯在苏格兰人心中的信誉。
But before you feel too bad for Charles, just know that Montrose was working closely with one of the King's most trusted secretaries, so the idea that Charles did know something was up is pretty far fetched.
但是在你为查尔斯感到难过之前，请知道蒙特罗斯与国王最信任的一位秘书密切合作，因此查尔斯知道情况有些牵强。
This means that the King had been busy pursuing two contradictory strategies in Scotland, one made of honey, the other vinegar, and when the one made of vinegar was exposed, the one made of honey was ruined. Charles left Scotland in November 1641, having achieved nothing.
这意味着国王在苏格兰一直采取两种相互矛盾的策略，一种是蜜，另一种是醋，当用醋制造的一种暴露出来时，用蜜制造的那一种也毁了。查理斯在1641年11月离开苏格兰，什么也没有取得。
Well, he did achieve one thing. He ensured that the most powerful man in Scotland remained his enemy.
嗯，他确实做到了一件事。他确保苏格兰最有权势的人一直是他的敌人。
In his foundational six volume series on the English Civil Wars, SR Gardener writes that with the period of United Parliament that I mentioned at the top of the show, pretty much ended around the time Charles went to Scotland.
在他的有关英国内战的基础六卷系列著作中，SR Gardener写道，在我在节目开头提到的联合议会时期，基本上在查尔斯去苏格兰的时候就结束了。
And that when Parliament returned from its recess in the autumn of 1641, half of the Commons was ready to resume their attacks on the King, while the other half thought the work was done, and it was time for re-approachment.
当议会在1641年秋季结束休会，并回到工作岗位时，其中一半下议院议员准备重新对国王进行攻击，而另一半则认为工作已经完成，是时候进行和解了。
Gardener notes that when the Restoration Settlement comes along in 1660, it will be based on the work the long Parliament had accomplished up to about August 1641. Everything that came after will wind up swept away, and only regained, if regained at all, by later generations.
园丁指出，当1660年的复辟解决方案出现时，它将基于长议会于1641年8月左右完成的工作。之后发生的一切都将被抹去，只有在后代重新获得（如果重新获得）才会恢复过来。
The fight over the Grand Remonstrance demonstrates this breakdown of Parliamentary unity. The Grand Remonstrance was to be a tally of every single grievance anyone had ever had against Charles. John Pym and his allies planned to write it up, and then use it as the basis for extracting further concessions from the King.
针对《盛大申述》的争斗彰显了议会团结的瓦解。《盛大申述》计划列举出每个人曾经对查尔斯国王提出的所有不满。约翰·庇姆及其盟友计划撰写该申述，并以此为基础从国王那里获得进一步的让步。
It was supposed to be introduced to the Commons on October 30, but that same day news came that changed everything. News that temporarily shelved evade over the remonstrance, and swerved everyone's attention, including our own, over to Ireland.
原计划10月30日将其引入下议院，但当天发生的消息改变了一切。这个消息暂时搁置了对避税的抗议，把所有人的注意力，包括我们自己的，转移到了爱尔兰。
It was on October 23, a rebellion had erupted in Ireland. If the Bishops Wars were the big picture trigger for the English Civil Wars, given that they forced Charles to recall Parliament in all, the Irish Rebellion is the more direct trigger, because it was the question about what to do with Ireland that finally broke the government in half.
10月23日，爱尔兰爆发了一场叛乱。如果说在英国内战中，主要触发因素是主教战争，因为它迫使查理召回了议会；那么，爱尔兰叛乱则是更加直接的触发因素，因为最终关于如何处理爱尔兰问题的争议让政府分崩离析。
The rebellion was initially launched by old Irish landowners centered around the province of Ulster. Ulster had a history of being pretty staunchly anti-English, and so had become a major target of Protestant colonization projects organized by, for example, the late Earl of Straford.
最初的起义是由以阿尔斯特省为中心的老爱尔兰地主发起的。阿尔斯特在历史上一直是相当强烈地反对英格兰的，因此成为了由斯特拉福伯爵等人组织的新教殖民项目的主要目标。
With the King bogged down in a conflict with both the Scots and his own Parliament, old Irish leaders hatched a plot to simultaneously seize both Dublin and major Northern forts, hopefully securing everything before the English knew it hit them.
由于国王与苏格兰和国会的冲突，老一辈的爱尔兰领袖策划了一场阴谋，准备同时占领都柏林和北部主要的要塞，希望在英国察觉之前一举将一切安全保障。
Then the King and English Parliament would really be in a bind, and hopefully, maybe decide that Ireland wasn't worth the trouble. But, apparently like all secret plots these days, the planned rebellion was exposed literally the night before it was set to launch, and the English leaders had just enough time to prepare, so Dublin held out.
那么，国王和英国议会就真的进退两难了，希望他们会认为爱尔兰不值得麻烦。但是，就像现在所有的秘密阴谋一样，计划好的叛乱在即将发生前一夜曝光了，英国领导人只有足够的时间来准备，因此都柏林坚持下来了。
For the rest of the year, stories trickled over from Ireland, carried mostly by English refugees, of the atrocities committed by Irish rebels, up to and including the murder of babies, which yeah, that didn't actually happen.
在接下来的一年里，由英国难民大多传递，有关爱尔兰叛乱分子所犯下的暴行的报道逐渐传出，甚至包括婴儿遭杀害，但实际上这并没有发生。
But given English prejudice against Catholics in general, and the Irish in particular, everyone was ready to believe the worst. So something had to be done. Reinforcements had to be sent.
但由于英国人普遍对天主教徒和特别是爱尔兰人有偏见，所以每个人都已准备相信最糟糕的情况。所以必须采取行动。必须派遣增援。
But with the King and Parliament locked in a power struggle, really important questions were now being opened up that had no real answer. And whose authority would these troops be raised, and who would pay them, and who would they answer to, and who would appoint the officers?
不过，由于国王和议会陷入了权力斗争中，一些非常重要的问题现在正在被提出，但并没有真正的答案。这些军队将由谁操纵，谁来支付他们，他们将向谁负责，由谁任命军官？
And what if the King and Parliament both started raising separate armies and claiming the other sides army is illegitimate? These are the kind of questions that lead directly to civil war.
如果国王和议会开始分别组建军队，并声称对方军队是非法的，那该怎么办呢？这些问题直接导致内战。
Compounding the animosity between King and Parliament, reports started coming over that the Irish rebels were claiming to be acting on the King's instructions.
加剧国王和议会之间的敌意，有报道传出爱尔兰叛乱者声称他们在执行国王的指示。
A lot of the rebels were drawn from the idle ranks of the army Strafford had built to go fight in Scotland. And so, as ready as the parliamentary leadership was to believe tales of Irish butchery, they were also ready to believe that Charles was somehow behind it.
很多起义者来自于斯特拉福德建造的用于去苏格兰作战的军队中懒惰军队的行伍。因此，议会领导层不仅准备相信有关爱尔兰屠杀的传言，也准备相信查尔斯·一定牵涉其中。
That he was finally coming clean about his closet popery and launching the final assault on Protestantism in Britain. So as the Irish rebellion heated up, so-toded parliamentary anger at Charles.
他最终坦白了他后来才公开的天主教信仰，并对英国的新教发起了最后的攻势。随着爱尔兰的叛乱升级，议会对查尔斯的愤怒也逐渐加剧了。
So it is critical to note that as the temperature of Parliament rose, the heat was coming from fewer and fewer sources.. Instead of closing ranks with the King to put down the revolt in Ireland, those fewer and fewer sources, led by John Pym, returned instead to the Grand Roman Strait. This turned back to the cataloging of grievances, struck more moderate and increasingly royalist, members of the commons as pointless, off-topic, and not a little bit dangerous given what's going on in Ireland.
因此，需要注意的是，随着议会温度的升高，热源越来越少。少数的热源，由John Pym带领的人，没有与国王合作来平息爱尔兰的叛乱，相反地回到了罗马海峡。这导致了对不满之事的编目，而逐渐更加温和和亲王派的下议院成员则认为这是无意义、离题，且有点危险，考虑到爱尔兰发生的事情。
But Pym and his increasingly parliamentary allies were looking to keep Charles's feet to the fire. Now, a Roman Strait is technically a private letter from Parliament to the King. But Pym had much grander plans for the document. He wanted it printed and circulated and stirring up trouble. He didn't want the public to forget why Charles was so bad, just as he and his allies were getting ready for the next move. Seizing control of the armed forces.
但皮姆和他越来越多的议会盟友想要让查尔斯处于被迫的境地。现在，罗马海峡是一封从议会发给国王的私人信函。但皮姆对这份文件有更宏伟的计划。他希望将其印刷并广泛传播，引发麻烦。他不希望公众忘记查尔斯为何如此糟糕，就像他和他的盟友正准备迎接下一个行动一样。夺取武装力量的控制权。
The remonstrances was narrowly passed on November 23rd. But showing the now sharp divide in the commons, the vote to publish the document went against Pym. This was a setback, as publishing the remonstrance was kind of the point of the whole exercise, but not to worry a few careful leaks and it was off to the underground presses, which further offended moderate, who started to think that this was all getting out of hand, and look, at the end of the day we owe our loyalty to the King, even if we don't like him, and now you're not even playing by your own rules anymore.
11月23日，抗议书勉强通过。但是，投票公布文件的结果却不利于彭姆，表明了下议院的分裂现状。这是一个挫折，因为公布抗议书是整个行动的重点，但不要担心，一些小心的泄露后，它就进入了地下出版社，这进一步激怒了温和派，他们开始认为这一切都已经失控了，看，说到底，我们虽然不喜欢国王，但我们仍然对他忠诚，现在你甚至不再按照你自己的规则来行事了。
But Pym and his circle quickly regained their balance when Charles once again shot himself in the foot. On January 4th, 1642, King Charles paid an extremely ill-advised visit to the House of Commons. The King was fed up, and decided that if he couldn't dissolve Parliament, his best play would be to just lock up the opposition leaders.
但是，当查理再次搞砸时，皮姆及其圈子很快重新恢复了平衡。在1642年1月4日，国王查理非常不明智地造访了下议院。国王已经受够了，并决定如果他不能解散议会，最好的办法就是把反对派领袖关起来。
So he ordered the arrest of five MPs and one peer. The five members were John Pym, of course, John Hamden, of course, because of the ship money business. But then there were also these three other guys, Arthur Haselrig, Denzel Halls, and William Strowd. The latter two had been among those who had held the speaker down at the end of the last Parliament before a personal rule, leading some historians to argue that Charles was maybe not super plugged into what was going on in Parliament, and was just falling back on names he recognized.
所以他下令逮捕了五名议员和一名贵族。当然，这五位成员中有约翰·皮姆和约翰·汉姆登，因为船税问题。但还有另外三个家伙，亚瑟·哈瑟里格、丹泽尔·霍尔斯和威廉·斯特劳德。后两者曾在上次议会结束前的个人统治时期中控制过议长，这导致一些历史学家认为查尔斯或许并不是非常了解议会内部事务，只是使用他熟悉的名字。
The one peer was Lord Mandivell, again an opponent of the King, but hardly the ringleader. Locking up MPs is a pretty provocative business, and at first the arrest order was resistant. So Charles decided to march into the Commons and arrest the members personally. Never mind that no English King had ever set foot in the House of Commons ever let alone to drag members out by the ear.
其中一位贵族是曼迪维尔勋爵，他同样是国王的反对者，却并非头头是道。抓捕议员这种事情很容易引起争议，最初逮捕令还遭到了抵制。于是，查尔斯决定亲自走进下议院，逮捕那些议员。且不论英国国王从未踏足过下议院，更别说亲自拖拉议员出来了。
Unfortunately, for Charles, the secret plan to arrest the five members was revealed to Pym the night before. So when the King, backed by 400 armed soldiers, dramatically burst into the chamber to arrest them, they were not there. Charles demanded they come forward. Q. chirping crickets. Charles demanded the speaker tell him where they had gone, where upon the speaker famously replied, may it please your majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place, but as the House is pleased to direct me, who's servant I am here.
不幸的是，对于查尔斯来说，抓捕五名议员的秘密计划在前一晚被皮姆揭露。因此，当国王在400名武装士兵的支持下戏剧性地冲进议会大厅要逮捕他们时，他们已经不在那里了。查尔斯要求他们出来。蟋蟀在鸣叫着。查尔斯要求发言人告诉他他们去了哪里，于是发言人著名地回答说：“请恕我直言，陛下，我在这里没有眼睛看，也没有舌头讲话，但只能服从议会指挥，因为我是这里的仆人。”
So now the King is just standing there. In a room he really shouldn't be standing in, trying to do something he really shouldn't be doing. And then he had to leave. Empty handed. His power visibly rejected. On January the 10th, 1642, an embittered King Charles, once again afraid that he and his family were about to be engulfed by the parliamentary directed mobs of London, incensed over the attempt on the five members, left the city for Hampton Court. Three days later, they moved on to the more defensible Windsor Castle.
现在国王就站在那里。他在一个本不应该站的房间里，试图做一些他本不该做的事情。然后他不得不离开，空手而归。他的权力明显被拒绝。1642年1月10日，一位愤怒的国王查尔斯，再次担心他和他的家人将被伦敦议会指导的暴民所吞噬，他对五名成员的袭击感到愤怒，离开了城市前往汉普顿宫。三天后，他们移居到更易守卫的温莎城堡。
Now is the point where I mention that Charles will not return to his capital until 1649, and only then to stand trial for treason. Next week we will take the final plunge into civil war, with the King unwilling to make any further concessions to a parliamentary faction that was itself unwilling to back down. Armed conflict started to seem like the only solution. Neither side wanted it. Neither side expected it to actually happen because both sides thought the other side was going to blink. But then nobody blinked. And everyone got sucked into the first English civil war.
现在是我提到查尔斯将不会返回他的首都直到1649年，并只有在那时他才会因叛国罪受审的时候。下周我们将会跳入内战的最后阶段，国王不愿意向议会派系作进一步让步，而这个派系本身也不愿意退缩。武力冲突开始似乎是唯一的解决办法。两方都不想要这种局面，并且都没有期望它真正发生，因为双方都认为对方会退缩。但是事实是没有一方退缩，然后所有人都陷入了第一次英国内战。