How Growth Mindset Can Change Your Life: Book Insights on Mindset by Carol Dweck
发布时间 2021-06-02 14:00:00 来源
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Many of us will go through our lives carrying rigid ideas about ability, potential, and success. You're either smart or you're not. If you're not born with a natural flair for music, you're never going to make it as a musician. These may look like truths about life, but they aren't. These statements reflect what Dr. Carol S. Dweck calls the fixed mindset. In her seminal 2006 bestseller, Mindset, the new psychology of success, Dweck introduces us to the science of mindsets.
许多人一生中都会背负着关于能力、潜力和成功的刻板印象。你要么聪明，要么傻，如果没有天赋的音乐，你永远也无法成为一位音乐家。这些看似关于生活的真理实际上并不是。这些陈述反映了卡罗尔·D·韦克博士所称的固定心态。在她的2006年奠基性畅销书《心态：成功的新心理学》中，韦克向我们介绍了心态科学。
While the fixed mindset propagates a talent is fixed viewpoint, its antidote, the growth mindset, champions the cause of honing talent. In the UK, the subtitle is, changing the way you think to fulfill your potential. Dweck is one of the foremost researchers in the fields of social and personality psychology. Dweck's theory of mindset is based on decades of research. Many schools and teachers across the US have adopted her research on mindsets to improve their students' learning processes, and deal with menaces like bullying.
固定心态传播才能是固定的观点，而其反药，成长心态则支持磨练才能的事业。在英国，其副标题是：改变你的思维方式以实现你的潜力。杜威克是社会和人格心理学领域的首席研究员之一。杜威克的心态理论是基于几十年的研究。许多美国的学校和教师采用了她关于心态的研究，以改善学生的学习过程，并处理像欺凌这样的威胁。
In this book Insight, we'll explore the key three themes in mindset. One, what is the psychology of mindsets? Dweck explains the difference between the two mindsets, fixed and growth. She also busts some myths around ability and achievement. Two, how do mindsets work in the real world? Dweck lines up case studies in sport, business, and relationships to examine how mindsets manifest outside of the laboratory. Three, from fixed to growth mindset. In the last segment of the book, Dweck provides a primer on passing on the growth mindset to children. She also gives direction to the reader on how to inculcate the growth mindset in their lives. We'll conclude by taking a wider look at the context around the book, its impact, and any potential criticisms.
在《洞察力》这本书中，我们将探讨心态方面的三个主题。一，心态心理学是什么？杜韦克解释了固定心态和成长心态之间的区别，她还打破了一些关于能力和成就的神话。二，心态在现实世界中如何发挥作用？杜韦克列出了体育、商业和人际关系方面的案例研究，以研究心态如何在实验室外体现。三，从固定心态到成长心态。在本书的最后部分，杜韦克提供了如何向孩子传递成长心态的入门指南。她还指引读者如何在自己的生活中灌输成长心态。最后，我们将从更广泛的视角来审视本书背后的背景、其影响以及任何可能的批评。
As a young researcher, Dweck was mesmerized by people who rose to the occasion and surmounted challenges. She became obsessed with understanding how people cope with failures. To uncover how their minds worked, she called on a group of young students at their school. Here is Dweck herself during her TED Talk. I gave ten-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way. They said things like, I love a challenge.
作为一名年轻的研究者，德韦克被那些能应对挑战并取得成功的人所吸引。她着迷于了解人们如何应对失败。为了了解他们的思维方式，她召集了一群年轻的学生来参加实验。在她的 TED Talk 中，德韦克自己说道：“我给十岁的孩子们提供了一些稍微有点难的问题。其中一些人的反应令人震惊。他们说了一些像‘我喜欢挑战’这样的话。”
In the beginning of the book, Dweck finds it important to familiarize readers with the historical nature versus nurture debate. Early on, many experts believed that human beings were either smart or dumb. They either succeeded or they didn't. Their genes determined their fate. Alfred Beney developed the first IQ test in Paris in the early 20th century. He also thought differently regarding genetic smarts. He was tasked by the French Ministry of Education to devise a method to determine which students didn't learn effectively with standard schooling. The aim was to devise new education systems to help these students and give them special attention. Contrary to the popular belief, Beney did not believe one's intelligence is fixed at birth. In his 1909 book, Modern Ideas About Children, Beney says, With practice, training, and above all method, we managed to increase our attention, our memory, our judgment, and literally to become more intelligent than we were before. Later, scientists confirmed Beney's intuition that our traits arise out of a complex interplay between our genes and the environment.
在书的开头，杜威克认为让读者了解历史上的性质与饮养之争很重要。早期，许多专家认为人类要么聪明要么愚蠢。他们要么成功，要么失败。他们的基因决定了他们的命运。阿尔弗雷德·贝内在20世纪初在巴黎开发了第一个智商测验。他的基因智力观点与众不同。法国教育部要求他设计一种方法，以确定哪些学生不能有效地在标准学校教育下学习。目的是设计新的教育系统，帮助这些学生并给予他们特别关注。与普遍观念相反，贝内不认为一个人的智力是在出生时就固定的。在他的1909年的著作《关于儿童的现代思想》中，贝内说：通过训练，实践，尤其是方法，我们设法提高我们的注意力，我们的记忆，我们的判断力，真正比以前更聪明了。后来，科学家证实了贝内的直觉，即我们的特征是由基因和环境之间复杂的相互作用产生的。
Fast forward to Dweck's mindsets. They work a little bit like the nature versus nurture schools of thought. If you possess a fixed mindset, you feel you're blessed with a set amount of intelligence and you must let the entire world know that. When you lean toward a growth mindset, you start with your basic skill set and cultivate it through effort. It's not so much what you have that matters, but what you can add and develop. For an experiment, Dweck painted a scenario to a group of people.
快进到Dweck对心态的观点。它们有点类似于天生与后天培养学派的思想。如果你拥有固定的心态，你会认为自己被赋予一定的智力水平，而你必须让整个世界知道这一点。当你倾向于成长心态时，你会从自己的基本技能开始，并通过努力来培养它。重要的不是你拥有什么，而是你能够添加和发展什么。为了一个实验，Dweck向一群人描绘了一个情景。
Within a single day, they got a C-plus on a test, received a parking ticket, and got ignored by a friend. People with the fixed mindset said things such as this. I'm a total failure, and I'm an idiot. Self-talk of people with the growth mindset looked like this. I need to try hard-earned class, be more careful when parking the car, and wonder if my friend had a bad day. The people in the former camp aren't born pessimists, and they don't lack self-esteem. When they're having a good day, they think they're great, but their fixed mindset hinders their ability to cope with perceived failure.
在一天内，他们考试得了C+，罚了停车票，还被朋友无视了。持有固定心态的人会说出这样的话：“我就是个失败者，我真是个傻瓜。”持有成长心态的人则会这样想：“我需要更加努力学习课程，停车时要更加小心，也许我的朋友今天遇到了不开心的事情。”前一组人并不是天生悲观主义者，也不缺乏自尊心。当他们度过愉快的一天时，会认为自己很伟大，但他们的固定心态会阻碍他们应对所感受到的失败。
Do mindset start young? Probably. Dweck conducted a study with four-year-olds. She gave them an easy jigsaw puzzle to solve. Kids with a fixed mindset wanted to redo the same puzzle, the one they know. Children with the growth mindset wanted to tackle a harder one. The fixed mindset has a crystal-clear goal. Success! For the growth mindset, though, success is about growing, and that sometimes only happens when you've sampled failure. These differences are reflected in the brain's wiring. When the researchers told people with a fixed mindset whether or not they had fared well on a task, their brains lit up. But when the researchers offered them feedback, there was no activity in their brains. That wasn't the case with the individuals who showed a growth mindset.
思维方式从年幼就开始形成吗？很可能是的。德韦克曾对四岁儿童进行了一项研究。她让他们解决一个容易的拼图游戏。具有固定思维方式的孩子想要重新完成他们熟悉的拼图游戏。而具有成长思维方式的孩子想要尝试解决更难的拼图游戏。固定思维方式的目标十分清晰，那就是成功。而成长思维方式则主要关注于成长，有时候成长只有在经历失败之后才会发生。这些差异在大脑的神经连接中得到了体现。当研究人员告诉具有固定思维方式的人他们在某个任务上做得好不好时，他们的大脑会变得活跃。但是当研究人员给他们反馈时，他们的大脑则不会有任何活动。而具有成长思维方式的人则没有这样的情况。
You can see mindsets playing out in the business world. Leia Cokka, former CEO of Chrysler Motors, was a fixed mindset company chief. He kept repeating models with little changes, overlooking consumer demand. Very soon, innovative Japanese car companies took over the market. On the other hand, Lou Gersner took over IBM when it was suffering. He chose to focus on its long-term growth rather than success measured in stock prices, even as Wall Street mocked him. Gersner's focus on growth and new areas of business were, in time, rewarded.
你可以在商业世界中看到心态的发挥。克莱斯勒汽车公司的前CEO莱亚·科卡是一个固定心态的企业领袖。他一直重复着几乎没有变化的模式，忽视了消费者需求。很快，创新的日本汽车公司就占据了市场。另一方面，在IBM遇到困境时，路·格斯纳接管了这家公司。他选择关注公司的长期增长，而不是股票价格的成功，即使华尔街嘲笑他。格斯纳的关注点在于增长和新业务领域，在未来得到了回报。
Dweck argues that people with the fixed mindset have a skewed idea about their own abilities. They feel they're better than others, or disproportionately worse. Case in point, tennis legend John McEnroe. McEnroe admitted in an interview that he took undue advantage of his number one ranking. He didn't like to learn, and when things got tough, he folded. His screaming fits against umpires, agents, and others indicated a person who hated anyone challenging his self-perceived supremacy. He had a fixed idea of his powers, and so any criticism seemed to threaten his very sense of self. This attitude can be dangerous sometimes. French chef Bernard Loisseau was instrumental in popularizing Newvelle cuisine in France in the 70s, a way of cooking that advocated lighter and fresher dishes, sacrificing traditional ingredients like cream and cheese.
德韦克认为，那些拥有固定心态的人对自己能力的看法有偏差。他们觉得自己比别人更好，或者不成比例地更差。以网球传奇约翰·麦肯罗为例。麦肯罗在一次采访中承认，他利用自己的第一排名地位占了不当的便宜。他不喜欢学习，遇到困难就放弃。他对裁判、经纪人和其他人的大声叫喊表明，他讨厌任何人挑战他自认为的至高无上。他对自己的能力有固定的看法，所以任何批评似乎都会威胁到他的自我感觉。这种态度有时可能很危险。法国大厨贝尔纳·洛伊索在70年代推广新维尔烹饪法方面起到了重要作用，它提倡更轻盈、更新鲜的菜肴，牺牲了传统的食材如奶油和奶酪等。
He was celebrated in the food industry. Loisseau owned a three Michelin star-rated restaurant in Burgundy, but when he lost a couple of points on another prestigious guide, he started to fear for his position on the Michelin guide. He couldn't deal with the stress, and in 2003 he took his own life. Dweck explains, people with the fixed mindset can get too attached to their material success. They're devastated when they lose it. By this point in the book, most readers have questions. Dweck tries to address them.
他在美食业备受赞誉。洛瓦索在勃艮第拥有一家三星米其林评级的餐厅，但当他在另一本著名指南上失去了几分时，他开始担心自己在米其林指南中的位置。他无法应对这种压力，在2003年选择了自杀。杜威克解释说，固定思维模式的人可能会对他们的物质成功过于依赖，当他们失去它时会感到心灰意冷。到本书的这一点，大多数读者都有问题。杜威克试图回答这些问题。
Why do fixed mindset people feel the need to keep proving themselves day in and day out? Dweck says that's because every day presents them with new and harder problems, and hence they feel the need to prove themselves over and over again.
为什么思维固定的人感觉需要每天不停地证明自己？德韦克表示，这是因为每天都会出现新的更困难的问题，因此他们感到需要一次又一次地证明自己。
In this episode, we began our exploration into Carol S. Dweck's mindset. We learned about fixed mindsets and growth mindsets. A person with a fixed mindset feels they have a set amount of intelligence, and either takes criticism poorly or ignores it entirely. A person with a growth mindset starts with that set amount, then endeavors to cultivate it through effort. They take criticism and learn from it. In the next part, we'll continue our discussion on mindset. We'll ask the question, can we change a fixed mindset? Then we'll look into mindsets in the real world.
在本集中，我们开始探索卡罗尔·S·德威克的心态理论。我们学习了固定心态和成长心态。拥有固定心态的人认为他们拥有一定的智力水平，要么不能承受批评，要么完全无视它；而拥有成长心态的人则努力通过不断的尝试来培养他们的智力水平。他们接受批评，并从批评中学习。在接下来的部分中，我们将继续探讨心态问题。我们将提出一个问题：我们能否改变固定心态？然后我们将深入探讨现实世界中的心态问题。
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Our mindsets fixed or can we change? Carol S. Dweck says most people have a mix of both fixed and growth mindsets. In her best-selling book, Mindset, Dweck starts people in one of the two Mindset categories for simplicity's sake. Even a fixed mindset person will show some growth mindset decisions. The knowledge of the two mindsets helps us become aware of the times we choose the fixed mindset by default.
我们的心态是固定的还是可以改变的？卡罗尔·S·德韦克（Carol S. Dweck）说，大多数人的心态是固定和成长心态的混合体。在她的畅销书《心态》中，德韦克为了简单起见将人们分为两种心态类别之一。即使是一个固定心态的人也会做出一些成长心态的决定。了解这两种心态可以帮助我们意识到我们默认选择固定心态的时候。
In this episode, we'll continue our dive into mindset by asking how we go about changing. Then we'll ask the question, how do mindsets work in the real world? Dweck is careful to note that the growth mindset isn't about sailing through life while negative emotions glide off of you like water off a duck's back. She says, even in the growth mindset failure can be a painful experience, but it doesn't define you. It's a problem to be faced, dealt with and learned from.
在这一集中，我们将继续探讨心态，并探究如何进行改变。然后我们将问一个问题，心态在现实世界中如何起作用？Dweck小心翼翼地指出，成长心态并不意味着生活中没有负面情绪的困扰。她说，即使在成长心态下，失败也可能是一个痛苦的经历，但它不会定义你。它是一个需要面对、处理和学习的问题。
In the third chapter, Dweck busts some myths about ability and achievement. Take the case of Thomas Edison.
在第三章中，杜威克解除了关于能力和成就的一些谬论。以托马斯·爱迪生为例。
Most people think he was a loner working quietly in his backyard lab who invented a light bulb one day. Well, that's not what happened. He had 30 assistants who labored away in a modern lab. The bulb wasn't invented overnight, but was a result of several incremental inventions over a period of years. When we talk about others' success, we forget to talk about the process.
许多人认为，他是一个孤独的人，在后院的实验室里默默工作，有一天发明了一只灯泡。然而，这并不是真实情况。他有30名助手在一家现代化实验室里辛勤工作。这只灯泡并不是在一夜之间发明的，而是经过数年的逐步发明而成。当我们谈论别人的成功时，我们往往忘记了谈论过程。
Dweck cites an interesting study by educational scientist Benjamin Bloom. He studied a cohort of 120 people in a collecting mix of musicians, athletes and doctors who had achieved spectacular success. He found that very few were regarded as remarkable during their childhood. However, they blossomed once they found the right resources. Bloom noted, what any person in the world can learn, almost all persons can learn if provided with the appropriate prior and current conditions of learning.
杜威克引用了教育科学家本杰明·布卢姆进行的一项有趣研究。他对一群取得惊人成功的人进行了研究，其中包括音乐家、运动员和医生各120名。他发现，他们中很少有人在童年时就被认为是特别出色的。然而，一旦他们找到了合适的资源，就会茁壮成长。布卢姆指出，如果提供适当的先前和当前的学习环境，世界上任何人都可以学习任何东西，几乎所有人都可以学习。
Next, Dweck veers into the territory of labels. While positive labels can encourage people to explore their abilities, some kind of positive labels can be harmful. For example, saying things such as, you're so smart, only reinforce the fixed mindset stereotype that intelligence is a gift and can't be cultivated.
接下来，德韦克涉及标签的领域。尽管积极的标签可以鼓励人们探索自己的能力，但某些积极的标签可能会有害。例如，说像"你太聪明了"这样的话，只会强化固定心态的刻板印象，即智力是一种天赐的礼物，不能被培养。
In one of her studies, students who were lavished with such praise didn't take on challenging tasks because they were afraid of failure. When the researchers praised students for their effort on the other hand, they wanted to take on a harder test. Here is Dweck during her TED Talk. And if they didn't pass, of course, they got the grade not yet. And I thought that was fantastic because if you get a failing grade, you think, I'm nothing, I'm nowhere. But if you get the grade not yet, you understand that you're on a learning curve.
在她的研究中，那些受到这种表扬的学生不敢接受具有挑战性的任务，因为他们害怕失败。然而，如果研究人员对学生的努力进行表扬，他们反而希望接受更难的考试。这里是 Dweck 在她的 TED 演讲中的讲述。如果他们没有通过考试，当然，他们会得到“未能达到目标”的成绩。我觉得这太棒了，因为如果你得了失败的成绩，你会觉得自己一无是处，毫无前途。但是如果你得到了“未能达到目标”的成绩，你将明白你正在学习的过程中。
In sports, many agents and coaches scout grounds in search of naturals. They're stuck in a fixed mindset that either you're a born athlete or you're not. When Muhammad Ali was starting out in boxing, he didn't have the kind of physical endowments, broad chest, strong fists that are considered natural. However Ali shocked everyone when he beat Sonny Liston, who was then the World Heavyweight Champion. Ali liked to study his opponents, not just in the ring, but also off it. That really helped him plan his strategies during the fights.
在体育领域，许多经纪人和教练会在寻找运动天赋者的过程中进行现场侦察。他们抱着一种固定的心态，认为你要么天生是运动员，要么就不是。当穆罕默德·阿里开始从事拳击运动时，他并没有被认为是具备自然体质的人，他的胸部也不宽，拳头也不够有力。然而，在他击败当时的世界重量级拳击冠军索尼·利斯顿时，阿里引起了人们的震惊。阿里喜欢研究他的对手，不仅在赛场上，在场外也会仔细分析。这真正帮助他规划战斗策略。
In hindsight, we applaud Ali for his physique and when he became famous, everyone forgot about his process. While the sports world is gung-ho about gifts, it's clear from Ali's story and so many others that practice, sharp thinking and physical training are more important than talent or raw physical resources, which are just a starting point. Moreover, character beats flair any day.
回过头来看，我们赞赏阿里的身材，当他成名后，所有人都忘记了他的过程。虽然体育世界热衷于天赋，但从阿里的故事和许多其他人的经历来看，实践、敏锐的思维和物理训练比天赋或原始的物质资源更为重要，后者只是一个起点。此外，品格胜过华丽的任何一天。
At the 2000 Wimbledon Final, Tennis star Pete Samperes faced Australian Patrick Rafter. Samperes hadn't had a stellar tournament and he was nervous about the final. Moreover, there was added pressure on him to topple Roy Emerson's record of 12 straight top wins. When he was on the brink of defeat, Samperes took a quick mental break and reminded himself of the times when he had clawed his way back into a match after losing a couple of sets. It helped him regain his confidence and he went on to win.
在2000年温布尔登网球赛的决赛中，网球明星皮特·萨姆普拉斯面对澳大利亚的帕特里克·拉夫特。萨姆普拉斯此前表现并不出众，他对决赛感到紧张。此外，他还面临打破罗伊·埃默森连续12次夺冠的压力。当他接近败北时，萨姆普拉斯进行了一个快速的心理休息，提醒自己在失去几盘的情况下曾经爬回比赛的时刻。这帮助他恢复自信并最终获胜。
Dweck's team studied a large cohort of Fortune 500 and 1000 firms. They surveyed a number of employees at all the organizations and asked questions about their company culture. They discovered that people who worked in growth mindset companies trusted their colleagues and bosses more. They also felt a sense of belonging toward the company and were committed to its mission. On the other hand, people in the fixed mindset corporations were plotting their exit.
德韦克团队研究了一大批财富500和财富1000公司。他们对各个组织中的许多员工进行了调查，了解了他们对公司文化的看法。他们发现，在成长心态的公司工作的人更加信任同事和老板。他们也感到对公司有一种归属感，并致力于实现其使命。另一方面，固定心态的公司的员工则在策划着自己的离开。
Surprisingly, mindsets also applied to love and relationships. Dweck conducted a study with more than 100 individuals. She asked them to recall a heartbreak. The research team then followed up with questions about their coping strategies. The rejection had completely warped the self-image of people with the fixed mindset. They thought they were never going to find love again. They also spent a lot of time hatching plans to seek revenge on their ex-lover.
令人惊讶的是，心态也适用于爱情和关系。德韦克进行了一项研究，涉及100多名个体。她要求他们回忆一次心碎的经历。研究小组随后向他们提出有关应对策略的问题。拥有固定心态的人的自我形象完全扭曲了。他们认为自己永远不会再找到爱。他们也花了很多时间策划报复他们的前任恋人的计划。
On the other hand, for people with a growth mindset, forgiveness was key. They were terribly hurt by rejections as well, but they wanted to learn from that experience and put it behind them. When it comes to relationships, people with the fixed mindset believe in certain myths. For example, if a relationship takes effort, it's not meant to be. The fixed mindset people have really fallen for the Hollywood fairy tale.
另一方面，对于有成长心态的人来说，原谅是关键。他们也会因为被拒绝而受到严重伤害，但他们希望从这个经历中学习，放下它。在关系方面，固定心态的人相信某些神话。例如，如果一段关系需要努力，那就不是缘分。固定心态的人真的迷恋好莱坞童话故事。
Once you find your soulmate, you're going to live happily ever after. They lay too much emphasis on chemistry. Once there is intense love and passion, that's enough to propel the relationship. Consistent with this, people with a fixed mindset in love think their relationship problems can't be fixed.
一旦你找到了心灵伴侣，你们会幸福地生活在一起。但他们把化学因素看得太重了。只要有强烈的爱和激情，就足以推动两人关系。与此相符，那些爱情中持有固定心态的人认为他们的关系问题无法修复。
If there is a problem, then it's either there or the partner's fault. Whatever it may be, the relationship is just doomed. The fact is, though, while certain problems can be deal-breakers, infidelity, abuse, there are others that can be worked out. As the writer and philosopher Alande de Bouton says, love, particularly in the long term, isn't an enthusiasm. It's a skill. But fixed mindset people get too nervous when problems arise and start looking for a way out.
如果出现问题，那么问题要么在自己身上，要么在伴侣身上。无论如何，这段关系都注定要失败。然而，事实是，虽然某些问题可能是致命的，例如不忠或虐待，但还有其他问题可以得以解决。正如作家和哲学家Alain de Bouton所说，长期的爱情并非热情，而是一种技能。但是，那些固定思维的人在出现问题时会变得过于紧张，并开始寻找逃避之路。
Dweck demolishes the myth of the one. There is no perfect person who is waiting to find us. Everyone we fall in love with will have their own set of strengths and weaknesses. There is no flaw-free partner. Therefore, good relationships are always about learning and adapting. People with a growth mindset are not surprised about this.
杜威克瓦维尔推翻了“完美伴侣”的神话。没有一个完美的人在等着我们去发现。我们喜欢上的每一个人都有他们自己的优点和缺点。没有一个毫无瑕疵的伴侣。因此，良好的关系始终是关于学习和适应的。持有成长心态的人不会对此感到惊讶。
Dweck shares a heartwarming tale from her family that goes to show that relationships, no matter how fractured, can evolve for the better. Dweck says bluntly, my mother didn't love me. Her mother was absent emotionally from Dweck's childhood, and so she carried resentment about it into adulthood. At one point, Dweck decided she had to get past the blame and try to repair the relationship. She realized that the least she could do was be a good daughter, despite all her mother's flaws.
德威克分享了一个温馨的家庭故事，这个故事表明，人与人之间的关系，无论多么破碎，都可以发展得更好。德威克直言不讳地说，我的母亲不爱我。她的母亲在德威克的童年时期在情感上是不在场的，因此她一直对此怀有愤怒，一直影响到成年后。在某个时刻，德威克决定要克服责备心态，试图修复这段关系。她意识到，无论母亲有多少缺陷，她起码可以做个好女儿。
As she reopened the lines of communication with her mother, most of Dweck's bitterness melted away. But something else also happened. Her mother owned up to her mistake. The mother said, if anyone had told me I didn't love my children, I would have been insulted. But now I realize it was true. Dweck enjoyed a meaningful relationship with her mother until she died 25 years later. It's easy to get wrapped up in blame, but our problems don't necessarily go away because we've passed the buck onto someone else.
当她重新与母亲联系时，德韦克的大部分怨恨都消失了。但还发生了另一件事。她的母亲承认了自己的错误。母亲说，如果有人告诉我我不爱我的孩子，我会感到受侮辱。但现在我意识到这是真的。德韦克与母亲享有有意义的关系，直到她去世25年后。责怪别人很容易，但我们的问题并不一定会因为将责任推给别人而消失。
In relationships, as and everything else, fixed views tend to bring failure. Mindsets even influence our natural temperament. Some people are shy, but there are different kinds of shy people in the world. Psychologists Jennifer Beer did a study of hundreds of shy people. Here's what she found. Shy people who demonstrated a fixed mindset were too afraid of social rejection. They either didn't go out much, or even if they did, they weren't able to hold conversations with people at gatherings.
在人际关系中，像其他所有事情一样，固定的观点往往会带来失败。思维方式甚至会影响我们的天性。有些人很害羞，但世界上有不同类型的害羞人群。心理学家珍妮弗·比尔对数百个害羞的人进行了一项研究。以下是她发现的。表现出固定思维方式的害羞人群过于害怕社交拒绝。他们要么不经常出去，要么即使出去了，也无法在聚会上与人交流。
Shy people who had a growth mindset operated differently. Even though they experienced the initial jitters when interacting with new people, they were able to move through the anxiety and enjoy those conversations. These individuals also tried meeting new people more often. They acknowledged their personality flaw, but continued to challenge it.
具有成长心态的害羞人群表现出不同的行为方式。尽管与新人交往时会感到初步紧张，但他们能够克服这种不安定情绪并享受那些对话。这些人也试着更经常地结识新朋友。他们承认了自己的人格缺陷，但仍然挑战自我。
In this episode, we continued our dive into Carol S. Dweck's mindset. We learned that we can grow from our fixed mindsets into growth ones. We have to appreciate the process of effortful growth over a rigid acceptance that things never change. Then we looked at mindsets in the day to day.
在这一集中，我们继续深入探讨卡罗尔·S· 迪维克的心态。我们学到了我们可以从固定心态向成长心态发展。我们必须欣赏辛苦成长的过程，而不是坚持认为事情永远不会改变。然后，我们看了看日常生活中的心态。
In business, athletics and relationships, a growth mindset makes you more open to trust, self-discovery, and forgiveness. Settling into a fixed mindset can court complacency, bitterness, and failure. Next time, we'll conclude our book insight into mindset. We'll commit to changing gears from a fixed to a growth mindset. Then we'll consider the wider implications of the book.
在商务、运动和人际关系中，成长型心态会让你更愿意信任他人、自我发现以及宽恕他人。固定型心态可能会使你变得自满、愤怒和失败。下一步，我们将结束我们对心态的书籍洞察力，我们将致力于从固定型心态转变为成长型心态。然后我们将考虑本书的更广泛影响。
Enjoying this episode of book insights? If so, keep listening and learning. There's a collection of over 100 titles you can read or listen to now at memodeapp.com slash insights. That's m-e-m-o-d-a-p-p.com slash insights.
喜欢这一集的读书洞察吗？如果是的话，继续听下去学习吧。你可以在memodeapp.com/insights上阅读或听100多个书目的收藏。记得拼写网址m-e-m-o-d-a-p-p.com/insights。
In the final chapter of Carol S. Dweck's mindset, she dwells on the nature of change. Change begins by mastering self-talk. In the fixed mindset, people are overcome by internal monologues. I failed this test so I'm a loser. Or, I didn't get into Harvard, I don't think I'm cut out for the sciences. In the growth mindset, the mindset tends to differ. It sucks to fail in this test, but I think I should try to focus harder for the next one. It's this kind of acceptance that is the seed of success.
卡罗尔·S·德威克在《心态》一书的最后一章中探讨了改变的本质。改变始于掌握自我对话。在固定心态中，人们被内部自言自语所克服。例如，“我没通过这次考试，所以我是个失败者。”或者，“我没有进哈佛大学，我认为我不适合科学。”而在成长心态中，心态往往不同。虽然失败很糟糕，但我认为我应该为下一次更加努力。这种接受事实的态度是成功的种子。
In admitting where we are lacking, this drives us forward to get the skills or knowledge we need to achieve a goal. Dweck takes a deep dive into the topic of praise, how it can influence children and their personal growth. For example, kids who constantly get compliments such as, you're so smart, can develop a resistance toward challenges. The praise feels good and provides them with an instant ego boost.
承认我们的不足，这驱使我们通过获得所需的技能或知识来实现目标。德韦克深入探讨了赞扬的话题，以及它如何影响孩子们的个人成长。例如，经常得到如“你太聪明了”的称赞的孩子可能会对挑战产生抵抗。这种赞扬让他们感觉良好，并提供了即时的自尊心提升。
However, over the long term, appearing smart and gifted become more important to them than actually cultivating their natural talents. So if they anticipate failure in a task, they wouldn't even try or not try it again because people may think they're not smart or gifted. Here is Dweck during a TED Talk.
然而，长期来看，看起来聪明和有天赋对他们变得比实际发掘自己的天赋更加重要。所以，如果他们预料在一项任务中失败，他们会选择不尝试或不再尝试，因为人们可能会认为他们不够聪明或有天赋。这是杜威克在 TED 演讲中的观点。
First of all, we can praise wisely. Not praising intelligence or talent that has failed. Don't do that anymore, but praising the process that kids engage in. Not praising children or even adults for their intelligence or flare does sound counterintuitive. Wouldn't you want your beloved child to know that they dance like a dream? Wouldn't that instill them with supreme confidence? Dweck's answer is no.
首先，我们可以明智地表扬。不要表扬那些表现不佳的智力或才华，而是表扬孩子们所参与的过程。不表扬孩子甚至成年人的智力或才华似乎有些不合常理。难道您不想让自己心爱的孩子知道他们跳舞像梦一样美妙吗？这不会让他们充满信心吗？但德韦克的回答是不行的。
What should they do instead? She says, if parents want to give their children a gift, the best thing they can do is to teach their children to love challenges. Be intrigued by mistakes, enjoy effort, seek new strategies and keep on learning. That way, their children don't have to be slaves of praise. They will have a lifelong way to build and repair their own confidence.
她说，如果父母想要为孩子送上礼物，最好的做法是教育孩子热爱挑战。对错误感到好奇，享受努力，寻求新策略，并且不断学习。这样，孩子们就不必成为赞誉的奴隶。他们将拥有终生建立和修复自信心的方法。
Dweck isn't trying to deter parents from praising their kids at all, but there's a better way to do it. You can appreciate them for their diligence and persistence. For example, if your daughter comes home with an A-plus, instead of saying, you are so brilliant, you can say, I really appreciate how hard you work to perform well on this test. If they don't perform well, you could commend their work and propose that they need to still work on a few more areas.
Dweck并不是要劝阻家长夸赞他们的孩子，但是有更好的方式。你可以赞赏他们的勤奋和坚持不懈。例如，如果你的女儿带着A+回家，你可以说，我真的很欣赏你为了在这次考试中表现出色而努力工作。如果他们的表现不好，你可以赞扬他们的工作，并建议他们还需要在一些领域继续努力。
Parents also need to unlearn being judgmental. For example, many parents push their kids to get into an Ivy League University because that is their definition of success. It's possible that the kid is more interested in taking painting classes at a local community college, but that would mean his parents would criticize him and judge him. So he may feel compelled to apply to the big name universities just to please them. That's a recipe for disaster and future mental health problems for this kid.
父母也需要摆脱刻板印象。例如，许多父母会强迫孩子去常青藤大学读书，因为这是他们对成功的定义。但孩子可能更喜欢在当地社区大学上绘画课程，但这样做会遭到父母的批评和判断。因此，孩子可能感到自己被迫去申请大名鼎鼎的大学，只是为了取悦父母。这是一个可能导致孩子未来心理健康问题的灾难。
Teachers also play a critical role in teaching mindsets to kids. Great teachers set the bar high for their students. They appreciate talent, but they're more interested in the learning process. Even if someone may not appear very talented, they like to experiment and see how they can enable that student to attain mastery in her subjects. Growth-minded teachers set high standards not just for students who show promise, but for those who are yet to shine.
老师在教授学生心态方面也扮演着至关重要的角色。优秀的教师会给学生设定更高的目标。他们会欣赏天赋，但更注重学习过程。即使某些学生表现出似乎并不很有天赋，他们也愿意尝试不同的方法，帮助学生在各个学科中达到熟练掌握的水平。有成长心态的教师为那些没有展现出优异天赋的学生设置了高标准，而不仅是那些已经展现出有潜力的学生。
Fixed mindset teachers, on the other hand, will choose their favorites based on the first few tests and start ignoring the kids who don't score well initially. But their work doesn't end at setting high standards. Great teachers actually help their students reach those standards. This requires tremendous planning and effort. For example, Marva Collins, a teacher from Chicago who was featured on 60 minutes, set the bar high. She made her students read and discuss every line of Macbeth. One of her favorite lines is, if you can't make a mistake, you can't make anything.
另一方面，持有固定心态的老师会根据前几次考试的分数来挑选自己的最爱，并开始忽略那些一开始成绩不好的孩子。然而，他们的工作并不仅仅是设定高标准。优秀的老师实际上会帮助学生达到这些标准。这需要巨大的计划和努力。例如，芝加哥的一位名叫马尔瓦·柯林斯的老师在《60分钟》节目上受到了关注。她设定了高标准。她让学生阅读并讨论《麦克白》中的每一行。她最喜欢的一句话是：“如果你不能犯错，你就不能创造任何东西。”
Praising effort is not a magic pill. You have to help them also see where their effort lacked and what they could do better. Dweck also doesn't appreciate when teachers tell their kids that they are capable of doing anything they want. Yes, it is possible to get better at what you do, but it's not as simple as you can do anything. You have to also point them toward the resources they're going to need along the way and actually help them hone their skills.
赞扬努力并不是一剂灵丹妙药。您还必须帮助他们看到他们的努力不足之处，以及他们可以做得更好。杜威克也不欣赏老师告诉学生他们可以做任何想做的事情。是的，您可以在所做的事情上变得更好，但这并不像您可以做任何事情一样简单。您还必须指向他们需要的资源，并实际帮助他们磨练他们的技能。
In this book insight, we broke down Carol S. Dweck's mindset. We learned the psychology of mindsets. A fixed mindset takes on face value, the intelligence, effort, and skill they have to offer. A person with this mindset takes criticism poorly or ignores it entirely. A growth mindset takes what is intrinsically there, then grows upon it. A person with this mindset takes criticism and learns from it.
在这本书的洞察力中，我们详细介绍了Carol S. Dweck的心态。我们了解了心态的心理学。一个固定的心态仅仅看重自己的智力、努力和技能。这种心态的人很难接受批评，甚至会完全忽略它。而成长型的心态则会利用内在的优势，不断进步。这种心态的人可以从批评中吸取教训，并不断成长。
This applies to everyday occurrences from one's love life to their professional aspirations. A fixed mindset will shy away from new challenges, preferring to rest on their laurels. They may give up when the going gets tough. Fortunately, we're capable from growing into a growth mindset by acknowledging that it's a trying process. We can encourage a growth mindset in our children by encouraging effort over results.
这适用于从个人爱情生活到职业追求的日常事务。一个固定思维模式的人会回避新的挑战，更喜欢满足于自己原有的成就。当面临困难时，他们可能会放弃。幸运的是，我们可以通过认识到这是一个尝试的过程，来不断成长为有成长型思维的人。我们可以通过鼓励孩子注重努力而不是追求结果，来激励他们的成长型思维。
Everyone's desires are different, so a strong piece of the growth mindset is in avoiding judgmental behavior. Dweck's idea of mindsets is based on decades of research, and it's been corroborated by numerous other researchers. Mindset is an essential companion read for Charles DuHiggs 2012 bestseller, The Power of Habit.
每个人的欲望都是不同的，因此强调成长心态的重要之处在于避免评判行为。杜威克对心态的理解基于数十年的研究，并得到其他许多研究人员的证实。《心态》是查尔斯·杜希格斯2012年畅销书《习惯的力量》的必备读物。
When readers start to apply the growth mindset in various facets of their lives, they'll realize it requires them to institute many positive changes and habits.
当读者开始在生活的各个方面应用成长型心态时，他们会意识到这需要他们制定许多积极的改变和习惯。
Many popular self-help books, such as Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, aren't based on research evidence and are solely based on the author's experience. While many authors emphasize the importance of dreaming and setting goals, they don't investigate the process of reaching those goals. That's where Dweck wins. She helps readers map out the process. She keeps in mind the emotional health of her readers at all times. For example, she wants us to feel disappointment when we fail, not try to gloss over it before thinking about our next steps.
许多流行的自助书籍，比如拿破仑·希尔的《思考致富》，没有基于研究证据，仅仅基于作者的个人经验。虽然许多作者强调了梦想和设定目标的重要性，但他们并没有研究达成目标的过程。这就是杜威胜出的地方。她帮助读者制定过程，时刻考虑读者的情感健康。例如，当我们失败时，她希望我们感到失望，而不是在考虑下一步之前粉饰太平。
Even in Dweck's world of self-improvement, vulnerability is essential. Dweck has also faced a fair share of criticism. Many people have pointed out that her research isn't replicable and hasn't ever been successfully replicated, a key factor in determining the validity of a test and its results. Nick Brown, who co-developed the Grim Test to establish the infallibility of statistical analysis, found several inconsistencies in Dweck's research. But in true mindset form, Dweck opened up a dialogue with Brown and accepted his criticisms. Brown praised her openness and willingness to address the problems.
即使在杜威克提倡自我提升的世界中，脆弱也是必需的。杜威克也面临着很多批评。许多人指出，她的研究无法复制，也从未被成功复制，这是确定测试的有效性和结果的关键因素。开发Grim测试以确立统计分析的绝对准确性的Nick Brown在杜威克的研究中发现了几个不一致之处。但正如真正实践心态的形式，杜威克与布朗开展了对话，并接受了他的批评。布朗赞扬了她的开放和愿意解决问题的态度。
A team from Case Western Reserve University conducted analyses of the effects of mindset training on school students and found only a tiny positive effect on academic performance. But Dweck maintains that growth mindset interventions do have a real effect, particularly on low-achieving students. Time will tell if her theory is worth spending money on to implement in schools. However, the fixed growth distinction rings true for many people, and they can't observe it in their own children.
来自凯斯西储大学的一支团队对心态训练对学生的影响进行了分析，发现其对学术成绩只有微不足道的正面影响。但杜威克认为，成长心态干预确实有实际效果，特别是对于成绩较差的学生。时间会告诉我们她的理论是否值得在学校中投入资金来实施。然而，固定心态和成长心态的区别对于许多人来说是真实的，他们在自己的孩子身上也可以观察到这种区别。
Dweck accepts that it isn't always possible to have a growth mindset, and it won't solve every problem. But it is always there as an option, a different path to the future. For Dweck, it has made her a more alive, courageous, and open person. What could it do for you?
杜威克认为，拥有成长型心态并不总是可能的，也不会解决所有问题。但它始终是一种选择，一条通向未来的不同道路。对于杜威克来说，成长型心态使她成为一个更活跃、勇敢和开放的人。它对你能够产生怎样的影响呢？
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