Nobel Minds 2023 - YouTube
发布时间 2023-12-19 01:32:22 来源
中英文字稿 
Hello and welcome to Nobel Mines with me, Zainab Badawi from the Royal Palace in Stockholm. We'll be hearing from this year's Nobel laureates in the audience where joined by some of their family and friends, as well as students from here in Sweden.
大家好，欢迎来到《诺贝尔矿业》栏目，我是扎伊纳布·巴达维，现在在斯德哥尔摩的皇宫为大家报道。在观众席上，我们将听到今年的诺贝尔奖获得者们的讲话，他们有一些家人和朋友与他们一同参加，还有来自瑞典的学生。
Joining us are the Royal Highnesses, the Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and Prince Daniel. You're Royal Highness, you want to say a few words of welcome and to tell us a little bit about where exactly we are in your palace.
加入我们的是瑞典的维多利亚王储殿下和丹尼尔王子殿下。殿下们，您想说几句欢迎的话，并向我们介绍一下我们究竟在您的宫殿中的哪个位置。
Well, thank you. So, Nobel laureates, ladies and gentlemen, viewers. I'd like to wish you one welcome to the Royal Palace here in Stockholm and to the Banadot Library. This library holds over 100,000 books that used to belong to the kings and queens of the house of Banadot. This is a very special library in that sense. But we're not here to read, we're here to listen and we're here to listen to the Nobel laureates, to their knowledge and wisdom and their contributions to science and economics. So, thank you all for joining today. Thank you for hosting us.
嗯，谢谢。所以，诺贝尔奖得主们，女士们先生们，观众们。我想欢迎您们来到斯德哥尔摩的皇家宫殿和巴纳多特图书馆。这个图书馆拥有超过10万本曾经属于巴纳多特皇室的书籍。这从某种意义上来说是一个非常特殊的图书馆。但我们在这里不是来阅读的，我们是来倾听的，倾听诺贝尔奖得主们的知识、智慧和对科学和经济的贡献。所以，非常感谢今天大家的加入。感谢您们的接待。
Thank you, your Royal Highness. Thank you. Welcome to Nobel Mines, now laureates. This is the first time that you've been brought together in discussion on television. We need congratulations to you all. But do you know what? Just looking around the table, I'm very struck by the fact that, for one that I'm joined by three women, a very rare occurrence. And it's got me wondering, why do you think that there are so few women at the top in both the sciences and the social sciences?
谢谢您，贵族殿下。谢谢您。欢迎来到诺贝尔矿业，现在是诺贝尔奖得主们聚首一堂的时刻。这是你们第一次在电视节目中集体讨论。我们要对你们表示祝贺。但是你们知道吗？仅仅看看桌子上的人们，我被一件事情深深震撼了，女性的数量是如此之少，这是非常罕见的现象。这让我想知道，你们认为为什么在科学和社会科学领域的高层职位上女性如此之少？
Professor Kotlin Karikou, you're the first Hungarian woman to win a Nobel prize. What do you think? What I think is that whenever our career is moving forward, that's the time is the child-bearing age and many of the women decide to have family. And it is difficult for advancing their research, for example, and that might be one reason. So you give up on the fact that it's women when they have children? Yes, they give up their dreams because they want to have children. But I have a daughter and has two sons so that we can show here that they can do both.
Kotlin Karikou教授，您是第一位获得诺贝尔奖的匈牙利女性。您对此有何想法？我认为，每当我们事业在向前发展的时候，正好是女性进入生育年龄的时候，很多女性会选择建立家庭。这对于推进她们的研究来说是很困难的，可能这就是其中一个原因。所以你认为当女性生孩子时就会放弃吗？是的，她们放弃了自己的梦想因为想要生孩子。但是我自己有一个女儿和两个儿子，这样可以展示给大家她们可以兼顾事业和家庭。
All right. Munji Baouendi, you're one of the chemist laureates. What's your take on this? Well, it seems to me that when we look at the Nobel laureates, for instance, it's about research that was done decades ago. And what we have here are pioneers, women that were pioneers in their field, when those fields were being opened up more and more to women, where the attitudes towards having women in those fields were beginning to change. I hope we've made progress since then, and I hope that having three women will no longer be seen as an anomaly, but rather a straightforward common occurrence.
好的。 Munji Baouendi，你是化学领域的杰出人士之一。你对此有何看法？嗯，对我来说，当我们看一下诺贝尔奖得主们时，他们的研究大多是数十年前完成的。而我们所看到的是那些领域在逐渐向女性开放并开始改变对女性从事相关领域的态度时的先驱者们。我希望自那时以来我们已经取得了进展，并希望拥有三位女性得主将不再被视为异常情况，而是成为一种正常而常见的事情。
So do you agree, Professor Ann L'Oillier, you are the first French woman who has won the physics prize since Marie Curie 120 years ago? Fosse forward now, do you think this is going to be getting better? Yeah, I really think things are improving for women. I think for me, the fact that there are very few women, especially in science and technology, is very much a lack of role models. For me, Marie Curie has played a very important role, so it's fantastic to be the woman after Marie Curie to get the Nobel Prize in physics.
安妮·卢瓦尔教授，您同意自120年前玛丽·居里之后，您是第一位获得物理奖的法国女性吗？那么，您认为事情会变得更好吗？是的，我真的认为女性的情况正在改善。对我来说，科学和技术领域女性特别少，这在很大程度上是缺乏榜样的原因。对我来说，玛丽·居里扮演了非常重要的角色，所以能够成为继玛丽·居里之后获得诺贝尔物理奖的女性，真的很棒。
Professor Drew Eisman, you are also one of the laureates in the prize for medicine or physiology. What's your take? So I think it's a combination of me. I completely agree with Munchy that 20, 30 years ago, women were just breaking into the field and were just getting recognized. But if we look at our modern society, women are still not treated equally. I'm sure Claudia can tell us quite a bit about this. And I think that's a problem with society in general. And it applies to women, it applies to minorities, it applies to so many different groups. And to me, the bigger question is how do we solve all of these problems? How do we get all people to be treated equal?
德鲁·艾兹曼教授，你也是医学或生理学奖的得主之一。你有什么看法？我认为这是我个人的观点。我完全同意蒙奇的说法，即在20或30年前，女性刚刚进入这个领域并开始受到重视。但如果我们观察我们现代社会，女性仍然没有得到平等对待。我相信克劳迪娅可以谈谈这个问题。我认为这是一个普遍存在的社会问题，既适用于女性，也适用于少数族裔和其他很多群体。对我来说，更大的问题是如何解决所有这些问题？我们如何确保所有人都能得到平等对待？
Okay, Professor Ferren's Kraus, one of the physicists here. How do you solve it? I mean, you've got to start pretty early, haven't you? Well, I would agree with everything what was said and would perhaps add that there are also some stereotypes out there where girls might have the feeling that these activities like working in the lab, doing experiments are mainly jobs for actually men and not so much for women. And I think our role models here can provide the example that this may not be true. And we can do, of course, proactively a lot to actually reach out to high school pupils and invite them to our laboratories. You've got to start that early. Absolutely. That's where we have to do this because just a two-low percentage of pupils actually choose this subject, physics, chemistry, biology.
好的，Ferren教授，这里有位物理学家。你如何解决这个问题？我是说，你必须从很早开始，不是吗？嗯，我同意之前所说的一切，并且可能还要补充一些观点。有些固有的刻板印象认为，这样的活动，比如在实验室工作、做实验，更适合男性而不是女性。我认为我们的榜样可以向人们展示这种观点可能是错误的。当然，我们可以积极主动地做很多事情，邀请高中学生来到我们的实验室。你必须从早期开始做这些事情。绝对没错。这就是我们需要做的，因为只有很少一部分学生会选择学习物理、化学和生物。
Professor Lewis Bruce, you're one of the chemists and laureates also. I know you've got three children, including two daughters and some grandchildren. How do you see it from their point of view? Do you think things are going to get better in the future for women who want to go into science? Yeah, definitely. There's been steady progress during my lifetime, just as been set at the table here. And role models are critical. You know, young students in high school looking at some scientists in the front of the room and they're thinking, how could I possibly fill that role? And if it's just white men, it's just they're going to conclude it's not a possible career for them, no matter what we say. So role models are critical.
布鲁斯教授，作为一个化学家和诺贝尔奖得主，你也是其中之一。我知道你有三个孩子，包括两个女儿和一些孙子孙女。从他们的角度来看，你如何看待这个问题？你认为未来对于想要从事科学的女性来说会变得更好吗？是的，当然会。在我的一生中，已经取得了稳定的进步，就像我们现在这里所看到的。而榜样的作用是至关重要的。你知道，在高中里，年轻的学生们看着前排的科学家，他们会想，我怎么可能担当起这样的角色呢？如果这些科学家只是白人男性，他们只会得出结论，无论我们说什么，这个职业对他们来说是不可能的。所以，榜样至关重要。
Claudia Golden, what I'm hearing around the table is that the importance of female role models to encourage females to go into science and social science. There seems to be the crux. Do you agree? I don't think it's the whole thing at all. So the first thing is, as we've heard, is that I would really like to look ahead rather than looking behind. And if we look ahead, we do see, as we've heard, a lot of change, but we also know that there are impediments. And it's incumbent upon us to understand the impediments. So first of all, if we look at the various fields, what's pretty amazing is that the field of biology has become disproportionately female. And so we have to ask, why has that gone in one direction? Physics, engineering, chemistry has moved a bit. Economics is a little bit slower. Why are those being held behind a bit? In addition, even those who go through don't necessarily go into academia. They go into big pharma, for example. The final thing, I mean, we've talked about issues concerning home family and work. But we also know that the time that it takes to get a PhD and then to get tenure has expanded enormously. That disproportionately impacts women versus men. So in fact, we have added something that is more of an impediment as we've made progress. Really interesting.
Claudia Golden，从桌上的讨论中我听到的是，女性榜样对鼓励女性从事科学和社会科学专业非常重要。这似乎是关键。你同意吗？我不认为这是全部。首先，正如我们听到的，我真的想展望未来，而不是回顾过去。如果我们展望未来，我们确实看到了很多变化，但我们也知道有阻碍。我们有责任了解这些阻碍。首先，如果我们看一下各个领域，令人惊讶的是，生物学领域变得女性比例过高。所以我们必须问，为什么它走向了这个方向？物理学、工程学、化学稍微有所提升。经济学进展较慢。为什么这些领域相对滞后一些？此外，即使那些从事这些专业的人也不一定会进入学术界，他们可能会进入大型制药公司等行业。最后一点，我们谈到了家庭和工作问题。但我们也知道，获得博士学位和获得终身教职所需的时间已经大大延长。这对女性影响更大。因此，事实上，我们在取得进展的同时也增加了一些阻碍。非常有趣。
Well, gender equality in the field of work and pay goes right to the heart of what you won your economics prize for. So let us take a short video and just remind ourselves of what it was awarded for. Claudia Golden receives her Nobel Prize for uncovering key drivers of gender differences in the labour market. By charting how women's work has been historically underreported, she's shown how human and societal development is intertwined with gender equality. For instance, the factors affecting demand for women's labour and their opportunities in the labour market. She also examined the influences that affect women's desire to get an education, as well as how parenthood has been and continues to be a watershed when it comes to work and pay.
嗯，性别平等在工作与薪水领域关系到你获得经济学奖的核心。让我们观看一个简短的视频，再次提醒自己该奖项是用来表彰什么的。克劳迪娅·戈登因揭示性别差异在劳动力市场中的关键驱动因素而获得她的诺贝尔奖。通过揭示历史上女性工作被低估的情况，她展示了人类和社会发展与性别平等的相互关系。例如，影响女性劳动力需求和她们在劳动力市场中机会的因素。她还研究了影响女性追求教育的影响因素，以及在工作与薪水问题上，育儿如何成为一个分水岭并持续影响至今。
So Claudia Golden, it's clear that gender pay inequality has narrowed, although it still exists. But just give us a brief account as to why gender inequality still exists in the workplace. Women do disproportionately do child care and elder care relative to men. And therefore, they're going to be taking positions. It's not necessarily that they're going to stay in the home, for example. They're going to be taking positions that enable that type of flexibility. And those positions often pay less. They are less demanding in terms of hours and in terms of days, and therefore they're going to be disproportionately being paid less.
克劳迪娅·戈尔登，很明显性别薪酬不平等已经有所缩小，尽管仍然存在。但请简单地告诉我们性别不平等在职场中为何仍存在。女性在照顾子女和老年人方面相对于男性承担的比例较大。因此，她们会选择一些具有灵活性的职位。并且这些职位通常薪酬较低。这些职位的工作时间和天数要求也较少，因此女性会相对获得较低的薪酬。
What steps can be taken then to get greater piracy in the workplace in terms of work and pay? So there are many fields that have figured out ways to get around it. So it's sort of interesting that if you think about it, all you need is one perfect substitute for yourself. So if you are working at 11 o'clock and the phone rings and you have to go to the school to get your child, but you have a client waiting for you, just pull in your perfect substitute. That's all you need. And so therefore fields in which that are built on having teams of workers, pediatricians, for example, anesthesiologists, veterinarians, pharmacists, certain forms of tech work have very good substitutes. So also more team work, right? Because that's kind of what you say that not work as individuals at the workplace, but work as a team and help each other, right, and support each other. I would like to add a little thing for a little bit what it is to work as a woman in academia. I think as a professor you are incredibly free and that helps as a woman with small kids. You have you. It's extremely flexible. You can come whenever you want, you can live whenever you want, you run your own agenda and as a woman I have found this incredibly helpful. And I think this I would like to advertise to the young woman. You are incredibly free and this is helpful when you have small children.
那么在工作和薪酬方面，可以采取哪些步骤来提高职场中的盗版呢？有很多行业已经找到了规避这个问题的方法。有趣的是，你只需要一个完美的替代品。所以如果你在11点工作时，电话响了，你必须去学校接孩子，但你有一个等着你的客户，那么只需调用你的完美替代品。这就是你所需要的。因此，基于团队工作的领域，如小儿科医生、麻醉师、兽医、药剂师和某些形式的技术工作，都有非常好的替代品。因此也需要更多的团队合作，对吗？因为这样的话，我们可以不再只是作为个体在工作，而是作为一个团队互相帮助、支持。我想对于在学术界工作的女性，补充一点我的经验。作为一名教授，你有极高的自由度，对于有小孩子的女性来说非常有帮助。你可以自由选择上班时间，可以自由选择离开时间，可以自主安排日程。作为一名女性，我发现这点非常有帮助。我希望向年轻女性宣传这一点，你们拥有极大的自由度，这对于有小孩子的时候非常有帮助。
Let's look at another impact on work and pay in terms of the gender debate. What do you think might be the impact of technology and AI on jobs and how it might affect women? Because you were saying, Claudia, that fewer women go into subjects like technology, computer science and so on and these are the jobs which the economy is the beginning to favour, aren't they? So could that exacerbate the problem and arrest any progress? Actually, it might hurt it. You think it might help? Because you can work from home. We realise that technology helps. You've got to learn it in the first place and they're not enough females going into computer science.
让我们来看看性别争议对工作和薪资的另一个影响。你认为技术和人工智能对工作有什么影响，以及它可能如何影响女性？因为你之前说过，克劳迪娅，较少有女性选择技术、计算机科学等学科，而这些正是经济开始受青睐的工作岗位，对吗？那么这会不会加剧问题并阻碍进展呢？实际上，这可能会伤害进展。你认为会有帮助吗？因为你可以在家工作。我们意识到技术带来帮助。但首先需要学习，而选择计算机科学的女性还不够。
Yes, but the technology helped us during the pandemic also that we could work from home and.
That's interesting. It would also help parents because, let's say, scientists, job is not family friendly. Drew, why is it something you were not in? I think it's a bigger problem and I don't know the source or I don't think I know the source. But I think in general, in our society, women do not work as much as men. But the question is why? Wait, wait, wait. Do not work as much as men? No, no. The percentage of women working outside of the house in paying jobs. Just seeking that conversation. Yeah, no, no. My wife's going to murder me. I've saved your life just then. Thank you. But I think getting at the source of that is really critical to understanding it and fixing it.
是的，但是在疫情期间，科技也帮助了我们，使我们能够在家工作。
这很有趣。这也会帮助父母，因为，比如说，科学家的工作不太适合带家庭。Drew，为什么你对此不感兴趣呢？我觉得这是一个更大的问题，我不知道问题的根源，或者我不认为我知道问题的根源。但是我觉得总体上，在我们的社会中，女性的工作量不如男性多。但问题是为什么呢？等一下，等一下。不如男性多工作？不，不是那个意思。指的是在有偿工作中，外出工作的女性的比例。只是引出那个话题。是的，不，不。我太太要杀了我。我刚才救了你一命。谢谢。但我认为找到问题的根源对于理解和解决它非常重要。
So we've got a question in the audience for you, Claudia, about your work. Let me go to Clara Pel-Toma. Clara, what's your question, please? Yes. I would like to ask Claudia Golden. When you were carrying out your research, did it ever strike you that you would get a Nobel Prize? And how was it to get that call? Well, thanks very much. I think that each of us would say, and we've said it, know that it never struck us that we would get a Nobel Prize. That's certainly not what was driving our passion and our curiosity. That doesn't mean to say that we're not pleased to receive it. And receiving it meant a tremendous amount because there was an outpouring to me of jubilation and joy and appreciation and a sense on the part of a large number of people that their work was validated. And for me, this means that my award isn't just for me. It's been magnified many times. And for that, I am very grateful. What a lovely answer that was. Thank you.
所以我们听众中有一个关于你的工作的问题，Claudia，请让我转给Clara Pel-Toma。Clara，你的问题是什么，请问？是的，我想问Claudia Golden。在你进行研究时，是否曾想到自己会获得诺贝尔奖？那个电话接到时是什么感受？非常感谢。我想我们每个人都会说，已经说过了，我们从未想过自己会获得诺贝尔奖。这当然不是推动我们热情和好奇心的动力。这并不意味着我们不高兴获得这个奖项。获得它意味着很多，因为对我来说，有很多人都对我表示了欢庆、喜悦、欣赏，并对他们的工作得到了认可的感觉。对我来说，这意味着我的奖项不仅仅是属于我一个人。它被放大了很多倍。对此，我非常感激。多么可爱的回答。谢谢。
Good. Well, I think we talked about how working from home has increased flexibility and has perhaps made it easier for women, Professor caution and Carrico, you brought that up. And indeed, that takes us to our next category because of course, COVID-19 was when working from home really took off. And that was central to the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. Let's just look at this video telling us what the award was made for. Something that we had worked on for 25 years was now being stuck in our arms. For decades, there have been attempts to speed up the time consuming process of developing vaccines by using viruses genetic information, messenger RNA or mRNA. Discoveries by Kotalin Carrico and Drew Weisman fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system and allowed vaccines to be developed, produced and updated quickly as well as on a large scale. That work received a lot of attention and funding when the COVID pandemic hit the world. And it has the potential to treat many other diseases in the future.
好的。我认为我们讨论了在家办公如何增加灵活性，也可能使女性更容易工作，科理哥教授和卡里科，你们提到了这一点。而且，这正是我们下一个类别的主题，因为当然，COVID-19是在这个时候在家办公真正开始流行的时候。这也是诺贝尔医学或生理学奖的重要因素。让我们来看一下这个视频告诉我们获奖的原因是什么。我们已经研究了25年的东西现在被注射到我们的身体里了。几十年来，一直有尝试通过利用病毒的基因信息，使疫苗的研发过程加快的努力，使用的是信使RNA或mRNA。科塔林·卡里科和德鲁·韦斯曼的发现，从根本上改变了我们对mRNA与我们的免疫系统如何相互作用的理解，并使疫苗能够快速开发、生产和更新，以及大规模应用。当COVID大流行席卷全球时，这项工作受到了广泛关注和资金支持。它有潜力治疗未来的许多其他疾病。
So Drew Weisman, just remind us of what your words were when you were told that you had won the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology. So I talked to Katie, I think around 4 a.m. Eastern time. And Katie sent me a note, did you hear from Thomas? And he said, Thomas who? So what we started talking in, she said, well somebody called her and said they were from the Nobel assembly and that we had won, but they didn't have your phone number. And Katie gave them my phone number, which we'll talk about later.
所以Drew Weisman，帮我们回忆一下当你被告知获得诺贝尔医学或生理学奖时，你说了什么话。我和Katie交谈时，我觉得是东部时间凌晨4点左右。Katie给我发了一条短信，问你收到了Thomas的来信吗？我说，Thomas是谁？然后我们开始交谈，她说有人打电话给她，说他们是来自诺贝尔评审团的，而我们获奖了，但他们没有你的电话号码。然后Katie给了他们我的电话号码，这个后面再讨论。
But we then talked and we said we didn't believe it. We thought somebody was pulling our leg and playing a joke on us and we really hadn't won it. And then but six in the morning we saw the video and we were both incredibly ecstatic and surprised.
但是我们随后交谈，我们说我们不相信这个。我们认为有人在开我们玩笑，捉弄我们，我们真的没有赢。然后，在早上六点钟，我们看到了视频，我们俩都非常兴奋和惊讶。
Now you've had such a close working relationship and both of you said that you sometimes have trouble sleeping. So talking to each other in the early hours of the morning is not unusual, now we do that all the time. I mean we were working together.
现在你们已经建立了如此密切的工作关系，而且你们俩都说有时候难以入眠。所以在清晨互相交谈并不是什么不寻常的事情，现在我们经常这样做。我是说我们一直在一起工作。
No, it was usually by emails. We didn't want to wake up the spouses or the kids. So I mean, you know, you came up with mRNA which uses a completely different approach from traditional vaccine technology and of course it paved the way for COVID-19 and you know, we salute you because of course that saved countless lives. I think we ought to give them a round of applause. Yes, absolutely.
不，通常是通过电子邮件进行的。我们不想吵醒配偶或孩子。所以我的意思是，你知道，你们提出了mRNA，这使用了与传统疫苗技术完全不同的方法，当然为COVID-19铺平了道路，因为这挽救了无数生命，我们应该为此鼓掌。是的，绝对没错。
The really sad thing is actually you both were working on what was seen as a scientific backwater and you really had to battle to get to where you are. I mean, what one of you picked that up? Yeah, I mean, I started to work on this even ten years on RNA, messenger RNA before do and then I couldn't get funding zero.
真正令人悲伤的事实是你们俩都在一个被认为是科学的边缘领域工作，你们真的必须为了达到现在的地步而奋斗。我的意思是，你们中的一个是怎么接触到这个领域的？是的，我的意思是，甚至在我开始研究RNA，信使RNA十年前，我就得不到任何资金支持了。
And you were also thrown out of a laboratory? Yeah, a late off rather. Ten years ago. Ten years ago. Yeah, because they thought what you were doing was just because I couldn't get funding and that was enough. But you went back to your native Hungary, didn't you? And you had this heroine's welcome. Yeah, how did you feel when all those young people, multitudes turned up to see you? I mean, that was one, two months ago, you know, in October when I went back and I was just unbelievable that people gathered and they were so happy.
你也被赶出了一间实验室？是的，是辞职了。十年前。十年前。是的，因为他们认为你所做的只是因为我无法获得资金，而这已经足够了。但你回到了你的祖国匈牙利，对吗？而且你受到了如英雄般的欢迎。是的，当那么多年轻人聚集在一起看你时，你是什么感觉？我是说，那是在两个月前，十月份我回去的时候，人们的聚集和他们的欢欣不可思议。
They were like, you know, celebrating a rock star or somebody and it was just unbelievable. Yeah, I mean, I know we were talking about female role models and how important that is and all your stories are so inspiring. But yours, Cottie, really is because you came from a very economically deprived background and you know, your father was a butcher and you lived in very modest accommodation and really, you know, your brilliance now has brought you to the top table.
他们就像庆祝一位摇滚明星或者其他什么人一样，真是难以置信。是的，我知道我们正在讨论女性榜样以及它的重要性，你们的故事都是如此的鼓舞人心。但是，Cottie，你的故事真的很特别，因为你来自一个非常贫困的背景，你的父亲是个屠夫，你住在非常简陋的地方，但现在你的才华把你带到了高层。
Yeah, I hope that, you know, girls will think that their parents not necessarily has to be a professor. They can be coming any kind of background and then they can study believing something, working hard and then their dream comes through.
是的，我希望，你知道，女孩们会认为她们的父母不一定非得是教授。他们可以来自任何背景，然后可以相信一些东西，努力学习，梦想实现。
Okay, so we got the COVID-19 vaccine, but even though, obviously, as I said, it saved a lot of lives, we have had this phenomenon of both vaccine skepticism and also vaccine hesitancy two slightly different things. But why do you think there was the skepticism and do you think scientists were also to blame? So hindsight is always a great thing.
好的，所以我们有了COVID-19疫苗，但即使如此，显然地，正如我所说的，它拯救了很多人的生命，我们也出现了疫苗怀疑和疫苗犹豫的现象，这两者略有不同。但你认为为什么存在怀疑，并且你认为科学家也应该承担责任吗？所以事后看总是好的。
And looking back, sciences should have done much more to promote vaccines, to promote their safety, their efficacy. But I think we were against an enormous headwind of social media and the problem with social media is it gives any person with unusual thoughts the ability to forecast those to the entire world.
回顾过去，科学领域本应更加努力地宣传疫苗，宣传其安全性和有效性。但我认为我们面临着巨大的社交媒体逆风。社交媒体的问题在于它给任何思维不寻常的人提供了向全世界传播这些思想的能力。
In the old days, you know, crazy people would sit on the corner with a megaphone and yell. Now you've got hundreds of thousands or millions of people who are reading their posts and large number of people who are looking for conspiracy theories wherever they can find them. And I think this was just a great conspiracy theory.
在过去，你知道，疯子们会坐在街角，手持扩音器大声喊叫。而现在，成千上万甚至数百万的人在阅读他们的帖子，很多人也在寻找各种阴谋论。我觉得这只是个非常棒的阴谋论。
They could blame everything in the world that was bad on RNA vaccines and use that as a tool to attack the ruling parties, to attack politicians, to attack scientists. So the politicization of the vaccine is a huge factor, you think. In the US. By politicians as a football. I mean, in the US, that was an enormous problem, but it happened across the world.
他们可以将世界上所有不好的事情都归咎于mRNA疫苗，并将其作为攻击执政党、攻击政治家、攻击科学家的工具。所以疫苗政治化是一个非常重要的因素，你觉得是这样吗？在美国，这是一场巨大的问题，政治家们将其当作政治争斗的球赛。我的意思是，这个问题在美国是非常严重的，但也发生在全世界。
But does it also boil down to a lack of scientific literacy, perhaps that, you know, a lot of people in the big white public out there don't really understand science. So well, Professor Lewis Bruce, your thoughts on that? Yeah, I think that's our number one problem in the US.
但这是否也归结为缺乏科学素养呢？或许是因为许多大众并不真正理解科学。所以，路易斯·布鲁斯教授，您对此有何看法？是的，我认为这是美国的头号问题。
You know, the fact that the science is black magic to much of the population. It's a shame, you know, climate research in the US highly politicized as well, as well as the vaccines. And all of this comes from politics, you know, taking advantage of situations basically. You want to name names? No, but I mean, science literacy is certainly a problem, but I think we scientists in the scientific community has a great deal of responsibility to actually deal with it, because I think it's our task and even duty, I would say, to reach out and try to explain in simple terms what we are doing, what it is good for. And in particular, in the case of these new vaccines, science should actually provide clear answers.
你知道，事实上，对很多人来说科学就像黑魔法一样。很遗憾，你知道，美国的气候研究以及疫苗研究都被高度政治化了。而且，所有这些都源自政治，你知道，基本上是在利用局势。你想知道具体是哪些人吗？不，但是我想说，科学素养确实存在问题，但我认为我们科学家和科学界有责任来应对这个问题，因为我觉得解释我们正在做什么，以及它有什么好处，是我们的任务，甚至是我们的义务。尤其是在这些新疫苗的情况下，科学应该提供明确的答案。
What is my risk if I'm doing it? What is my risk if I'm not doing it? And I think we didn't do a good job on that. I think this is an issue also about the scientific process that Lewis was talking about, the scientific literacy. There's uncertainty in science, and we're all comfortable with the uncertainty. But the politicians, you know, they really don't like that. So they want to be able to say something is yes, or it's no, you know, not, well, I'm going to hedge here. I'm going to hedge there. And, you know, if somebody who's not trained in understanding the scientific process, they are completely confused with that.
如果我这么做会有什么风险？如果我不这么做又会有什么风险？而且我认为我们在这方面做得不好。我认为这也涉及到刘易斯提到的科学过程，科学素养的问题。科学中存在不确定性，我们都对这种不确定性感到满意。但是政治家们不喜欢这样。所以他们想要能够说某件事的是或不是，而不是可能会保留退路。对于那些不懂科学过程的人来说，他们会完全感到困惑。
Drew, Drew Weisman, I know that you and your family have done a lot to try to persuade people to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Your wife, psychologist Mary Ellen Weisman and your daughter Alison actually offered to be guinea pigs for the vaccine. Actually, just before you answer that, can we just see if they're in the audience? I think they are in the audience. And maybe you'd like to stand and we can say hello to you, good. So did they become guinea pigs, the COVID-19 vaccine? They were early entrance into the COVID-19 phase three vaccine trials. One of the tools my wife would use is she would go with friends to church services, to community meetings. And they would say to her, well, we heard the vaccine gives you cancer or it makes you sterile or does a variety of things. And she would look at them and just bluntly say, do you think my husband would have his daughters and his wife take a vaccine that's going to make them sterile? And that was a very strong message to people to encourage them to join the trials. I think we should give them an appeal. I think we all salute you. Okay.
德鲁、德鲁·维斯曼，我知道你和你的家人为了说服人们接种新冠疫苗付出了很多努力。你的妻子，心理学家玛丽·艾伦·维斯曼和你的女儿艾莉森实际上愿意做疫苗的试验对象。实际上，在你回答之前，我们可以看一下他们是否在观众席上？我想他们在观众席上。也许你想站起来，我们可以和你们打个招呼，好吗？那么他们成为了新冠疫苗的试验对象吗？他们是新冠疫苗第三阶段试验的早期参与者。我妻子使用的一个手段是和朋友们一起去教堂和社区会议。人们会对她说，我们听说接种疫苗会导致患癌症或不育，或者产生各种问题。她会直截了当地看着他们说，你们认为我丈夫会让他的女儿和妻子接受一个会让她们不育的疫苗吗？这对人们来说是一个非常强有力的信息，鼓励他们加入试验。我认为我们应该向他们表示敬意。好的。
Let's look at the chemistry prize with its scientific breakthroughs that have myriad uses that will benefit humankind. Let's have a short video looking at what the prize for chemistry was made for. It's very strange. The Nano world is really, really bizarre. When matter is reduced to its smallest dimensions, it's made up of quantum dots. Nano particles so tiny that their size determines their properties. Alexei Ekimov, Munji Bewendy and Louis Bruce discovered and developed this artificially created collection of semiconducting nano particles. They are just a few millions of a millimeter wide and glow blue, red or green when exposed to light. Quantum dots already have commercial and scientific uses and in future could contribute to flexible electronics, thinner solar cells and encrypted quantum communication.
让我们来看看化学奖，它通过科学突破拥有无数用途，将使人类受益。我们来看一下为化学奖制作的短视频。它非常奇怪。纳米世界真的非常奇特。当物质被缩小到最小尺寸时，它由量子点组成。纳米颗粒非常小，其尺寸决定了它们的特性。Alexei Ekimov、Munji Bewendy和Louis Bruce发现并开发了这个人工创建的半导体纳米颗粒集合。它们只有几百万分之一毫米宽，并在受到光照时发出蓝色、红色或绿色的光。量子点已经在商业和科学上有使用，并且在未来可能有助于柔性电子、更薄的太阳能电池和加密量子通信。
So, Munji Bewendy, I don't know, viewers may be watching this program on QLED TV, one of the things that have arisen from the work that you've done. So, just tell us about how your work collectively can be used to improve lives. So QLED is one of the biggest money-making applications of quantum dots. But the field, in the last few decades, has grown enormously and there's a lot of people working on many other potential applications that have yet to see either commercial success or the applications being proven. And that includes fields going from energy harvesting for the sun, either for making electricity through photovoltaics or through the creation of fuels using the energy of the sun into the quantum dots to then create electrons that can be then used to create molecules. That's one application. Another application is in biomedicine, in diagnostics. It helps surgeons to see tumour tissue in the body more easily. It could do. So, I think that it's a tool that the surgical community can use to understand how to do things better on animal models. The issue with the application to humans is much more complicated. But there are all sorts of possibilities.
所以，Munji Bewendy，我不知道，观众们可能正在QLED电视上观看这个节目，这是你们所做的工作带来的一个结果。所以，请告诉我们如何通过你们的共同努力来改善生活。QLED是量子点应用中最赚钱的一个。但在过去几十年里，这个领域已经蓬勃发展，有很多人正在研究其他可能的应用，但这些应用还没有商业成功或被证实。这些应用包括利用量子点进行太阳能收集，可以通过光伏或利用太阳能生成燃料来产生电力。这是一个应用。另一个应用是在生物医学和诊断方面。它可以帮助外科医生更容易地观察身体内的肿瘤组织。它可能能做到。因此，我认为它是外科医生群体可以利用的工具，以了解如何在动物模型上更好地处理事务。但是将其应用于人类是更加复杂的问题。但是这里有各种各样的可能性。
Professor Lewis Bruce, you work independently of the other chemists, Laureates Alexei Yekimov, who was born in Russia but moved to the United States. You were working on similar in a similar field, but independently of each other, because of course he was behind the Iron Curtain at the time. But it does stress the importance of collaboration, doesn't it, in scientists' work?
刘易斯·布鲁斯教授，您在化学界独立工作，与出生在俄罗斯但移居美国的拉奥莱特·亚历克谢·叶基莫夫独立开展相似领域的工作。因为当时他身处于铁幕之后，所以您们是彼此独立工作的。但这确实强调了科学家合作的重要性，对吗？
Without a doubt. The work that Muji and I have done is an extremely example of that. It falls in the cracks between academic scientific departments, between chemistry and physics. This work that we have done is the last step of a long continuation of progress using semiconductors in our modern life. Things have been completely transformed by transistors and light emitting diodes and optical communications on fibres. Much of the progress has occurred by making smaller and smaller devices, you know, and miniaturizing these and making them cheaper and the methods of chemistry. You know, the same methods that are used to synthesize drugs for the drug industry are the natural methods for dealing with the tiniest of semiconductors that are sort of half molecular in nature.
毫无疑问，我和Muji所做的工作是一个极好的例子。它位于学术科学部门之间的交汇点，介于化学和物理之间。我们所做的这项工作是半导体在我们现代生活中长期进展的最后一步。晶体管、发光二极管和光纤光通信彻底改变了事物。通过制造越来越小的器件，我们取得了许多进展，并将它们微型化、降低成本，这些方法是化学行业用于合成药物的自然方法，也是处理那些半分子性质的最微小的半导体的方法。
Fascinating. So, Windrubuwendi, I know you've been asked this lots of times, or it's been raised, but I can't resist it. You failed your first chemistry test at half university, didn't you? I'm sorry to bring it up, but so, you know, it does show that success can be forged out of failure.
有趣。所以，Windrubuwendi，我知道这个问题已经被问过很多次，或者已经提出过，但是我忍不住要问一下。你在上半学期大学的第一次化学考试没及格，对吗？很抱歉提起这件事，但这也表明了成功可以从失败中获得。
Absolutely. What do you want to say to only aspiring scientists out there who are not getting the scorecards that they want?
当然。您想对那些渴望成为科学家但得不到他们所希望的成绩单的人说些什么呢？
Well, first of all, say that, you know, the scientific process is built on failure. Often you try things and they fail. So, it's part of the process. For my end, you know, I came from a small high school in the Midwest, and I wasn't used to the large classes at Harvard or the environment of taking exams there, and I wasn't used to studying for an exam at the college level, and I was just completely unprepared for that first exam, both psychologically, as well as from the point of understanding the material. And I got by far the lowest grade and found that exam in the class. Went home, I think, a little later, and I was crying to my parents, then, you know, I just, I don't want to go back. But I did go back.
首先，我想说的是，科学过程的建立基于失败。通常情况下，你尝试一些事情但它们会失败。所以，这是这个过程的一部分。就我个人而言，我来自美国中西部的一所小型高中，不习惯哈佛大学的大班级和那里的考试环境。我也不习惯为大学水平的考试而学习。对于第一次考试，我完全没有准备，无论是心理上还是对知识的理解程度都不够。我得到了整个班级中最低的分数，那次考试真的让我很沮丧。回到家后，我想我稍后有点哭给我的父母看，我真的不想再回去了。但是我最终还是回去了。
But you say you still struggle with imposter syndrome, don't you?
但是你说你仍然在与冒名顶替综合症的斗争中，对吗？
I do.
我会。
Fairance?
Fairance是一个英文单词，它没有具体的中文翻译，也没有固定的含义。可能是一个人名、公司名或者产品名。根据上下文决定其含义。由于缺乏背景信息，无法确定具体的意思，请提供更多上下文。
Well, I couldn't agree more with Munji that actually, failure is part of the process. I would even say that actually failure is a dominant part of the process. Have you failed? Well, I mean, we do fail on a weekly basis. If you simply fail at an experiment and drop it and do something else, you haven't learned anything. And the trick is to, you know, experiments aren't bad. The design could be bad. The hypothesis could be bad. There's many other things that could lead to a bad experiment. But if you don't figure that out and figure out what it really means, then you don't learn. You don't know how to make the next experiment.
嗯，对于Munji的观点我非常赞同，实际上，失败是过程的一部分。我甚至可以说，实际上失败是过程中占主导地位的一部分。你曾经失败过吗？我是说，我们每周都会失败。如果你只是简单地在一个实验中失败，然后放弃并做其他事情，那你什么也没学到。诀窍在于，你知道，实验并不是坏事，可能是设计有问题，假设可能有问题，还有很多其他因素可能会导致实验失败。但是如果你不弄清楚这些，并找出它们真正的含义，那你就无法学到东西。你也不知道如何进行下一次实验。
Let's take a question from our audience from one of the students here, Hadika Inam. You have a question for the chemistry laureates. Yes. How would you strike a perfect balance between collaboration and individuality when it comes to making groundbreaking discoveries?
让我们从我们的听众中间接受一个问题，这个问题来自于在场的学生哈迪卡·伊南。你对化学领域的获奖者有一个问题。是的。当涉及到进行突破性发现时，你如何在合作和个人独创之间取得完美的平衡？
Go for collaboration versus individuality. That's an excellent question. I think the original idea for an experiment comes from an individual. But to get something done, once you have this idea for an experiment or the field at which you want to work, you need to assemble the technologies and different expertise, you know, to make the whole project work. In my case, stretch all the way from organic synthesis to theoretical physics, you know. And so you want to make a team of people that each person can contribute something old saying, you know, you want to hire people that are smarter than you are.
选择合作而不是个人主义。这是一个很好的问题。我认为一个实验的最初想法来自于个人。但是要完成一件事，一旦你有了这个实验的想法或者你想要从事的领域，你需要集结技术和不同的专业知识，你知道，以使整个项目运作起来。在我的情况下，涉及的范围从有机合成到理论物理学，你知道。所以你想要组建一个团队，每个人都能贡献一些东西，正如古话所说，你要雇佣比你聪明的人。
Okay. Moon Jupyoh, Andy, how would you answer that question?
好的。Moon Jupyoh，Andy，你们怎样回答这个问题呢？
Oh, that's a very good question indeed. And there's always a tension, I think, between collaboration and the individual. And you know, you see that in research groups because everybody wants credit for having done something. And when there's a team effort, that's harder to do. So, you know, I try to make sure that I have an atmosphere in my group that's very collaborative, that everybody gets included. But at the same time, it's also important that somebody feels that they're in charge of something. And they can go to other people for help, but they need to have, they need to be feel like, you know, this is their idea that they're pursuing with help of other people.
哦，这确实是一个非常好的问题。我认为合作与个人之间总是存在一种紧张关系。你知道，在研究团队中这一点尤为明显，因为每个人都希望能因为自己的贡献而得到认可。而当团队共同努力时，要实现这一点就更困难了。因此，我试图确保我的研究团队氛围非常合作，每个人都能参与其中。同时，同样重要的是，有人感觉自己负责某件事情。他们可以向其他人寻求帮助，但也需要意识到，这是他们自己的想法，他们在其他人的帮助下追求的目标。
Claudia. Claudia Golden, Economics Laureate. You had the closest of collaborations working with your husband, Lawrence Katz. So, I mean, what's it like working with somebody so close to you? Is it more productive?
克劳迪娅。克劳迪娅·戈尔登，经济学奖得主。与您的丈夫劳伦斯·卡茨的紧密合作让你们之间的合作关系非常亲密。那么，和如此亲近的人一起工作是什么感觉？这样的合作是否更有成效？
Well, the largest collaboration is a book that we have written called the Race Between Education and Technology, which is about economic inequality. And that was a collaboration that brought together my interest in economic history and Larry's expertise in labor economics and in the economics of inequality.
嗯，最大的合作项目是我们共同写的一本书，名为《教育与科技之间的竞赛》，该书探讨了经济不平等问题。这是一个将我对经济历史的兴趣与拉里在劳动经济学和不平等经济学方面的专业知识结合起来的合作。
So, that's sort of the best type of collaboration where you have two compliments coming together who can work well together.
所以，这种最佳合作类型是指两个互补的人一起合作，并能够良好协作。
Yes. But long distance collaboration, I think, has been proved not to be as effective as, you know, very close. So much longer distance collaboration now.
是的。但是我认为，长距离协作已经证明不像非常近距离协作那样有效。现在远距离协作更加常见。
Professor Kotlin-Carrico, you encountered Drew Weisman at the Xerox photocopying machine. I mean, that fooled the great partnership, didn't it?
科特林-卡里科教授，你在施乐复印机旁遇到了德鲁·魏斯曼。我的意思是，那不是让这段伟大的合作关系受到了干扰吗？
Yes. So, we really met there and the second part that we fight for the who gets first there is that what was not true. We did not wrestle there, but, you know, it was, you know, no, no Xerox machines. So, wherever people will meet, you know, maybe in the coffee machine, but Drew is not drinking coffee. So, I would miss that opportunity to meet him there. And so, it is important, you know, that scientists talk to each other.
是的。所以，我们真的在那里见面了，而我们为了谁先到达目的地而斗争的第二部分是不真实的。我们并没有在那里摔跤，但是，你知道的，没有复印机。所以，无论人们在哪里见面，也许在咖啡机旁边，但是德鲁没有喝咖啡。所以，我会错过与他在那里见面的机会。因此，科学家之间互相交流是很重要的。
So, Anne, will you?
所以，安妮，你会吗？
Yeah. Yeah. I just, I agree on everything that was saying. I said for me, collaboration is really essential. And I would like to say, as a European, I think the European Union has done really a great job in helping these collaborations in Europe. And with all of these programs, networks, and that really pushed scientists to work together, to change ideas, to collaborate. And I think this has been really great.
是的，是的。我非常赞同说的每一句话。对我来说，合作非常重要。作为一个欧洲人，我想说，欧洲联盟在帮助欧洲的合作方面真的做得非常好。通过各种项目、网络，这真的推动了科学家们一起工作，交流想法，展开合作。我认为这真的很棒。
Yeah. And it's, but it's not just within your field, is it? You've also got the collaboration across disciplines, which is also very important. I know, for instance, you have benefited a lot in physics from what's been done in the chemistry prize. But just to also ask you this, which is now, because of technology and AI, you know, we've seen that the European Union has put out a code of how technology and AI can be used. People are saying, the scientists need to work with the philosophers, with the ethicists, with the humanities, so that, you know, their scientific work doesn't take place in a vacuum. And you're aware of what the implications are of the discoveries and breakthroughs that you're making. Is that something that resonates with you?
是的。但这不仅仅局限在你的领域内，对吧？你们也在跨学科合作方面取得了很大成就，这也非常重要。据我所知，物理学在化学奖的研究中也受益匪浅。另外我还想问问你，现在由于技术和人工智能的发展，我们看到欧盟已经发布了技术和人工智能使用方面的规范。人们表示，科学家需要与哲学家、伦理学家、人文学科合作，这样他们的科学工作才不会变得孤立无援。您是否意识到您所做的发现和突破的影响呢？
I think it's going to get much more complicated in the future, because pretty soon we'll be able to do in vivo gene therapy. And maybe we fix sickle cell, we fix cystic fibrosis. At some point, it's going to come up, well, I want to change my baby's eye color, or their hair color, or their height, or, you know, who knows what? You know, that's an area that my answer is no, but nobody cares what I think about that. That you need the ethicists and others. If a single scientist says something that has little weight, but if the scientific community has a whole conveys a message, that has much more weight. And that's why I think particularly in these questions, it would be so important to actually conduct discussions within the scientific community. First, try to reach some major conclusions, some consensus, and then communicate that consensus to the outside world.
我认为未来会变得更加复杂，因为很快我们将能够进行体内基因治疗。也许我们能够治愈镰刀细胞贫血，治愈囊性纤维化。在某个时候，人们可能会提出我想改变宝宝的眼睛颜色、头发颜色、身高，或者其他什么的要求。对于这个问题，我个人是持反对态度的，但是没人在意我的观点。这就需要伦理学家和其他专家来进行讨论。如果只有单个科学家发表意见的话，那没有太大的分量，但是如果整个科学界传达出一致的信息，那就有更大的影响力。这就是为什么我认为在这些问题上，真正进行科学界内部的讨论非常重要。首先，努力达成一些重要结论和共识，然后将这些共识传达给外界。
So I want to bring up climate change then, because there is consensus in the scientific community, etc. But it's being completely denied by important politicians, at least in the US. And so where did we go wrong in the scientific community on that scale? What's your answer?
所以，我想提及气候变化，因为科学界已达成共识等等。但至少在美国，一些重要的政治家完全否认这一点。那么，在这个层面上，科学界出了哪些问题？你有何答案？
I don't have a good answer.
But maybe we did not do anything wrong.
Maybe we did do what we could, actually, those specialists in climate science.
And if this was done, then basically at that point probably our job ends.
And the responsibility is handed over to the politicians, right?
It's Claudius Field.
I think it's money.
The reason people deny climate change is because it would cost their regions, their people money, and they're better off saying, no, we need to pump more gas, because it'll make my people richer.
Okay, good.
Well, thank you.
我没有一个好的答案。
但也许我们没有做错任何事情。
实际上，也许我们确实尽了我们所能，那些气候科学专家。
而且如果这样做了，那么基本上在那个时候我们的工作结束了。
责任交给了政治家，对吗？
这是克劳狄厄斯·菲尔德。
我认为这是因为金钱。
人们否认气候变化的原因是因为那会给他们的地区、人民带来负担，他们更愿意说，不，我们需要开采更多天然气，因为这会让我的人民更富裕。
好的，谢谢你。
Well, if the Chemistry Prize was awarded for research on the tiniest of nanoparticles, then the Physics Prize relies on the work on the briefest period of time.
So let's take a quick look at what the Physics Prize was awarded for.
It's very small.
Capturing short-lived phenomena like a hummingbird's 80 wingbeats per second requires tools such as high-speed photography and strobe lighting.
In the same way, extremely short pulses of light can be used to study how electrons behave and examine rapid processes inside atoms.
The experiments conducted by Anne Luillier, Pierre Agostini and Ferrence Krauss produced these pulses of light, which were so short that they were measured in a quintillionth of a second.
Their work could lead to more accurate electron microscopes, faster electronics, and tests to diagnose diseases at a much earlier stage.
好的，如果化学奖是授予用于研究极微小纳米颗粒的研究的话，那么物理奖则依赖于对极短时间的研究。
让我们简要看一下物理奖是因为什么而授予的。
这非常小。
捕捉像蜂鸟一秒钟80次振翅这样的短暂现象需要诸如高速摄影和频闪灯等工具。
同样，可以用极短的光脉冲来研究电子的行为并检查原子内的快速过程。
Anne Luillier、Pierre Agostini和Ferrence Krauss进行的实验产生了这些光脉冲，其长度如此短，以五万亿分之一秒计量。
他们的研究可能会带来更准确的电子显微镜、更快速的电子设备以及更早诊断疾病的测试方法。
Professor Ferrence Krauss, so just spell out for us briefly what the medical applications or uses are of the work that you did.
Well, actually I should say perhaps as a very first important message that it was completely unforeseeable at a time when we started working actually on the problem we identified or on trying to answer a question that we identified.
And the question was whether it could be possible to actually explore a world which human beings could not access to namely the world of electrons in motion.
We developed tools for that, and one of the tools actually also allowed us to capture eventually not only the ultrafast motion of electrons in atomic and molecular systems, but also the equally fast oscillation of visible and infrared light.
And that was actually the enabling technology for the medical application that we started to work on about eight years ago.
And this is basically a simply, hopefully eventually simply, blood test for identifying diseases, particularly chronic diseases, hopefully at an early stage.
How could that help for instance in detecting cancer?
Could this mean that it is detected, picked up in a patient much sooner?
This is the goal, this is the aim.
It could be revolutionary, couldn't it?
Yeah.
费伦斯·克劳斯教授，请简单地告诉我们一下您的工作在医学上的应用或用途是什么。
嗯，实际上，我应该说，也许作为非常重要的第一条信息，当我们开始研究这个问题或者试图回答我们提出的问题时，我们完全没有预料到。
我们的问题是，是否可能实际探索人类无法进入的世界，也就是电子运动的世界。
我们开发了工具来做到这一点，其中一个工具实际上还使我们最终能够捕捉到原子和分子系统中电子的超快运动，以及可见光和红外线光的同样快速振荡。
这实际上也为我们开始研究的医学应用提供了可能。
而这基本上就是一个简单的，希望最终可以简单的血液测试，用于早期发现疾病，特别是慢性疾病。
这对于检测癌症有什么帮助呢？
这是否意味着能够更早地在患者身上发现它？
这是我们的目标，这是我们的目的。
这可能是革命性的，不是吗？
是的。
So, Anilio, you've spent, I mean really, the best part of four decades doing your research.
I mean, what was it like when you finally thought, Eureka, this is the moment?
This was a great moment actually.
But no, we just happened to, this was in 87.
It's a little bit about failure.
We were looking for something and we saw something else.
So you can interpret this as a failure.
We did not see what we wanted to see, but we saw something else that was really interesting.
Now, at that time, I couldn't say that this I would work only 40 years later and get a Nobel Prize for this.
This would be, but I was very excited because this was new and very interesting.
I just simply wanted to do research on this.
所以，Anilio，你花了将近40年的时间进行研究。
我的意思是，当你最终想到“有了！这就是时刻”时，你是什么感觉？
实际上，那是一个伟大的时刻。
但是，我们只是碰巧在1987年发现了这个。
这有点像失败。
我们本来在寻找一样东西，但却看到了其他东西。
所以你可以把这看作是一种失败。
我们没有看到想看到的东西，但我们看到了其他非常有趣的东西。
现在，当时我不能说这个发现会在40年后使我获得诺贝尔奖。
这是不可想象的，但我当时非常激动，因为这是新的、非常有趣的。
我只是简单地想要对这个进行研究。
Good.
We've got a question from our audience.
Alexandra Velkova, you've a question, please.
What is it?
很好。
我们收到了一位观众的问题。
Alexandra Velkova，你有一个问题，请问是什么？
My question for you is, what inspired you to continue with your research even when progress seemed unobtainable?
Well, I think the whole process, actually an excellent question.
Thanks for the question.
The whole process, in my view, starts with asking the right question, trying to find the question that fascinates me so much that I just would try to do everything to find the answer.
Because I think that if I find the answer, this could perhaps be useful, important for something.
我的问题是，什么激励你在进展似乎无法实现的情况下继续研究？
嗯，实际上，这是一个非常好的问题。
感谢你的提问。
在我看来，整个过程始于提出正确的问题，试图找到让我着迷以至于我愿意尽一切努力找到答案的问题。
因为我认为，如果我找到了答案，这可能对某些事情是有用的、重要的。
And you must have needed a lot of patience.
Yes, I think to be a good researcher, you need to be very obstinate.
I think all of us around this table have this quality or not.
I don't know.
Are you all patient people?
You need it for your work, essentially.
You're not patient.
No, no, no, no, we're not patient.
I just have to point.
It's not about patience.
It's about obstinacy.
I just thought 40 years sounded like a long wait, but yes, your right, perseverance is the best word.
And the other word is passion.
I mean, this is something that passionate you.
Passion and perseverance, I like that.
Yes.
你一定需要很多耐心。
是的，我认为要成为一个优秀的研究者，你需要非常顽强。
我想我们坐在这张桌子周围的每个人都有这种品质，对吗？
我不知道。
你们都是耐心的人吗？
在工作中，你是需要耐心的。
你不太耐心。
不，不，不，我们不耐心。
我只是要指出。
这不是关于耐心的问题。
这是关于顽强的问题。
我只是觉得等待40年听起来很长，但是是的，你是对的，坚持不懈是最好的词。
另一个词是热情。
我的意思是，这是让你热情的事情。
热情和毅力，我喜欢这个。
是的。
So, Laureates, as we wrap up this discussion then, let me go around the table and ask them, each of you, either what are you going to use your prize money for, or if you think that's too delicate and undiplomatic a question from me?
What might you be using your newfound platform for this celebrity status that you have?
所以，诺贝尔奖得主们，在我们结束这次讨论之前，让我依次问问你们，你们每个人，你们打算用奖金做什么，或者如果你们认为这个问题太微妙、太不圆滑了，那么你们可能会利用你们得到的新平台和名人身份做些什么呢？
Ference, what are you going to do?
Well, we are just continuing to do what we have started to do one and a half years ago with an organization that we founded to support children in Ukraine. Those who are who need this help mostly, and we actually teamed up with an organization in Ukraine. And our part of the job, science for people, is to actually reach out to the scientific community and persuade them for donations. And with the money that comes in, we move to Ukraine and use it for different projects. Right, it's supporting Ukrainian schools.
费伦斯，你打算做什么呢？
嗯，我们就继续做我们一个半年前开始的事情，我们创办了一个支持乌克兰儿童的组织。最需要帮助的那些孩子们，我们实际上已经与乌克兰的一个组织合作了。我们的工作，科学为人类，是实际上联系科学界并说服他们捐赠。然后用这些来自捐赠的款项，我们前往乌克兰并将其用于不同的项目。对，就是支持乌克兰的学校。
Claudia. Claudia Golden, economics laureate. I have set up a research fund at Harvard. Looking into gender studies. Looking into economic history, gender studies and other areas that perhaps I don't know exist.
克劳迪娅·戈尔登，经济学的荣誉得主。我在哈佛成立了一个研究基金，致力于研究性别学。我还在研究经济史、性别学和其他我可能尚未了解的领域。
And, Lubilie. I'm going to give a number of lectures next year. And what I would like to do is really to talk to the young, especially women students, and to try to encourage them maybe to go into science. I also want at some point to go back to my usual life, which is to do research and teaching that I really want to go back as soon as possible. You feel you've more discoveries in you? Absolutely. And there are still things to understand on the same thing I have been working on during 40 years. Interesting. There are still things to do.
嗨，卢比利。明年我将进行一系列的讲座。而我真正想做的是与年轻人交谈，特别是女学生，并试图鼓励她们选择科学。我也想在某个时候回到我平常的生活，进行研究和教学，我真的希望尽快回去。你觉得自己还有更多的发现吗？当然有。在我从事了40年的同一问题上，仍然有很多事情需要理解。很有趣。还有很多事情要做。
True Eismann. Ann Uliyze says working on the same thing she's been doing for 40 years. But we have had cases in the past where some Nobel laureates have had their heads turned and have been, you know, attracted into fields for which they don't really have the particular expertise with rather sad endings. I mean, where do you stand on this? I'm not smart enough to do that. So I'm going to stick with what I'm doing. I mean, all of our award money goes into a charitable institution that does a variety of things. But I think the biggest thing is to use the megaphone that this has given us to address worldwide equity. Equity for vaccines, but more important, equity for science. Bringing science to the entire world and giving them access to experience science. We're mainly looking at junior high and high school kids. And by exposing them to science, we're hoping it'll spark an interest in some of them and build new careers.
尊敬的艾斯曼先生，安·乌利泽表示她已经从事了40年的工作。但是我们过去确实有一些诺贝尔奖得主受到了诱惑，进入了一些他们并不真正具备专业知识的领域，最终以令人遗憾的结局收场。对此，您的立场是什么呢？我并不聪明到能够做到那样，所以我会坚持我现在的工作。我们所有的奖金都会捐给一个慈善机构，它从事各种事业。但我认为最重要的是利用这个平台来推动全球公平。公平地分配疫苗，更重要的是公平地对待科学。将科学带给全世界人民，并让他们接触、体验科学。我们主要关注初中和高中的学生。通过让他们接触科学，我们希望能激发其中一部分人对科学的兴趣，并培养新的职业生涯。
Right. Gosling. Yes. So I, like other support money, you know, award money I received, it will also goes to education. I don't like to make statements myself. And, you know, I also like to, in the future, you know, working and presently also work on something that during all of this knowledge, I collected for 40 years about RNA biology and realizing maybe I have an answer for certain diseases, better understanding and have a solution for that. So that's what I will do.
是的，戈斯林。对。因此，像其他支持款项一样，你知道，我获得的奖金也将用于教育。我不喜欢自我表态。而且，你知道，我还喜欢，在未来，同时也在目前从事一些关于RNA生物学的知识，这些知识我已经积累了40年，意识到或许我有对某些疾病的答案，更好地理解并找到解决方案。所以这就是我将要做的事情。
Chemistry laureate, Professor Lewis Bruce, how are you going to use your new voice? Well, if my health will support it, I will certainly try to begin giving more talks and talks in high schools. I'll give a talk in the local high school as soon as I feel up to it. And as far as the money goes, I will, I've been supporting various charities over the years, one of which is the nature conservancy in the US, you know, certainly give them more money because they do good work. And I'm still thinking about what to do with the rest of it, you know.
化学奖得主布鲁斯教授，您打算如何运用您的新声音？嗯，如果我的健康状况支持，我肯定会尽量多地开始做演讲，特别是在中学方面。只要我感觉好一点，我会立刻到当地的一所高中做一个讲座。至于钱的用途，这些年来我一直支持各种慈善机构，其中之一是美国的自然保护协会，你知道的，我肯定会给他们更多的捐款，因为他们做的工作很好。至于剩下的钱，我还在思考要怎么处理呢，你知道的。
All right. Good.
好的，很好。
And finally, Professor Munji Bewendi, one of the chemistry laureates, what are you going to do? Well, I have to say that, you know, the award is so sudden for me that I haven't had really, you didn't think about this before. And it's still, I'm still processing what I'm going to do. But one of the things that has struck me is the power that we now have for the young. And, you know, I look forward to, as Lewis has said, you know, talking to the younger people, especially in the high schools. And, you know, try to be a role model in some ways. I think that those students are our future. And I want to be able to help that.
最后，化学得主之一的Munji Bewendi教授，你打算做什么呢？嗯，我必须说，这个奖对我来说来得太突然了，我之前真的没有考虑过这个问题。现在我还在处理着我将要做什么的事情。但是有一件事很让我感动，那就是我们现在对年轻人的影响力。我期待着像Lewis所说的那样，和年轻人交流，尤其是高中生。我希望能够做一个榜样。我认为这些学生就是我们的未来，我想为他们提供帮助。
My goodness, what an altruistic bunch of Nobel laureates you all are.
我的天啊，你们这些诺贝尔奖得主们真是一群无私的人。
That's all from this year's Nobel Mines. From the Library of the Royal Palace in Stockholm, it's been an absolute privilege to be talking to all of you and hearing your fascinating insights and, you know, listening to the work that you have done, which has brought so many benefits to humankind. And it's really been wonderful to be with you. Renewed congratulations to you all. Thank you to my audience here and to you. Wherever you're watching this program for me, Zane Abbadawi. Goodbye. You.
这就是本年度诺贝尔奖授奖典礼的全部内容。来自斯德哥尔摩皇家图书馆，能够与你们交谈并听到你们引人入胜的见解、倾听你们所做的工作给人类带来的诸多好处，对我来说是一种绝对的荣幸。与你们在一起真的很棒。再次祝贺你们所有人。感谢在场的观众以及你们。无论你们从哪里收看这个节目，我是Zane Abbadawi。再见。