Part 1 I How Grid Storage Duration is Assessed and Why it Matters

Welcome back everyone, I'm Jordan Geesege, and this is The Limiting Factor. This is video number one of my Grid Storage series.

大家欢迎回来，我是乔丹·吉斯奇，这是《限制因素》节目。这是我《储能网络》系列的第一集视频。

One of the first things you'll notice about any grid storage product is that they're always marketed with a duration figure that's usually listed in hours. Some products like Tesla's Mega Pack are listed as 2 to 4 hours, and others like form energy are listed as 100 hours.

在任何的储能产品中，你会首先注意到一个特点，那就是它们总是以一个持续时间的数字来进行市场推广，通常以小时为单位进行标注。一些产品，如特斯拉的Mega Pack，被标注为2至4小时，而其他产品，如form energy，则被标注为100小时。

The question is, what exactly does duration mean, and how is it determined? Furthermore, why can't a grid storage project take, for example, a 2-hour grid storage product and buy 5 of them to make a 10-hour solution? To answer those questions, today I'll walk you through what duration means as a technical term and why it matters, and then get into some cost calculations to work through duration as an economic term.

问题是，持续时间到底是什么意思，如何确定它呢？此外，为什么一个电网储能项目不能选择一个2小时的储能产品，购买5个来拼凑成10小时的解决方案呢？为了回答这些问题，今天我将带您了解作为一个技术术语的持续时间的含义及其重要性，并进行一些成本计算来解释经济术语中的持续时间。

Before we begin, a special thanks to my Patreon supporters, YouTube members and Twitter subscribers, as well as RebellionAir.com. They specialize in helping investors manage concentrated positions. RebellionAir can help with covered calls, risk management, and creating a money master plan from your financial first principles.

在我们开始之前，特别感谢我的Patreon支持者、YouTube会员和Twitter订阅者，以及RebellionAir.com。他们专门帮助投资者管理集中头寸。RebellionAir可以帮助您处理备用认购期权、风险管理，并从您的财务首要原则中创建一个资金管理计划。

I'd also like to credit the book, Monetizing Energy Storage, by Oliver Schmidt and Ian Stoffel, which provided the inspiration for this video series. All images in this video that don't have a credit listed were taken from the book. If you'd like to read the book yourself, which I recommend, it's available for free as a PDF and it's also for sale as a book. I'll provide a link to those in the description.

我还想要感谢Oliver Schmidt和Ian Stoffel所著的《储能商业化》一书，它为本视频系列提供了灵感。视频中未标注来源的所有图像均来自该书。如果您想自己阅读这本书，我强烈推荐，它可以免费以PDF形式获取，也可以购买实体书。我将在描述中提供链接。

Lastly, thanks to Matt Smith of RebellionAir, who has a background in energy for reviewing the video.

最后，特别感谢在能源领域具有背景的RebellionAir的Matt Smith对本视频进行评论。

Let's start by answering the question that appeals the most to common sense. Why can't a grid storage project just stack two-hour grid storage units to create a 10-hour storage solution? The simple answer is that it comes down to design. Two-hour energy storage is most cost efficient on a two-hour time frame, because that's the use case it was designed for. And 10-hour energy storage is most cost efficient on a 10-hour time frame for the same reason. That means if a grid storage product stacks several two-hour energy storage units, rather than making the project cost efficient at longer durations, it just provides more storage that's cost efficient at a two-hour duration.

让我们开始回答一个最符合常识的问题。为什么一个电网储能项目不能简单地叠加两个两小时的储能单元来创建一个10小时的储能解决方案呢？简单的答案是这涉及到设计的问题。两小时能量储存在两小时的时间框架下是最具成本效益的，因为它是为此设计的用例。而10小时能量储存在10小时的时间框架下也是最具成本效益的，原因也是一样的。这意味着，如果一个电网储能产品叠加了几个两小时的能量储存单元，它只是提供了更多在两小时时间范围内具有成本效益的储存，而不是使项目在更长时间范围内更具成本效益。

Note that I keep focusing on cost here rather than revenue. That's because one of the underlying assumptions of this video is that if a grid storage product is the cheapest option at a specific duration, that's the duration where it'll most likely be used, regardless of what other revenue streams it can pursue with that capacity. We'll get more into the revenue side of the equation in other videos.

请注意，我在这里关注的是成本而不是收入。这是因为这个视频的一个基本假设是，如果在特定时限下，电网储能产品是最便宜的选择，那么它最有可能被使用的就是这个时限，而不管它能通过这个容量追求哪些其他收入流。我们将在其他视频中更多地讨论收入方面的问题。

So why is the cost of a grid storage product so tightly tied to duration? To understand that, we first need to know what duration means as a technical term. All energy storage technologies, whether that be flywheels, batteries, or hydrogen, can all be assessed from the perspective of nominal power capacity and nominal energy capacity. Dual just means the maximum safe power and energy capacity under normal operating conditions.

那么为什么格网储能产品的成本与使用时间有如此紧密的关联呢？为了理解这一点，我们首先需要了解“使用时间”作为一个技术术语的含义。所有的能源储存技术，无论是飞轮、电池还是氢，都可以从名义功率容量和名义能量容量的角度进行评估。双重意味着在正常运行条件下的最大安全功率和能量容量。

So I'll use the term's power capacity and energy capacity for short. For the purposes of this video, power capacity is measured in any increment of watts, like kilowatts or megawatts, and it's a point in time measurement of how quickly some other type of energy is converted to electricity. That's as opposed to energy capacity that's measured in watt hours, which is energy stored in some other form before it's converted to electricity, like chemical or mechanical energy.

因此，我将简称为功率容量和能量容量。在这个视频中，功率容量以瓦特的任何增量进行测量，如千瓦或兆瓦，并且它是某种其他能源转变为电力的一个时间点测量。与之相反，能量容量以瓦时进行测量，它是在将某种其他形式的能量转换为电力之前储存的能量，如化学能或机械能。

Let's look at an example. With pumped hydro, the gravitational energy of the water in the upper reservoir is converted into electrical energy when gravity pulls the water through the turbine. Bear in mind that for the rest of the video, I'm going to use the word turbine for short, even though it doubles as a pump and is part of the generator slash motor. Moving along, the size of the reservoir determines the energy capacity and the size of the turbine determines the power capacity.

让我们来看一个例子。通过把上游水库中的重力能转化为电能，当重力将水通过涡轮推动时。请记住，在接下来的视频中，我会简称涡轮，尽管它也是一种泵，是发电机和电动机的一部分。接下来，水库的大小决定了能量容量，而涡轮的大小则决定了功率容量。

Because all grid storage technologies have an energy and power capacity, they also have what's called an energy to power ratio. For example, a large pumped hydro station will have about 20 gigawatt hours of energy capacity in the upper reservoir and turbines that provide about 2 gigawatts of power capacity. So in this case, that results in an energy to power ratio of 10 to 1.

因为所有的电网储能技术都有能量和功率容量，所以它们都有所谓的能量与功率比。例如，一个大型抽水蓄能站在上层水库中有约20千兆瓦小时的能量容量，提供约2千兆瓦的功率容量的涡轮机。因此，在这种情况下，能量与功率的比值为10比1。

You can probably see where this is going. The 10 to 1 energy to power ratio means that a large pumped hydro station can provide power for about 10 hours, which is called discharge duration. Discharge duration is generally abbreviated to just duration in grid storage products.

你可能已经看出来了这将会怎样。10比1的能量与功率之比意味着一个大型抽水蓄能站可以提供大约10小时的电力，这被称为放电时长。放电时长通常在电网储能产品中被简称为时长。

Now that we know the technical definition of duration, we can look at why it's so tightly tied to the economics of grid storage. In short, it's because each technology has strengths and weaknesses for converting energy to power that's dictated by physics and engineering. That in turn results in a duration where each technology is most cost efficient.

现在我们了解了持续时间的技术定义，我们可以看看为什么它与电网储能的经济学密切相关。简单说，这是因为每种技术在将能量转化为功率时都有物理和工程学所决定的优势和劣势。这反过来会导致每种技术的最具成本效益的持续时间。

To further explore cost efficiency, let's again use pumped hydro as an example. Pumped hydro reservoirs can be made larger to increase energy capacity and more or larger turbines can be used to increase power capacity. So why not just use pumped hydro for every duration by either adding turbines or increasing the size of the reservoir. In the case of short durations in the range of minutes, emptying and converting a leg-sized reservoir to power that quickly wouldn't be cost efficient. That's because turbines are expensive and they need to run as much as possible to lower the capital cost per unit of power generated. So usually pumped hydro runs during off-peak periods to fill the upper reservoir over several hours and then discharges over several hours during peak periods. If it discharged in a few minutes, that would require more turbines, which are the primary expense and then the turbines would sit idle for hours a day not generating revenue. That is, for shorter durations, it's better to use a technology with a lower energy to power ratio that can convert energy to power more cost efficiently. Whereas one kilowatt of power capacity for pumped hydro costs about $1,000, it's only about $40 for supercapacitors.

为了进一步探索成本效益，让我们再以抽水蓄能作为例子。通过增大抽水蓄能的水库可以增加能量容量，通过使用更多或更大的涡轮机可以增加功率容量。那么为什么不只是通过增加涡轮机或增大水库的尺寸来在各种时间段内都使用抽水蓄能呢？在几分钟的短时间段内，将一个仅仅大小如腿部的水库迅速排空和转换为电力并不经济高效。这是因为涡轮机很昂贵，而且为了降低每单位发电功率的资本成本，它们需要尽可能长时间运转。因此，通常抽水蓄能在低峰期运行数小时以将上水库充满，然后在高峰期数小时内排放。如果在几分钟内排放，那将需要更多的涡轮机，这是主要的支出，并且这些涡轮机会在一天中的大部分时间闲置而无法产生收入。也就是说，在较短的时间范围内，使用能量与功率比较低的技术更为合适，可以更加经济高效地将能量转换为电力。与抽水蓄能每千瓦功率容量约1000美元相比，超级电容器仅需约40美元。

What about longer durations beyond about 20 hours for pumped hydro? You could use a smaller turbine or a smaller number of turbines and a very large reservoir, but this time the reservoir would be underutilized. It would spend most of its time being slowly emptied and filled over the course of days or weeks. Even though excavating a reservoir to create energy capacity is relatively cheap, it's still expensive compared to other options like hydrogen storage. It's because the energy density of pumped hydro is 1 watt hour per cubic meter. Whereas for hydrogen it can be hundreds of watt hours per cubic meter and in some cases no storage tank is needed and the hydrogen can be stored in rock formations underground. That means hydrogen energy storage can be profitable at longer durations because the cost of storage is low.

关于泵送水能源的持续时间是否可以超过大约20小时呢？你可以使用更小的涡轮机或较少的涡轮机以及一个非常大的水库，但这次水库将被低效利用。它将在数天或数周的时间内花费大部分时间缓慢地排空和充满。虽然挖掘水库以增加能源容量相对便宜，但与氢气储存等其他选择相比仍然昂贵。这是因为泵送水能源的能量密度为每立方米1瓦时。而对于氢气来说，能量密度可以是每立方米数百瓦时，在某些情况下不需要储罐，氢气可以储存在地下岩层中。这意味着在更长时间段内，氢气能源储存可以盈利，因为储存成本低。

So in the most basic of terms, some technologies produce power more cheaply and other technologies store energy more cheaply. Water ration tells us what the sweet spot is for the ratio between power and energy and therefore where it's most cost efficient and most likely to be profitable. As a side note, for some technologies like batteries, energy and power are coupled. That's because a battery both stores energy and converts it to power. For other technologies like pumped hydro, energy and power are decoupled. That's because the energy and power, that is, the reservoir and turbines, can be engineered and built separately. Coupled versus decoupled is a useful concept because it can give hints as to how a technology will scale. Decoupled technologies tend to be better suited to longer duration use cases because they use tanks, reservoirs or geologic formations to store the energy, which is cheap. Whereas the storage mechanism in a battery, for example, uses a cathode and anode to store energy, which is by comparison a complex and expensive way to store energy.

简而言之，一些技术能够更便宜地生产电力，而其他技术能够更便宜地储存能量。水配给告诉我们能量和功率之间的最佳比例，因此可以在最具成本效益和最有可能盈利的地方运用。值得一提的是，对于一些技术，比如电池，能量和功率是耦合在一起的。这是因为电池既能够储存能量，又能够将其转化为电力。而对于其他技术，比如抽水蓄能，能量和功率是解耦的。这是因为能量和功率，即蓄水槽和涡轮机，可以分别进行工程设计和建造。耦合和解耦是一个有用的概念，因为它可以提示技术的规模化情况。解耦的技术往往更适用于更长时间的使用情况，因为它们使用槽、蓄水池或地质形成来储存能量，这是一种廉价的方式。而以电池为例的储能机制则使用阴极和阳极来储存能量，相比之下是一种复杂而昂贵的储能方式。

Now that we know what duration is from a technical perspective and why it matters, let's take a closer look at the relationship between duration and cost. An important building block for assessing the cost of power and energy capacity is the concept of specific investment cost. It measures how much each incremental unit of power or energy capacity costs but doesn't factor in any other variables. I'll add more variables in a moment.

既然我们从技术角度知道了什么是持续时间以及它为什么重要，现在让我们更仔细地看一看持续时间和成本之间的关系。评估电力和能源容量成本的一个重要基础是特定投资成本的概念。它衡量每个增量功率或能量容量单元的成本，但不考虑其他变量。我马上会添加更多变量进来。

The image on screen shows that turbines cost $90 per kilowatt, which is specific power cost, and the reservoir costs $1 per kilowatt hour, which is the specific energy cost. Bear in mind that these numbers aren't real world costs, but rather numbers that we're selected to simplify the calculations that we'll walk through in a moment. The bar chart on screen, which we touched on earlier to compare the cost of power for pumped hydro and supercapacitors, shows more realistic numbers for specific power and energy cost.

屏幕上的图像显示涡轮机的成本为每千瓦90美元，这是单位能量的具体成本，而蓄能池的成本为每千瓦时1美元，这是单位能量的具体成本。请记住，这些数字并不是真实世界的成本，而是我们选择的数字，以简化我们即将介绍的计算过程。屏幕上的条形图，我们之前提到过用于比较抽水蓄能和超级电容器的电力成本，显示了更为实际的单位能量和能源成本。

Although specific cost is useful for a quick assessment, it's handicapped by the fact that it looks at power and energy costs independently. In reality, you can't have a pumped hydro station with just a reservoir and no turbines. And you can't have a grid storage battery pack with no power regulation and conversion equipment. To take those factors into account, we need to use the total investment cost calculation.

尽管具体成本对于快速评估很有用，但它的缺点是它独立地考虑到电力和能源成本。事实上，你不能只有一个蓄水池而没有涡轮，就能拥有一个抽水蓄能电站。而且，你不能没有功率调节和转换设备就拥有一个电网储能电池组。为了考虑这些因素，我们需要使用总投资成本计算。

For total investment cost, the specific cost information is combined with an energy to power ratio to look at the economics of a grid storage technology at a specific duration. Any energy to power ratio can be used, but I'll stick with the 10 to 1 ratio we've been using for pumped hydro, which is a duration of 10 hours. For the 10 to 1 ratio, the energy cost is 10 units of energy capacity at $1 per kilowatt hour each for a total of $10. And the power cost is 1 unit of power capacity at $90 per kilowatt. So, $90. That adds up to a total investment cost of $100 for the pumped hydro station.

对于整体投资成本，具体的成本信息与能量至功率比结合起来，以考察特定持续时间下网格储能技术的经济性。任何能量至功率比都可以使用，但我将继续采用我们一直使用的抽水蓄能的10比1比例，即持续时间为10小时。对于10比1的比例，能量成本为10单位的能量容量，每单位能量容量为1美元/千瓦时，总计为10美元。而功率成本为1单位的功率容量，每单位功率容量为90美元/千瓦。因此，总计为90美元。这样，抽水蓄能站的总投资成本为100美元。

From there, we can use that $100 figure to find the average power and average energy cost, which, confusingly, can also be called the total investment cost of power and the total investment cost of energy. Let's run through the calculation. Average power cost is calculated by taking the $100 total investment cost of the hydro station we just modeled and dividing it by its 1 kilowatt power capacity. The result is an average power cost of $100 per kilowatt. For average energy cost, we again take the $100 total investment cost, but this time divide it by the 10 kilowatt hours of energy capacity to arrive at $10 per kilowatt hour.

从那里，我们可以使用这个100美元的数字来找到平均功率和平均能源成本，令人困惑的是，这也可以被称为电力总投资成本和能源总投资成本。让我们来看一下计算过程。平均功率成本是通过将我们刚刚建模的水电站的100美元总投资成本除以其1千瓦功率容量来计算的。结果是每千瓦100美元的平均功率成本。对于平均能源成本，我们再次采用100美元的总投资成本，但这次将其除以10千瓦时的能源容量，得出每千瓦时10美元的平均能源成本。

Now that we've finished all the calculations, let's do a quick recap of the results and what they tell us. Specific investment cost told us that independent of any other variables, each unit of incremental power and energy cost $90 per kilowatt and $1 per kilowatt hour, respectively. Average energy and power cost, on the other hand, factor in both the energy and power-related equipment costs for each incremental unit of capacity. And the result was $100 per kilowatt and $10 per kilowatt hour, respectively.

现在我们已经完成了所有的计算，让我们快速回顾一下结果及其所告诉我们的。具体投资成本告诉我们，与其他任何变量无关，每个增量功率和能量的成本分别为90美元每千瓦和1美元每千瓦小时。而平均能量和功率成本则考虑了每个增量容量的能源和功率相关设备成本。结果分别是每千瓦100美元和每千瓦小时10美元。

Besides getting a more accurate view of incremental cost at the station level at one specific duration, what else can we do with these calculations? If the total investment cost calculations are run for multiple durations for multiple technologies and graphed out, the result is on screen. As I said earlier, confusingly, average power and energy costs are also known as the total investment cost of power and the total investment cost of energy, which is why the Y-axis says total cost followed by kilowatts and kilowatt hours rather than average cost. For each point along the X-axis, from 1 minute to 100 hours, the energy to power ratio or duration was entered into the total cost calculation to arrive at a cost for that technology at that duration for both power and energy.

除了在一个特定持续时间内获得一个更准确的电站水平的增量成本观点外，我们还可以用这些计算做什么？如果对多种技术的多个持续时间进行总投资成本计算并绘制出来，得到的结果将显示在屏幕上。正如我之前所说，令人困惑的是，平均功率和能源成本也被称为功率总投资成本和能源总投资成本，这就是为什么Y轴上写的是总成本，紧随其后是千瓦和千瓦时，而不是平均成本。对于X轴上的每一点，从1分钟到100小时，能源与功率比或持续时间被输入到总成本计算中，以得到该技术在该持续时间内的功率和能源成本。

As for the technologies that were assessed, pumped hydro is in blue, flow batteries in yellow, lithium ion batteries in red, and supercapacitors in orange. Using power as an example, supercaps are the cheapest option up to 12 minute bursts of power. Lithium ion and flow batteries are the cheapest option from 12 minutes to 10 hours and beyond 10 hours pumped hydro is the cheapest. And of course for the total cost of energy, it's the same result at the same durations. Supercaps are cheapest up to about 12 minutes, lithium ion and flow batteries from 12 minutes to 10 hours and beyond 10 hours pumped hydro is the cheapest. Each of these technologies could of course be used at other durations but it wouldn't be as profitable or could result in a loss. There are of course exceptions to that, but I'll get into that in later videos.

对于被评估的技术而言，抽水蓄能被标记为蓝色，流电池为黄色，锂离子电池为红色，超级电容为橙色。以电力为例，超级电容是最便宜的选择，适用于12分钟以内的短时间功率突发。从12分钟到10小时的时间段，锂离子电池和流电池是最便宜的选择；而超过10小时，抽水蓄能变得最便宜。当然，对于总能量成本，在相同的时间段也是同样的结果。超级电容在12分钟内是最便宜的，从12分钟到10小时，锂离子电池和流电池最便宜，超过10小时抽水蓄能最便宜。当然，每种技术都可以在其他时间段使用，但可能不会那么有利可图，甚至会导致亏损。当然，还有一些例外情况，我会在之后的视频中详细介绍。

As a final note, once again, bear in mind these estimates don't include factors like operating costs, finance costs, and power costs. The purpose here is to add another layer of nuance to duration. Although a technology might technically have a discharge duration of, for example, two hours, the duration where its most cost efficient actually falls into a range rather than a specific point in time. Furthermore, that range isn't just shaped by the physics and engineering limits of a specific technology but also competition from other technologies that may be more cost efficient for a given duration.

最后需要注意的是，再次，请记住这些估计不包括运营成本、资金成本和电力成本等因素。这里的目的是为了给持续时间增加另一种细微差别的层次。尽管某项技术在技术上可能具有两小时的放电持续时间，但实际上，最具成本效益的持续时间是一个范围，而不是一个具体的时间点。此外，该范围的形成不仅受特定技术的物理和工程限制的影响，还受到其他可能在给定持续时间上更具成本效益的技术的竞争的影响。

In summary, today we covered several aspects of duration. The first is that duration refers to discharge duration, which is a technical term and it's another way to express the energy to power ratio of a technology. A 10 to 1 energy to power ratio means a 10 hour discharge duration.

总之，今天我们涉及了持续时间的几个方面。首先是指放电持续时间，在技术术语中也可以称为持续时间(duration)，它是一种表达技术能量与功率比的方式。10比1的能量与功率比意味着10小时的放电持续时间。

Second, duration matters because at a physics and engineering level, every technology has first principles characteristics that lend it to providing energy capacity or power capacity. Those characteristics result in a maximum rate that it can or should be discharged before damage or safety issues arise. Because those characteristics are fundamental to a technology, duration tends to be the point where a technology is the most cost efficient.

其次，持续时间很重要，因为在物理学和工程学的层面上，每种技术都具有首要特性，可以提供能量容量或功率容量。这些特性导致了一种技术在损坏或安全问题出现之前可以或应该放电的最大速率。由于这些特性是一种技术的基本属性，持续时间往往是一种技术最具成本效益的点。

Third, we looked at specific cost, which tells us how much each unit of power or energy costs for each technology independent of other variables.

接下来，我们关注的是具体成本，它告诉我们每种技术每单位电力或能源的成本，独立于其他变量。

Fourth, we looked at total investment cost, which takes into account that power and energy aren't independent variables. There's always an energy to power ratio or duration to factor in. That's because to be useful, power capacity requires energy capacity and energy capacity requires power capacity.

第四，我们关注了总投资成本，这将考虑到电力和能量不是独立变量的事实。有一个能量与功率比率或持续时间需要考虑在内。这是因为为了有用，功率容量需要能量容量，而能量容量则需要功率容量。

Fifth, if we use the total investment cost formula and run a series of calculations using a range of ratios for energy to power capacity and plot the results on a graph, then we can see how the cost of each grid storage technology changes with duration. This illustrates that rather than duration being something that's fixed at a point in time like one hour, each technology has a relatively wide sweet spot for cost, where it has advantages or disadvantages compared to other technologies.

第五，如果我们使用总投资成本公式，并使用一系列能量到电力容量比率进行计算，并将结果绘制在图表上，那么我们就可以看到不同储能技术在不同时间间隔下的成本变化。这说明相比于固定在一个小时时间点的持续时间，每种技术都有一个相对较宽的成本最佳点，相对于其他技术具有优势或劣势。

What all this means from an investor and consumer perspective is that when a company that sells grid storage hardware gives a duration figure, they can be referring to either the technical term for duration or they could be trying to market their product where they believe its cost competitive with other technologies.

从投资者和消费者的角度来看，所有这些都意味着，当一个销售电网储能硬件的公司提供一个持续时间的数字时，他们可能既指的是技术术语中的持续时间，也可能是在试图推销他们产品的时候，宣称与其他技术相比，其成本有竞争力。

For example, Tesla's Mega Pack uses the technical definition of duration and offers two options. A two hour duration option and a four hour duration option. Both battery packs have roughly the same energy capacity at about 3.9 megawatt hours, but the two hour duration version has a power capacity of 1.9 megawatts and the four hour duration version has a power capacity of 1 megawatt. That is, an energy to power ratio of 2 to 1 and 4 to 1 for a duration of 2 hours and 4 hours. This is a side note, the two hour version has a price tag that's about 13% higher than the four hour duration version. Why the cost difference if both packs store the same amount of energy? It's because just like pumped hydro needs an extra turbine to generate more power, the two hour Mega Pack needs additional inverter capacity to supply extra power. That is, each product has different economics to cater to different grid services. I'll talk more about grid services in another video.

例如，特斯拉的巨型电池组使用时间的技术定义，并提供两种选项。一个是两小时的持续时间选项，另一个是四小时的持续时间选项。这两个电池组的能量容量大约为3.9兆瓦时，但是两小时版本的功率容量为1.9兆瓦，而四小时版本的功率容量为1兆瓦。也就是说，对于2小时和4小时的持续时间来说，能量和功率的比例分别为2比1和4比1。这是一个小插曲，两小时版本的价格大约比四小时版本高13%。为什么两个电池组存储了相同的能量，价格却不同呢？这是因为就像抽水蓄能需要额外的涡轮发电机来产生更多的功率一样，两小时的巨型电池组需要额外的逆变器容量来提供额外的功率。也就是说，每个产品都有不同的经济条件以适应不同的电网服务。我会在另一个视频中详细介绍电网服务。

EOS Energy on the other hand lists their grid storage technology as good for durations of 3 to 12 hours. In this case, rather than using a technical definition of duration, EOS believes their product will be competitive for 3 to 12 hour grid services. EOS has an interesting product that has potential, probably the most interesting new battery technology I've seen for grid storage outside of sodium ion. As part of this grid storage series or after the series is complete, I'll do a deep dive into their technology.

与此相反，EOS能源将其电网储能技术列为适用于3到12小时的时间段。在这种情况下，EOS并不使用技术上的持续时间定义，而是相信他们的产品可以在3到12小时的电网服务中具备竞争力。EOS拥有一种有潜力的有趣产品，可能是我在钠离子之外看到的最有趣的新型电网储能技术。在这个电网储能系列的一部分或者系列完成后，我会深入研究他们的技术。

If you enjoyed this video, please consider supporting the channel by using the links in the description. Also consider following me on X. I often use X as a test bed for sharing ideas, and X subscribers like my Patreon supporters generally get access to my videos a week early.

如果你喜欢这个视频，请考虑通过描述中的链接来支持频道。同时请考虑关注我在X上的帐号。我经常在X上分享创意，并且X的订阅者（类似于我的Patreon支持者）通常可以提前一周观看我的视频。

A special thanks to Phil Roberts for your generous support of the channel, my YouTube members, X subscribers, and all the patrons listed in the credits. I appreciate all of your support, and thanks for tuning in.

非常感谢Phil Roberts对本频道的慷慨支持，感谢我的YouTube会员、X位订阅者以及名单中的所有赞助者。我非常感激你们的支持，感谢你们的收看。