Tulsa Race Massacre - The Promised Land | 1
发布时间 2019-05-29 15:05:00 来源
摘要
Between 1838 and 1890, thousands of African Americans moved to Oklahoma, brought there as Cherokee slaves or drawn there by the promise of free land. Black pioneers established towns where African Americans could govern themselves and thrive in community together, and in time, Oklahoma became known as “The Promised Land” of freedom, dignity, and economic self-sufficiency. Out of this movement, the wealthiest African American community in the nation was born. By 1921, the Tulsa neighborhood of Greenwood had become such a hotspot of entrepreneurship that it became famous as “Negro Wall Street.”But the Greenwood community lived uneasily in the racist, corrupt, lawless oil boomtown of Tulsa. On a hot May day in 1921, a young shoeshine boy would step into an elevator with a teenage white girl and accidentally spark the worst incident of racial violence in America -- a massacre that would be kept secret for decades.Support us by supporting our sponsors!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
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Hey, prime members, you can listen to American History Tellers add free on Amazon Music, download the app today.
嘿，亚马逊会员，你们可以在Amazon Music上无广告听取美国历史讲述者节目，今天就下载该应用程序。
Imagine as 4pm on May 30th, 1921. Your glasses slide down your nose, a sweat trips off your forehead. The rain that drenched the Memorial Day Parade Goers didn't break the heat, it's still in the 90s. And for the last few hours, you've been unpacking heavy boxes of clothing, working alongside Charlie, your fellow clerk at Renberg's Clothing on Main Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Thanks Mrs. Logan, we'll call you when your new dress comes in.
假设时间是1921年5月30日下午4点，你的眼镜从鼻子上滑落，头上滴下一滴汗。雨水并没有打破人们对阵亡将士纪念日游行的热情，气温仍在华氏90度左右。在最近几个小时里，你一直和你在俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨市主街Renberg服装店的同事Charlie一起从沉重的箱子里拆卸衣服。感谢Logan太太，当您的新裙子到货时，我们会打电话通知您。
Charlie's been a fixture at Renberg's for years, but your job is new. You had to take it when the work slowed down in the accounting office. You're good with numbers and you love that job, but when the oil boom slowed, it hurt all the businesses that supported it. They didn't need you anymore. And with so many white men unemployed, it took weeks to find a new job.
查理多年来一直是伦伯格公司的一员，但你的工作是新的。当会计办公室的工作减少时，你不得不接受这份工作。你擅长处理数字，喜欢这份工作，但是随着石油繁荣期的减缓，支持它的所有企业都受到了冲击。他们不再需要你。而且由于有这么多白人失业，找到一个新工作需要数周的时间。
Renberg doesn't pay nearly as well as your old job, but you sure as heck need it, with three kids and another one on the way.
Renberg的薪水远不如你以前的工作，但你有三个孩子，还有一个即将到来，你肯定需要它。
As Charlie usheres a customer out the door, you pause to wipe a salty drip off your face, as usual Charlie glitters at you. But you can't take it, I knew you wouldn't last at this job, harder than it seems, huh? Charlie's a beefy, muscular guy, and he acts like he owns the place. You sigh and start hauling the box to the front of the store. Nah, that's fine, just hot as all. I thought it would be busier today. Always like this on Memorial Day. Most of the other businesses are closed, but get a move on, will ya?
当查理领着一位顾客离开时，你停下来擦去脸上的一滴咸汗，像往常一样，查理向你闪耀着微笑。但你受不了了，我知道你在这份工作上坚持不了多久，比想象中更难，是吧？查理是个强壮有力的男人，表现得好像他是店里的主人。你叹了口气，开始把箱子拖到店面前。哦，没事，只是天气太热了。我还以为今天会更忙的。纪念日一般都是这样。大部分的其他商家都关门了，但请快点行动，好吗？
You tense up, you know he's about to insult you again, just as he's done every day. But then you both notice a thin teenager, the shoe shine boy, walking by Renberg's play-class window. He turns and heads into your building. You think nothing of it, as the only restrooms in town for colored folks are upstairs. But Charlie spits on the floor. There's that colored boy again. I don't know why Renberg allows this. Nobody else down here has to put up with them.
你紧张起来，知道他又要辱骂你了，就像他每天都这样做。但突然，你们都注意到一个瘦弱的青少年，那个擦鞋男孩，走过Renberg游戏教室之窗。他转身进了你们所在的建筑物。你觉得这没什么，因为镇上有色人的唯一洗手间在楼上。但是查理吐了一地口水。那个黑色的男孩又来了。我不知道Renberg为什么容忍这种事情。在这里没人需要忍受他们。
Your hackles rise. You're a vet. You met some colored boys in the war, and they were fine, upstanding. It's wanted to fight for the country like you. You turn away. A few minutes pass, un-easily. But then a scream splits the air. You freeze. It came from the lobby.
你感到愤怒。作为一名退役军人，你在战争中曾遇到一些有色人种男孩，他们很好，很正直。像你一样，他们也想为国家而战。你转过身去。过了几分钟，仍然感到不安。但突然一声尖叫划破空气。你惊住了。声音来自大厅。
Charlie turns. Stay here and mind the store. I'll go see what happens. He sprints into the lobby. The shoe shine boy runs past you and bolts out the front door, looking petrified. He sprints down the street.
Charlie拐过来。待在这儿，注意店铺。我去看看发生了什么。他冲进了大厅。擦鞋男孩跑过你，吓得飞快地冲出前门。他沿着街道疾跑。
In the lobby, Charlie's talking with a small blonde elevator operator, who seems to be crying. You can't hear them, but Charlie is gesticulating angerly, pointing toward the street. He tries to console her and strides back to the store, shoving you aside. I thought I told you to stay inside. What's wrong? What happened? Charlie ignores you. He grabs the phone off the counter and dials. Patty, connect me to the police, right away. Chief, hey, it's Charlie. I'm at Renberg's. A colored shoe shine boy. He just assaulted Sarah Page in her elevator.
在大厅里，查理正在与一位小型金发电梯操作员交谈，她似乎正在哭泣。你听不到他们的话语，但是查理正在愤怒地比划着手势，指向街道。他试图安慰她，然后大步走回商店，推开了你。我想我告诉过你要呆在里面。怎么了？发生了什么事？查理不理睬你。他从柜台上抓起电话拨号。帕蒂，帮我连接警察，立刻就行。局长，嘿，是我，查理。我在伦伯格（Renberg's），一个有色的鞋磨皮小男孩刚刚袭击了萨拉·佩奇（Sarah Page）在她的电梯中。
You're startled. How could that be? You barely had time to unpack one box in the time the shoe shine boy passed by. You open your mouth to say so, but Charlie shushes you. He's listening to the voice on the other end of the phone. That's right. You gotta get in.
你吃了一惊。这怎么可能？你几乎没有时间打开一个盒子，鞋匠就从你身边经过了。你想说这个，但查理叫你安静。他在听电话那头的声音。没错。你得去进去。
Now you really are sweating, but not from the heat of the day. If a black man so much as looks at a white woman around here, he could be lynched. The city's already been on edge lately. You shudder to think of what could come.
现在你真的在出汗了，但并不是因为白天的热。如果一个黑人在这附近盯着一个白人女人看，他可能会被私刑处死。这个城市最近已经变得很紧张了。你不敢想象会发生什么事。
From Wondry, I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is American History Tellers. Your History Your Story. In this show, we'll take you to the events, the times and the people that shaped America and Americans, our values, our struggles and our dreams. We'll put you in the shoes of everyday citizens as history was being made, and we'll show you how the events of the times affected them, their families, and affects you now.
来自Wondry，我是林赛·格雷厄姆（Lindsey Graham），欢迎收听《美国历史讲述者》（American History Tellers）。这是你的历史，也是你的故事。在这个节目中，我们将带你了解塑造美国和美国人的事件、时代和人物，包括我们的价值观、挣扎和梦想。我们会让你感受到普通公民身临其境地经历历史，展示当时的事件如何影响他们、他们的家庭，以及对你现在的影响。
What happened that day in Tulsa has never been conclusively proven. What is known is that on Monday, May 30, 1921, a 19-year-old shoe shine boy named Dick Roland was alone with a 17-year-old white girl named Sarah Page in the Drexel Building elevator. He touched her arm, whether because he tripped getting into the elevator or because they were actually sweet on one another, no one knows for sure. She screamed.
在图尔萨发生的那一天到底发生了什么事情，还没有得出最终的证明。已知的是，在1921年5月30日星期一，一个名叫迪克·罗兰德（Dick Roland）的19岁擦鞋男孩独自一人和一个名叫萨拉·佩奇（Sarah Page）的17岁白人女孩在德雷克塞尔大厦电梯里。他碰了她的手臂，而是因为他走进电梯时摔跤，还是因为他们真的喜欢对方，没有人确切知道。她尖叫了起来。
In the next few hours, the white clerk's story that Roland had raped Sarah Page would race through the city like wildfire and change the face of Tulsa forever. Because of the clerk's one phone call to the police chief, one of the wealthiest black communities in the country would be completely destroyed within the next 48 hours. Some 300 people would be murdered, more than 1200 homes and 200 businesses would be burned to the ground. Afterwards, the community would be resurrected by its black residents despite overwhelming setbacks in the threatening presence of a resurgent Ku Klux Klan. But a conspiracy of silence would surround what is now known as the 1921 Tulsa race massacre for decades. And despite its shocking nature, it remains little known today, even within Oklahoma.
在接下来的几个小时里，白人店员关于罗兰德强奸了萨拉·佩奇的故事会像野火一样席卷整个城市，永远改变图尔萨的面貌。由于店员向警察局长打了一通电话，这个国内最富裕的黑人社区将在接下来的48小时内被彻底毁灭。约有300人被谋杀，超过1200所房屋和200家企业被烧毁。之后，尽管面临着复活的AQ联盟的威胁，该社区也将被它的黑人居民重建。但是，数十年来，一场被称为1921年图尔萨种族大屠杀的沉默阴谋笼罩着这个事件。尽管它的震惊程度很高，但在俄克拉荷马州内甚至都很少为人所知。
This is Episode 1, The Promised Land. In the early 1800s, as the white population grew in the south, so too did violent conflicts between the white residents and the Native American tribes. Out of self-preservation, some tribes began to assimilate.
这是第1集《应许之地》。在19世纪初期，随着南部白人人口增长，白人居民与原住民部落之间的暴力冲突也在增加。出于自我保护，一些部落开始进行同化。
The Cherokees in particular adopted white ways. They built log cabin homes, began large-scale farming, and some took on African American slaves. This simulation did not appease the whites. Envious of the Native Americans' rich land, they wanted it for themselves to grow cotton.
切罗基族尤其采纳白人的方式。他们建造了圆木房屋，开始了大规模的农业生产，并有些人开始拥有非裔美国人奴隶。但这种模拟并没有平息白人的不满。他们嫉妒印第安人拥有的土地富饶，想抢夺过来种棉花。
And when in 1828, white Georgians learned that there was gold in the Appalachian Mountains, on Cherokee property, they moved to claim it. They had an ally in Andrew Jackson, the country's seventh president. Jackson, a slave owner and land speculator, had a reputation as a merciless military officer who had led American soldiers in massacring thousands of Native Americans, including women and children. The Cherokees had dubbed him, Sharp Knife.
当白人佐治亚州人在1828年了解到苏阿波河山脉上的切罗基土地里有黄金后，他们便移动了起来，并要求将其据为己有。他们得到了第七任总统安德鲁·杰克逊的支持。杰克逊是一位奴隶主和土地投机商，曾以无情的军官形象领导美国士兵屠杀了成千上万的印第安人，包括妇女和儿童。切罗基人给他起了“锋利小刀”的绰号。
Jackson took office in 1829, with one big goal in mind. Move the Native people's west of the Mississippi by force if necessary. To justify taking millions of acres of their ancestral lands, Jackson offered a swap, move west, he said, and will give you land in the Indian territory, a region that comprise most of present-day Oklahoma.
杰克逊于1829年上任，心怀一个重要目标：如果必要，用武力将土著居民迁移到密西西比河以西。为了合理化占领数百万亩祖传土地的行为，杰克逊提出了一项交换条件：他说，你们迁移到印第安领地，我们就会给你们那里的土地，这个地区包括今天大部分的俄克拉荷马州。
Jackson dreamed of humming cities of millions of white settlers populating the hills and valleys of the south, creating successful industry and wealth. In 1830, he wrote and signed the Indian Removal Act, legalizing his plans to force the Native tribes to leave the south. In his second speech to Congress, Jackson employed a popular theme, that whites shouldn't have to face the prospect of violence living side by side with any people of color. He told them Indian removal puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the general and state governments on account of the Indians. It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracks of country now occupied by a few savage hunters.
杰克逊梦想着数百万白人定居者居住在南部的山谷中，创建成功的产业和财富。1830年，他写下并签署了《印第安人迁移法案》，合法化了他强迫土著部落离开南部的计划。在他对国会的第二次演讲中，杰克逊采用了一个流行的主题，即白人不应该面对与任何有色人种共同居住可能导致暴力的前景。他告诉他们，印第安人的迁移将结束出于印第安人原因而导致的总体和州政府之间可能发生冲突的所有危险。它将在现在被一些野蛮的猎人占据的大片土地上建立一个密集和文明的人口。
Some members of the Cherokee, Chicksaw, Choktaw, Kree, Conseminal, what were then called the five civilized tribes, moved peacefully. But thousands refused, and some even waged war to protect their land. But finally, in 1838, white troops rounded up resistant Native Americans and held them in deplorable conditions in internment camps.
部分切罗基、奇克索、乔克托、克里和康塞明纳尔的成员，他们当时被称为“五个开化部落”，移居得相对平稳。但是成千上万的人拒绝离开，有些人甚至打仗来保护他们的土地。最终，在1838年，白人军队将抵抗的美洲原住民逮捕起来，囚禁在惨不忍睹的拘留营中。
In the winter, already hungry and sick, the tribes were forced to begin moving west. Many walked barefoot in the snow for hundreds of miles, leading bloody footprints behind them. The march would become known as the Trail of Tears. On that journey were some 15,000 Cherokees and their enslaved African-American families, as well as free black people who had been adopted or married into the tribes, and were now full Native citizens. But about 4,000 people, especially the elderly and children, died of disease, starvation, or drowning as they crossed the country. Many of the survivors ended their journeys in Indian territory, what would later become the state of Oklahoma.
在冬天，部落已经又饥又病，被迫开始向西迁移。很多人赤着脚在雪地上走了数百英里，留下了瘀血的足迹。这段旅程被称为“泪之路”。在这段旅程中，有大约15,000名切罗基人和他们被奴役的非裔美国家庭，以及被收养或嫁入部落的自由黑人，都成为了完全的土著公民。但是，大约4,000人尤其是老年人和儿童，在穿越国家的过程中死于疾病，饥饿或淹死。许多幸存者最终在印第安领土上结束了他们的旅程，这个地区后来成为了俄克拉荷马州。
Two decades later, Congress passed the Dawes General Alotman Act of 1887, written by Senator Henry Dawes, that broke up Native land and allotted parcels to individual Native Americans. The act was intended to end communal ownership of Native land and enforce an individualistic approach to private property. It was another, in a long string of decisions, designed to upend tribal tradition and open millions of acres of Native-owned land to white settlement.
二十年后，国会通过了1887年的道斯将军普惠法案，由参议员亨利·道斯写成，该法案解散了原住民的土地，并将土地分配给个别的美国本土原住民。该法案旨在结束原住民土地的共同所有权，强制实施一种个人主义的私有财产观。这是另一项旨在颠覆部落传统的决策，并向数百万英里的原住民土地开放白人定居的决策之一。
But the law had one unintended positive consequence. Tribal members who were former slaves also received alotments. After slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment in 1865, those who had been enslaved by Native Americans would become free members of their tribes, giving African Americans in the West one of their earliest opportunities to own land.
但是这项法律有一个意想不到的积极后果。曾经是奴隶的部落成员也获得了土地分配。在1865年第13条修正案废除奴隶制后，那些曾被美洲原住民奴役的人将成为其部落的自由成员，为西部的非裔美国人提供了拥有土地的最早机会之一。
Some of these black-owned settlements became the seeds of new communities in Oklahoma. Leaders of these towns urged freed slaves from all over the nation to come and join them. Over time they would grow into something remarkable for 19th century America, all black towns. So-called freedmen's towns would spring up in other regions as well, but Oklahoma would become known as their epicenter. And they would only grow.
这些黑人拥有的村落中，有些成为了促成在俄克拉荷马州新社区诞生的基石。这些城镇的领袖们呼吁全国的被解放的奴隶前来加入他们。随着时间的推移，这些城镇成为了19世纪美国中非裔地区的一个非凡的存在：全黑人城镇。所谓“自由民镇”也会在其他地区出现，但俄克拉荷马州成为了其中心。而且，这种现象只会愈演愈烈。
When reconstruction effectively ended in 1877 and federal troops left the South, angry and resentful white southerners turned their venom on former slaves. By the late 1870s, simply existing in the South was frightening for many if not most African Americans. Lynchings, often public events, attended by picnicking crowds, became commonplace. Freedmen with means looked for opportunities to flee, moving north and west.
1877年重建有效结束，联邦部队离开南部后，愤怒和怨恨的南方白人把他们的愤怒转移到了前奴隶身上。到了1870年代末，对许多非裔美国人来说，只是在南方生存也是可怕的。绞刑，往往是公开事件，人们会带着野餐的人群参加，变得司空见惯。有财力的自由人寻找逃跑的机会，向北和西部移动。
At the same time, African American landowners in the Oklahoma territories were singing its praises to folks back home. Some called it the promise land, where black residents could live in safety and govern themselves, a place where, like free people everywhere, they could take charge of their own destinies. In 1878, some 40,000 southern freedmen and their families began an exodus west, moving to Kansas and the Indian territory.
同时，俄克拉荷马领地的非洲裔美国土地所有者向家乡的人们赞扬它。有些人称其为承诺之地，在那里黑人居民可以安全地生活和自我治理，就像自由的人们一样掌握自己的命运。1878年，约有4万名南方奴隶解放者及其家人开始西迁，迁往堪萨斯和印第安领地。
Under the Homestead Act passed a decade and a half earlier, these refugees or ex-adusters as they came to be called could get free land if they were willing to farm it for at least five years. As a result, more all black towns began springing up. And then came the land run of 1889.
在十年半之前通过的《荒地法案》下，这些难民或被称为"前调整者"的人如果愿意耕种至少五年的土地，便能获得免费的土地。结果，越来越多的全黑人城镇开始兴起。之后便是1889年的土地抢夺。
Under pressure from easterners who wanted land, Congress amended the Homestead Act to allow President Benjamin Harrison to open up an additional two million acres for settlement, that was Indian territory, set aside for Native Americans and surrounded by tribal nations on all sides.
在东部想要土地的人们的压力下，国会修改了《移民法案》，允许本杰明·哈里森总统开放额外的二百万英亩土地用于垦殖。这些土地原本是留给土著美国人的印第安领土，被周围部落包围。
On Easter Sunday, April 22nd, 1889, 50,000 hopeful settlers waited on the border of a region called the unassigned lands, jostling each other as they waited anxiously for their chance to stake their claims. White men and a few women were at the front, 1,000 African Americans waited at the back. At noon, a U.S. cavalryman fired a shotgun and the frenzied Homesteaders rushed forth on mules, horses, in wagons, on foot, and even riding bicycles.
在1889年4月22日的复活节周日，有50,000个充满希望的定居者聚集在一个被称为“未分配土地”的地区边界处，他们在彼此挤压中焦急地等待着有机会去宣布自己的领地。白人和少数妇女位于前排，而1000名非洲裔美国人则在后面等待。中午时分，一名美国骑兵开了一枪，然后狂热的田园主义者们便骑着骡子、马匹，坐着马车，步行或甚至骑自行车冲了出去。
The fastest ones, the lucky ones, and the conniving ones managed to pound stakes into the hard ground and claim their 160 acre plots. Some began framing houses that day. Others who had traveled hundreds of miles to get to the land run found themselves too far back from the front line, they left with nothing.
最快的人、幸运的人和狡猾的人设法在硬土地上插下木桩，声称他们的160英亩地块。其中一些人从当天开始就开始修建房屋。其他人则从数百英里外赶来，但距离前线太远，他们最终一无所获。
Edward P. McCabe was one of the lucky ones. A dapper African American lawyer with a handlebar mustache and wire rimmed glasses, McCabe staked a claim. Born in Troy, New York, McCabe had never known slavery. He began his career as a clerk on Wall Street. Then he moved to one of the first important all black towns in the country, Nicodemus, Kansas, a superb speaker he worked his way up to become the Republican State auditor of Kansas, the first black man to be elected to a state office in the north.
爱德华·P·麦凯布是幸运之一。他是一位时髦的非洲裔美国律师，留着八字胡须，戴着铁丝框眼镜，立志要做出一番成绩。他出生于纽约特洛伊市，生平从未经历过奴隶制。他在华尔街做了一段时间的职员后，搬到了美国第一个重要的黑人城镇尼科迪默斯，堪萨斯州。他是一位出色的演说家，通过自己的努力，成为了堪萨斯州的共和党州审计员，是北部地区第一个被选为州政府职务的黑人。
Oklahoma, though, represented an even bigger opportunity than Nicodemus. In the Oklahoma territory, McCabe had political ambitions and aspirations of establishing an African American utopia. On October 22, 1890, McCabe founded an all-black town on his land and named it Langston after an African American congressman from Virginia.
俄克拉荷马州，虽然，对麦凯布来说比尼克德姆斯提供了更大的机遇。在俄克拉荷马领土，麦凯布有政治抱负，并有建立非裔美国人乌托邦的愿望。1890年10月22日，麦凯布在自己的土地上建立了一个全黑人的城镇，并以维吉尼亚州的一位非裔美国国会议员的名字命名为兰斯顿。
The community of Langston would become McCabe's foothold in his campaign to transform the territory into the first all black state in the nation. He imagined an ideal place where African Americans would have demeaning over their own lives in communities, where black citizens could vote and run for office, where they would have a chance to grow wealth and live in equality, free from fear. In Oklahoma, he promised the Negro can rest from mob law. Here he can be secure from every ill of the southern policies.
"Langston社区将成为麦凯布在其改造领土成为全美第一个黑人州的竞选中的立足之地。他想象着一个理想的地方，黑人可以自主掌控自己的生活社区，黑人公民可以投票和竞选职位，在这里他们有机会成长并享有财富和平等，远离恐惧。在俄克拉荷马州，他承诺黑人可以免受暴徒法的困扰。在这里，他可以摆脱南方政策的每一个疾病困扰，安全地生活。"
McCabe also had his personal ambitions. He wanted to become the territorial governor of Oklahoma. In 1889, he met with President Benjamin Harrison to press his case for an all black state and to urge Harrison to adopt a more progressive stance on voting and civil rights for African Americans. McCabe also founded a newspaper, the Langston City Herald, mostly as a vehicle for his boostrism, and he hired agents to canvas the south and persuade African Americans to move to Oklahoma.
麦凯布也有他的个人抱负。他想成为俄克拉荷马领地的总督。在1889年，他会见总统本杰明·哈里森，以争取支持建立一个全黑州，并敦促哈里森采取更进步的立场，为非裔美国人争取投票和民权。麦凯布还创办了一家报纸，名为朗斯顿城先驱报，主要是为了宣传自己，他还雇用了代理商在南部地区游说非裔美国人搬到俄克拉荷马州。
These traveling salesmen urged their listeners to start new lives in what McCabe called, the paradise of Eden and the Garden of the Gods.
这些旅行推销员敦促他们的听众在麦凯布所称的伊甸园和神的花园里开始新的生活。
Imagine as a hot June night in Mississippi, 1891. You shift on the hard church pew next to your wife. She can barely hold your squirming toddler still against her round belly. She's already six months along with your fourth child.
想象一下，这是1891年在密西西比州炎热的六月之夜。你在硬椅子上挪动，坐在你妻子旁边，她几乎无法抱着蠕动的小孩安静地躺在她圆圆的肚子上。她已经怀着你们的第四个孩子，已经六个月了。
You've both come here tonight to hear the man at the front of the church. Clad in white shirt sleeves and a vest, he strides back and forth. His voice building like he's giving a Sunday sermon.
你们俩今晚都来听站在教堂前面的那个人讲话。他穿着白色衬衫和马甲，在讲台前来回走着。他的声音越来越大，就像在做星期天的布道。
What will you be if you stay in the south? Slaves liable to be killed at any time and never treated right. But if you come to Oklahoma, you have equal chances with the white man. Breathe and independent.
如果你待在南方，你将成为什么？可能随时被杀害的奴隶，永远不会得到公正对待。但是如果你来到俄克拉荷马州，你与白人有同等机会。自由自主，独立呼吸。
You wife leans over. He should have been a preacher. "I'll say." You laugh but you feel uneasy. What the man's saying sounds too good to be true.
你的妻子俯身过来。他本应该当一名传教士。“没错。”你笑了，但感到不安。这个人所说的话听起来太美好了，让人有些难以置信。
It's a long way to Oklahoma through dangerous territory. It's almost winter and you can't afford a wagon and horses. Still, you're tempted. You and your wife don't talk about it, but the lynching of a man last year in Aberdeen terrified you both. An entire neighborhood of white men went after him, just for walking into a room where three white women were sitting. It was a stark reminder that you or any man here tonight could be next.
从危险的地方到俄克拉荷马州是一条漫长的路。现在已经接近冬天，你买不起马车和马匹，但你还是很心动。你和妻子没有讨论过这件事，但去年在阿伯丁发生的一起绞杀事件让你们俩都感到恐惧。整个街区的白人都追捕了这个男人，只因为他走进了三个白人女人所在的房间。这是一个鲜明的提醒，今晚在这里的你或任何一个男人都有可能成为下一个受害者。
Langston City is a Negro city and we are proud of that fact. Furthermore, the climate is genial. It is a land where you can grow cotton, wheat and tobacco finer than you have ever raised in the south. It is a land where every staple can be raised with profit.
Langston City是一个黑人城市，我们为此感到自豪。此外，这里的气候宜人。这是一个非常好的土地，你可以种植比你曾经在南方种植的更好的棉花，小麦和烟草。这是一个每种农作物都可以盈利的土地。
But brother, we've heard the land isn't fit for growing anything. What do you mean we can grow all those crops out there? The recruiter smiles a broad grin. He's heard the subjection before and he's ready to meet it.
兄弟，我们听说这片土地根本不适合种植任何作物。你说我们可以在那里种植所有这些庄稼，是什么意思？招募人员露出了灿烂的笑容。他之前已经听过这个反对意见，并且已经准备好回应它了。
Why do southern whites always run down Oklahoma and try to keep the Negroes from going there? I don't know, mister. Why exactly? Because they want to keep you here and live off your labor. Without you, they have nothing.
为什么南方的白人总是贬低俄克拉荷马州并试图阻止黑人前往那里？我不知道，先生。为什么呢？因为他们想让你留在这里并依靠你的劳动生活。没有你，他们什么都没有。
If too many of you strong, smart colored folks leave, the white people here won't survive. But what else can you grow out there on the prairie? So much. You can grow corn as far as the eye can see, sweet potatoes, and orchards full of peaches and eight ricots. And you can raise hogs and chickens. White man's not telling you the land is bad because it's barren. He's lying to you.
如果你们这么多聪明又强壮的有色人离开，这里的白人就无法生存了。但在草原上还能种什么？那里有很多东西可以种植，眼前一望无际的玉米，红薯，再加上满是桃子和无花果的果园。你们还可以养猪和鸡。白人不是告诉你土地不好，因为它贫瘠。他在对你们撒谎。
My God, white people are coming to Oklahoma every day. Round you heads are nodding. Friends are murmuring to each other, looking excited. You feel it too. Maybe he's right. You look at your wife sitting next to you and see light in her eyes too. Maybe it's time to become a truly free man in charge of your own life, fearing no one, to own land of your own. That's virtually unheard of. You'll be the first in your family.
天哪，白人每天都来到俄克拉何马州。你们周围的人点头微笑，朋友们窃窃私语，看起来很兴奋。你也感受到了。也许他是对的。你看着坐在你旁边的妻子，也看到了她眼中的光芒。也许现在是时候成为一个真正自由的人，掌控自己的生活，不惧任何人，拥有自己的土地。这几乎是不可想象的。你会成为家族中的第一个人。
Edward McCabe and his agents succeeded. By the end of the year, Langston was home to 200 black residents. For time, more African Americans moved to the Oklahoma and Indian territories and built more than 50 all black towns and settlements. By the end of the century, African Americans owned a million and a half acres of Oklahoma land.
爱德华·麦凯布及其代理人取得了成功。到年底，朗斯顿已经有了200名黑人居民。随着时间的推移，越来越多的非裔美国人移民到俄克拉荷马和印第安领地，并建立了50多个全黑人社区和村庄。到本世纪末，非裔美国人在俄克拉荷马拥有了一百五十万英亩的土地。
For a time, it seemed like, unlike the east, the west would accept all comers, no matter their color. As one observer noted in the west, a man was judged by how he sits in the saddle. It seemed that McCabe's dream of a state governed by African Americans might one day come to pass.
在一段时间内，西部似乎会接受所有人，不论其肤色，而不同于东部。就像有一个观察者在西部所指出的那样，一个人是由他在马鞍上的坐姿来评判的。看起来，麦凯布领导下的由非裔美国人治理的州的梦想有朝一日可能会成真。
Except, that day by day land runs were attracting white settlers in greater numbers, seeking to escape poverty and crowded conditions in the east, and tens of thousands of these were migrating from the south. Many brought with them fearful, virulent beliefs about African Americans.
然而，日益增长的土地奔跑吸引了越来越多的白人移民，他们想逃避东部的贫困和拥挤条件，成千上万的人从南部迁徙而来。许多人带来了对非裔美国人的可怕和恶性信念。
McCabe's political ambitions, along with the influx of proud, self-governing, entrepreneurial blackstoke Oklahoma, threatened both white settlers and Native Americans. Baked over land and over the future identity of Oklahoma was a constant between the three groups. Racial tensions never far from the surface, always simmered. McCabe lost his bid to become territorial governor, and eventually black migration slowed.
麦凯布的政治抱负，连同充满自豪、自治和创业精神的黑斯托克俄克拉荷马州人的涌入，威胁着白人移民和美洲原住民。三个群体之间的土地和未来身份的争夺是持续不断的。种族紧张关系一直存在，从未远离表面，总是潜伏着。麦凯布失去了成为领土州长的竞选，并最终减缓了黑人迁移。
And there was another big change of foot as well. By the turn of the century, many of the small rural all black towns found themselves too far from new railroad arteries and cut off from burgeoning hubs of commerce. It was becoming hard to make a living as a small time farmer, so with hunger pushing them in industrialization beckoning, white and black settlers began migrating to larger towns and cities.
还有一个重要的改变正在酝酿之中。到了世纪之交，许多小的农村黑人城镇发现自己离新的铁路干线太远，与商业繁荣中心隔绝。作为小农户谋生变得越来越困难，因而在饥饿的推动下，以及工业化的吸引，白人和黑人移民开始向大城镇和城市迁徙。
But their desires for freedom and self-governance were no less. They would take their self-reliance, pride, and belief in the benefits of all black communities with them. They came to places like Tulsa, a small muddy town on the banks of the Arkansas River, settled by Creek Indians from Alabama, only 60 years earlier. In 1898, the city of Tulsa was incorporated. The primitive town was fit more for animals than people. Cattle were driven right down the streets, pigs roamed freely, and there was no sewer system, even on Main Street.
但他们对自由和自治的渴望丝毫不少。他们将带着自我依靠、自豪和对所有黑人社区福利的信念去。他们来到像塔尔萨这样的地方，这是一座位于阿肯色河畔，仅在60年前由来自阿拉巴马的克里克印第安人定居的小泥土城市。 1898年，塔尔萨市被纳入。这个原始的小镇适合动物居住，而不适合人类。牛群在街上穿行，猪肆意逛荡，连主街上都没有下水道系统。
Drunk on whiskey, illegal in the Indian territory where Tulsa was founded, cowboys rode through downtown, shooting at lighted windows for firing into the air above churchgoers leaving services. Tulsa also harbored known bank robbers and other outlaws. Merchants hearing rumors of impending robberies, barricaded their stores with sugar sacks and barrels and posted snipers on their roofs. So Gentile and law abiding, Tulsa was not.
醉酒的牛仔们骑马穿过市中心，射击照明窗户，这在Tulsa成立的印第安领土是非法的，他们是喝着威士忌迷失了理智。Tulsa还藏着已知的银行抢劫犯和其他罪犯。商人听闻即将发生的抢劫传言后，用糖袋和桶封锁了他们的商店，并在屋顶上设置狙击手。所以，Gentile和遵法的Tulsa并不相符。
Although it looked and smelled so unpromising, some early white settlers there saw its potential. One was W. Tate Brady, a Missouri shoe salesman who moved to the Creek Nation Indian Territory in 1890. Their Brady opened the first mercantile, a general store that sold goods to cattle ranchers and railroad workers. Quickly, his shop was a success, and at only 20 years old he set his sights on greater things. On the muddy streets, adventurers like Brady saw a frontier city where savvy businessmen could bring something brand new, something that would create both fortunes and power.
虽然看起来和闻起来都不太好，但早期的白人移民看到了它的潜力。其中一位是W. Tate Brady，一位从密苏里州来到Creek Nation印第安人领地的鞋业销售员。Brady开了第一家商品店，销售给牛仔和铁路工人。很快，他的店就取得了成功，年仅20岁的他便把目光投向了更大的事业。在泥泞的街道上，像Brady这样的冒险家看到了一个边界城市，精明的商人可在此带来全新的东西，创造财富和权力。
And soon black pioneers would follow their luck to Tulsa as well. But they would move to the other side of the railroad tracks, apart from the growing white population. Both groups would be self-sufficient. Both would grow thriving communities, and both would become wealthy, some beyond their wildest dreams. But as the wealth grew, so too would lawlessness. The feeling among powerful white businessmen was that if something needed to be built or fixed, or someone needed to be brought to justice, they would have to be the ones to do it. Little Tulsa was on its way to becoming a boom town. But a boom town where private citizens would make their own justice.
很快，黑人先驱者也会跟着他们的运气来到塔尔萨。但是他们会搬到铁路轨道的另一边，远离不断增长的白人人口。两个群体都会自给自足。两者都会成长茁壮的社区，而一些人会变得富有，甚至超出他们的梦想。但是随着财富的增长，无法无天的情况也随之而来。强大的白人商人认为，如果需要建造或修理某些东西，或者需要给某些人带来正义，他们必须是那些行动的人。小塔尔萨正在成为一个兴旺发达的城镇，但是是一个私人公正的兴盛城镇。
Meet Jill Evans. Jill's got it all. A big house, fast car, two kids in a great career. But Jill has a problem. When it comes to love, Jill can never seem to get things right. And then along comes Dean. I can't believe my luck. Whoa, I hit the jackpot. It looks like they're going to live happily ever after, but on Halloween night, things get a little gruesome. This is where the shooting happened outside a building society in New Romney. It's thought the 42-year-old victim was killed after he opened fire on police. And Jill's life is changed forever.
遇见吉尔·埃文斯。吉尔拥有一切，一幢大房子，一辆快速汽车，两个发展良好的孩子。但吉尔有一个问题，就是在爱情方面，她似乎总是不能把事情做对。然后强尼出现了。我简直不敢相信我的运气。哇，我赚到了头奖。看起来他们会过着幸福美满的生活，但在万圣节晚上，事情变得有点可怕。这就是射击事件发生的地方，位于纽罗密的一幢楼外。据称，这位42岁的受害者在向警察开火后被击毙。吉尔的生活永远改变了。
From Wondery and Novel comes Stolen Hearts. A story about a cop who falls in love with a man who is not all he seems to be. No Stolen Hearts, wherever you get your podcasts. You could binge the entire series, add free, on Amazon Music. Download the Amazon Music app now.
在Wondery和Novel的合作下，推出了《偷走的心》。这是一个关于警探爱上了一个看似不同寻常的男人的故事。在任何你获取你的播客平台上都可以收听《偷走的心》。你可以在亚马逊音乐上无限制收听整个系列，无广告打扰。现在赶快下载亚马逊音乐APP吧。
Today Hawaii is renowned as America's Pacific Island Paradise. But its journey from independent kingdom to US State was fraught with power struggles, controversy and violence. Hi, I'm Lindsey Graham, the host of Wondery's podcast American History Tellers. We take you to the events, times and people that shaped America and Americans, our values, our struggles and our dreams. In our latest series, we trace the turbulent history of Hawaii from the 1893 coup that deposed its queen to the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor that triggered America's entry into World War II. Follow American History Tellers wherever you get your podcasts. You can listen Add Free on the Amazon Music or Wondery app.
今天，夏威夷被誉为美国的太平洋岛屿天堂。但它从独立王国到成为美国州的旅程充满了权力斗争、争议和暴力。嗨，我是琳赛·格雷厄姆，Wonder公司播客《美国历史讲述者》的主持人。我们带您了解塑造美国及美国人的事件、时代和人物，我们的价值观、挣扎和梦想。在我们最新的系列中，我们追溯了夏威夷的动荡历史，从1893年推翻女王的政变到1941年珍珠港袭击，这次事件引发了美国参加第二次世界大战。请在您的播客平台上关注《美国历史讲述者》。您可以在亚马逊音乐或Wonder应用上免费收听。
Before the turn of the century, African Americans who had the education and means to travel the country couldn't escape hearing about the promised land. Everywhere there was talk about the Oklahoma and Indian Territories that offer notches equality and self-determination, but the chance to make a good living. That was certainly true for JB Stradford, an ambitious entrepreneur with a social conscience and a quick temper, ever ready to fight for African American dignity and equality.
在世纪之交之前，有教育和旅游资金的非裔美国人无法逃避听到有关承诺之地的话题。到处都在谈论俄克拉荷马和印第安领土，提供平等和自决的机会，也为赚取生计提供机会。对于JB Stradford来说，这是确实存在的，他是一个野心勃勃的企业家，有社会良心和易怒的脾气，随时准备为非裔美国人的尊严和平等而战。
JB Stradford was born in Versailles, Kentucky in 1861, the son of slaves. His father, JC, named after Julius Caesar, learned to read and write in secret taught by his owner's abolitionist daughter. JC eventually escaped and fled across the Canadian border to Stradford, Ontario, swapping a D for the T. He adapted his last name from that city, a common practice. Education gave Stradford the ability to plot his escape and was directly responsible for his freedom. He handed down that appreciation for learning to his son JB, named for John the Baptist.
JB Stradford于1861年在肯塔基州凡尔赛出生，他是奴隶的儿子。他的父亲JC，以朱利叶斯·凯撒的名字命名，通过他的主人的废奴主义女儿的秘密教学学会了阅读和写作。JC最终逃脱并横跨加拿大边境到达了斯特拉福德，安大略省，将T换成了D。他改了自己的姓氏，这是一种普遍的做法。教育赋予了斯特拉福德制定逃脱计划的能力，是他获得自由的直接原因。他将对学习的欣赏传承给了他命名为约翰洗者的儿子JB。
JB attended college at Oberlin in Ohio. He became an entrepreneur, opening rooming houses, shoe shine parlors, pool halls and hotels in various cities, and at the age of 38 he earned his law degree from Indiana Law School. Hearing that African Americans could do well in Tulsa, he moved there in 1899 with his wife Augusta. He bought acreage on the north side of town with the intention of selling it to other African Americans. The beginning of a black community whose residents like those in McCabe's rural towns would succeed by supporting each other.
JB在俄亥俄州的奥伯林上大学。他成为了一名企业家，在各个城市开设了宿舍、擦鞋店、台球厅和酒店，38岁时从印第安那法学院获得了法律学位。听说非洲裔美国人在塔尔萨能做得很好，他于1899年与妻子Augusta搬到了那里。他购买了镇北部的土地，打算将其出售给其他非洲裔美国人。这是一个黑人社区的开始，像麦卡比的农村城镇的居民一样，通过支持彼此而成功。
He purchased and built rental property, a move that would provide housing to the doctors, lawyers, merchants, restaurant tours, pastors and educators who were drawn to Tulsa. Although Stradford could also have sold land to his white neighbors, he vowed not to. He imagined a thriving black business district taking shape, and he, like Tate Brady, on the other, white side of town, had the gumption to make it happen. But he wasn't alone.
他购买并建造了出租物业，这将提供住房给那些被德克萨斯吸引的医生、律师、商人、餐厅老板、牧师和教育工作者。虽然斯特拉德福德也可以向他的白人邻居出售土地，但他发誓不这样做。他想象着一个繁荣的黑人商业区正在形成，他和城镇另一侧的白人泰特·布雷迪一样，具有实现这一愿望的勇气。但他不是孤军奋战。
Another self-made man, O.W. Gurley, moved to Oklahoma ten years earlier in 1889, drawn by the Landrush. Born in Alabama, Gurley was one of the black elite. He was an educated man who resigned to presidential appointment from Grover Cleveland to follow his dream of building a community out west. In 1906, he would also buy land on the north side of Tulsa, break it into lots and sell it only to other African Americans. That enclave attracting ambitious middle-class black residents would become known as Greenwood. It would share the ideals of the all black towns McCabe promoted, African American self-determination, entrepreneurship, community, education and wealth. The business district, known as Deep Greenwood, would also gain a reputation for glamour, elegance and excitement.
另一位自力更生的人O.W. Gurley，在1889年十年前因为土地搶奪而來到俄克拉荷馬州。Gurley出生於阿拉巴馬州，是黑人精英的一員。他是一個受過教育的人，曾經辭去格羅弗·克利夫蘭總統的任命，追求他在西部建立社區的夢想。在1906年，他也會在塔爾薩市北部買地，把它們切成小塊，只賣給其他非洲裔美國人。這個吸引了有野心的中產階級黑人居民的邊區，被稱為格林伍德(Greenwood)。這個地方分享了McCabe推廣的所有黑人城鎮的理念，包括非裔美國人的自決、企業家精神、社區、教育和財富。被稱為Deep Greenwood的商業區，也因其魅力、優雅和興奮而聞名。
On a cold January day in 1898, Tate Brady and a handful of other white Tulsa pioneers signed the Articles of City in Corporation. It was a grand gesture, more fitting of a cosmopolitan city like New York or Chicago than Tulsa. Because in 1900, two years after incorporating, Tulsa was still barely on the map, a downtrodden lawless settlement of 1300 residents. And though the burgeoning but separate communities black and white lay on opposite sides of the railroad tracks, Brady, the young merchant, promised that Tulsa welcomed everyone as equals.
1898年的一个寒冷的一月天，泰特·布雷迪（Tate Brady）和其他几位白人图尔萨先驱在《市政法案》上签字。这是一项宏伟的举动，更适合像纽约或芝加哥这样的国际都市，而不是图尔萨。因为1900年，在成立两年后，图尔萨仍然几乎未曾出现在地图上，是一个人口只有1300人、沉沦在无法无天的局面中的定居点。尽管黑人和白人的不断发展但分离的社区位于铁路轨道的不同侧面，但这位年轻的商人布雷迪保证，图尔萨欢迎所有人平等地前来。
In the local paper, the Tulsa Tribune, Brady wrote, Indian and white man, Jew and Gentile, Catholic and Protestant, we worked together side by side and shoulder to shoulder, and under these conditions, the Tulsa spirit was born and has lived, and God granted it never dies. Later events in the city would prove that this Tulsa spirit of racial equality and cooperation was never earnestly held or fostered, even by Brady himself.
在当地报纸《塔尔萨论坛》上，布雷迪写道，印第安人和白人，犹太人和非犹太人，天主教徒和新教徒，我们肩并肩地工作在一起，坚定不移，正是在这种情况下，塔尔萨的精神诞生了，并且一直存活下来，上帝保佑它永远不会消失。城市中稍后发生的事件证明，即使是布雷迪自己，也从未真诚地认可或培育这种种族平等和合作的塔尔萨精神。
Three miles southwest of Tulsa in the Creek Nation, the small town of Red Fork was a busier and more likely place for growth because that's where the drilling was. Imagine it's 10am, July 25th, 1901. You've just ridden from your small office in Tulsa to see your friend and fellow physician, Dr. JCW Bland. It's been a dry summer and when your boots hit the ground, puff of dust flies up behind you and wafes away in the prairie wind. You squint in the bright sunlight. In the distance, you see an oil rig. You can barely make out men working there.
在克里克印第安部落的Tulsa西南三英里处，小镇Red Fork是一个更繁忙且更可能发展的地方，因为那里是钻探的地方。假设现在是1901年7月25日上午10点，你刚从位于Tulsa的小办公室骑车来看你的朋友和同行医生JCW Bland博士。这是一个干燥的夏季，当你的靴子踩在地上时，一股灰尘飞起，随着草原风飘散。你眯着眼睛，望着明亮的阳光。在远处，你看到了一个油井，你勉强能看到工人们正在那里工作。
You grab your doctor's kit and stride to the house. Hello Sue, nice to see you. Thank goodness you're here, Dr. Kennedy. What's that I see over there? A rig? That's right. We granted them a lease to drill on our land. Not much money in it now, but if they strike. But here, let me get your hat and you go on up. John took a turn for the worst last night and he's been in so much pain this morning. The bedroom's upstairs on the right. You how are you upstairs? John, can I come in?
你拿起你的医生工具包，迈着大步向房子走去。你好，Sue，很高兴见到你。谢天谢地你来了，肯尼迪医生。那边是什么？一台设备？是的，我们同意他们在我们的土地上钻探。现在赚的不多，但如果他们发现石油，就会很有钱。但是，请让我帮你拿一下帽子，你可以往上走。约翰昨晚情况变得很糟糕，今天早上他一直在疼痛。卧室在右边的楼上。你怎么上楼呢？约翰，我能进来吗？
Yes. Come in. Come in. You're as white as a sheet, John. What's going on? Oh, Lord Sam, I am in misery. Started yesterday morning. Last night it got a lot worse. Pretty sure it's appendicitis. Mind if I take a look? I'm just going to press on your abdomen. Tell me if it hurts. No. No. Yes. Ow. Yep. Write it your appendix and your fever's high. I don't think you're well enough to move, though. And I don't have the right instruments to take it out here. I'm of the mind that it might get better if you rest, apply some heat. If it doesn't improve tomorrow, we'll have to find a way to operate. Agreed. On your way out, ask suit of boil some water, would you? Of course.
是的。请进。请进。约翰，你的脸色苍白如纸。出了什么事？哦，主啊，山姆，我好痛苦。昨天早上开始的。昨晚加重了很多。我很确定是阑尾炎。我去看看可以吗？我只是要在你的腹部按一下。如果疼的话告诉我。不疼。不疼。疼。哎呀。是的，你的阑尾有问题，发烧很高。但我认为你还没恢复到足够好的状态，不适合移动。这里也没有合适的工具可以切除阑尾。我认为如果你休息一下，敷些热敷，可能会恢复的更好。如果明天还没有好转，那我们就要想办法进行手术了。同意。出去的时候，您可以请素特烧点水吗？当然。
So sorry I can't do more for you now, but I'll check. They found oil. Wet and gas. You look at bland and despite his pain, he's grinning, thrilled at the news. Where? Tell me. What happened? The trillers are downstairs waiting in the foyer. They just knocked on the door and said there's oil all over the rig.
真抱歉我现在不能为您做更多的事情，但我会进行检查。他们发现了油。湿润和气体。您看起来很无聊，尽管他很疼，但他面带微笑，为这个消息感到高兴。在哪儿？告诉我。发生了什么事？挖掘队员们在门厅楼下等候。他们刚刚敲门说整个钻井平台都沾满了油。
The two of you look at each other. You feel it. What you've heard about that. Rising excitement. Oil fever. You have to see it for yourself. You can tell you're not the only one. There's a new light in John's glassy eyes.
你们两个相互注视着。你们感觉到了。你们所听说的。激动情绪正在升温。石油热正在兴起。你们必须亲眼看看。你们可以感觉到你们不是唯一一个这样想的人。约翰的眼睛里闪烁着新的光芒。
Sam? I know I shouldn't, but you want to take a walk. The two doctors walked several hundred yards to see the well flowing. After watching for a short time, Dr. Blan's ailment disappeared. Later Kennedy would say he thought their excitement over the oil helped to cure Blan's case. That oil strike, the first in Tulsa County, would become known as the Sue A. Blan number one after Dr. Blan's wife.
萨姆，我知道我不应该这样做，但你想去散步。两位医生走了几百码去看那口井流水。看了一会儿后，布兰医生的疾病消失了。后来肯尼迪会说，他认为他们对油的兴奋有助于治愈布兰医生的病例。这次油田的发现，是塔尔萨县第一次发现的，会以布兰医生的妻子苏·布兰的名字被称为苏·布兰一号。
Oil men and fortune hunters soon arrived in droves. At three long miles away and with no oil beneath it, Tulsa shouldn't have grown from a muddy one-horse town into a big city. But its white leaders were savvy promoters and quickly exploited the strike in Red Fork. They built a bridge over the Arkansas River and advertised Tulsa as a place where oil men could eat the best fried chicken in the southwest, and at the end of a hard day's work, find a place to stay. One of those places would be the Brady Hotel, which former shoe salesman Tate Brady built in 1903.
石油工人和寻宝者很快涌入，使得只有三英里远、地下没有石油的塔尔萨从泥泞的小镇成长为了一个大城市。但是这里的白人领袖非常聪明，很快就利用了红叉的石油发现。他们在阿肯色河上修建了一座桥，宣传塔尔萨是一个石油工人可以享用西南地区最好的炸鸡并在一天辛苦工作后找到住处的地方。其中一个地方就是泰特·布雷迪在1903年建造的布雷迪酒店，他之前是个鞋商。
Within a few years, city leaders arranged for the railroads connecting the petroleum fields to run through Tulsa, establishing it as the oil capital of the southwest. In 1905, a man named Robert Galbraith drilled for oil and land owned by a creek woman named Aida Glen. On her farm about four miles from Tulsa, he struck black gold. This strike would be called the Glen Pool after Aida, and it would make Red Fork look like a puddle.
在几年内，城市领袖们安排了连接石油田的铁路经过塔尔萨，将其建立为西南地区的石油之都。 1905年，一个叫罗伯特·加尔布雷斯的人在一个名叫艾达·格伦的溪流女人拥有的土地上钻取石油。 在距塔尔萨大约四英里的她的农场上，他发现了黑金。 这次发现将被称为格伦平面，以艾达的名字命名，它将使红叉看起来像一个水坑。
Oil was transforming Oklahoma, and city leaders wasted no time in promoting their little Tulsa as the oil capital of the world. From 1907 to 1920, the city swelled tenfold to 72,000 residents. As it grew, so did the power of white city leaders and the fortunes of black business owners in Greenwood.
油气正在改变俄克拉荷马州，市领导人没有浪费时间，开始宣传他们的小城—塔尔萨，成为世界石油之都。1907年至1920年间，该市的人口增加了十倍，达到了7.2万居民。随着城市的发展，白人城市领袖的权力和格林伍德区黑人企业主的财富也随之增长。
With their new money, White Tulsons built an opera house, one of the finest hotels in the country, a convention hall, gilded mansions, and an airfield. In 1919, the city shipped commercial goods across state lines by air for the first time, from Tulsa to Kansas City. Many African and Native Americans also found themselves flush with oil money.
有了他们的新财富，白色图尔森家族建造了一座歌剧院、一座全国最好的酒店、一个会议中心、镀金豪宅和一个机场。1919年，该市第一次从图尔萨运送商业货物通过空运越过州际线，从图尔萨到堪萨斯城。许多非洲人和美洲原住民也因石油钱而变得富有。
When Congress passed the DAW's Act in 1887, allotting parcels of Indian land to individual tribe members, the lawmakers had assumed that the dry lands of the plains wasn't worth much. But the discovery of oil changed all of that. It made some tribal members, both natives and African Americans, very wealthy. Oil was discovered under the land of little Sarah Rector, a five-year-old African-American member of the Creek Nation. Despite whites trying desperately to get hold of her property, her parents managed it well. And afterward, Sarah Rector attended some of the finest schools in the U.S. and grew up to be an oil-beariness, one of the relatively lucky few.
当国会于1887年通过印第安赋地法，将土地分配给个别部落成员时，立法者认为大草原上的干旱土地并不值很多钱。但是，发现了石油后，一切都变了。这让一些部落成员，包括本土人和非裔美国人变得非常富有。石油在小萨拉·雷克特的土地下被发现，她是克里克族的一个五岁的非裔美国人成员。尽管白人拼命想占有她的财产，但她的父母管理得很好。之后，萨拉·雷克特进入了美国一些最好的学校，成长为一个拥有石油财富的人，这是相对幸运的少数人之一。
But over time, white oil men and land speculators would swindle many Native Americans and former slaves out of their oil wealth. Some oil-rich Native Americans were even murdered for their property. The pattern that began hundreds of years before of white settlers coveting and taking land owned by Native Americans hadn't changed, and with oil exploding out of the ground, envy grew even stronger.
随着时间的推移，白人石油商人和土地投机者骗取了许多原住民和前奴隶的石油财富。一些富有石油的印第安人甚至因为他们的财产而被谋杀。数百年前开始的白人定居者贪婪并夺取原住民土地的模式并未改变，随着油涌出地面，嫉妒心变得更加强烈。
It was hard for many white Oklahoma's to tolerate the success of non-whites, the Creek, the Osage, and especially of wealthy African Americans. In Tulsa, spurred by gushers of oil money, Greenwood II began growing. It attracted thousands of African Americans from across the country, some drawn by tales of black life in the middle-class neighborhood, others figuring they could make a good living in the oil boom.
对于许多白人俄克拉荷马人来说，容忍非白种人——克里克人、奥赛奇人和富有的非洲裔美国人——的成功非常困难。在塔尔萨市，由石油大量涌入的资金推动下，格林伍德II地区开始蓬勃发展。它吸引了来自全国各地的成千上万名非洲裔美国人，其中一些人被中产阶级社区的黑人生活故事所吸引，而另一些人则认为他们可以在石油繁荣中获得好收入。
There were doctors like AC Jackson, who the founders of the Mayo Clinic would later call one of the finest surgeons in the country, lawyers like BC Franklin, who would later take cases to the Supreme Court, and educators like E.W. Woods, who walked 400 miles from Tennessee to eventually become the principal of Greenwood's new Booker T. Washington High School.
有些医生像AC杰克逊，梅奥诊所的创始人后来称之为全国最优秀的外科医生之一，还有像BC富兰克林这样的律师，他们后来会将案件提交至最高法院，还有像E.W.伍兹这样的教育家，曾从田纳西州徒步400英里，最终成为格林伍德市新的簿记员T.华盛顿高中的校长。
Greenwood also attracted merchants, both men and women, who wanted to shape their decades and never again be beholden to white employers. O.W. Gurley built the first grocery store at the corner of Archer Street in Greenwood Avenue. One Williams started an auto repair business that succeeded so wildly that he and his wife Lula eventually built the Dreamland Theater, a 750-seat showpiece featuring live performances and silent movies starring Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford.
格林伍德也吸引了想要塑造自己的十年并再也不受白人雇主的约束的商人，无论男女都是如此。O.W. Gurley在格林伍德大街和阿切街的拐角处建立了第一个杂货店。One Williams创办的汽车修理业获得了极大的成功，以至于他和妻子Lula最终建造了梦幻剧院，该剧院拥有750个座位，展示了查理·卓别林和玛丽·皮克福德主演的现场表演和无声电影的精彩演出。
Lula also ran Williams confectionery, a soda fountain said to have seen more marriage proposals than anywhere else in town. But most of Greenwood's residents did still work for whites. They found employment with middle-class and rich white residents of Tulsa, working as maids, butlers, shoe shine boys, and show furs. But these domestic workers spent their paychecks at Greenwood's local businesses, indirectly funneling oil money into Greenwood.
卢拉还经营威廉姆斯糖果店，这个冰激凌店据说比城里任何其他地方都见过更多的求婚。但大部分格林伍德居民仍然在为白人工作。他们在塔尔萨中产和富裕的白人居民那里找到了工作，当女佣、男仆、擦鞋童和秀毛皮。但这些家庭工人把工资花在了格林伍德的本地企业上，间接地将石油资金注入了格林伍德。
O.W. Gurley and J.B. Stradford grew rich, along with many others, and much of the community, though not all, lived comfortable middle-class lives. By 1920, Greenwood had 108 black-owned businesses, two theaters, 15 physicians, numerous lawyers, a hospital, a library, two newspapers, a handful of black-owned banks, more than 20 churches, and the 54 rooms Stradford Hotel, one of the most luxurious black-owned hotels in the nation. Thursdays in Greenwood were like holidays.
O.W. Gurley 和 J.B. Stradford 和许多其他人一样变得富有，虽然并非所有人，但社区中大部分人过着舒适的中产阶级生活。到了 1920 年，格林伍德有 108 家黑人拥有的企业，两家剧院，15 名医生，众多律师，一家医院，一家图书馆，两份报纸，一些黑人拥有的银行，20 多个教堂以及 Stradford 酒店的 54 个房间。这是全国最豪华的黑人拥有的酒店之一。格林伍德的星期四就像节日一样。
It was when black domestic workers, who lived with their white employers on the Southside of town, had a day off. Couples paraded up and down Greenwood Avenue in their finery, men in suits and hats, some dangling $20 gold pieces from their vests. Men spent hours at Mabel Little's Little Rose Beauty Salon, and then, on the arms of suitors, strutted down the street in colorful dresses. They would catch snatches of jazz from the windows and nightclubs, where crowds gathered to hear famous or soon-to-be-famous musicians perform.
当南城住在白人雇主家里的黑人佣人有休息日时，情侣们穿着华丽的衣服在格林伍德大街上炫耀，男士穿着西装和帽子，有些人在胸前挂着20美元的金币。男士们在梅布尔·利特尔的小玫瑰美容院里花了几个小时，然后与追求者搭起自己的臂膀，在街上炫耀着五颜六色的裙子。他们可以从窗户和夜总会里听到爵士音乐的片段，人群聚集在那里，听着著名或即将成名的音乐家演奏。
These African-American Tulsons were not welcome on the Southside of town when not working, but that meant black money would stay in Greenwood, circulating 19 times before it left building wealth. In a nod to its affluence, Booker T. Washington would nickname Greenwood Negro Wall Street, and by the dawn of the 1920s, Greenwood had become a rollicking, optimistic symbol of entrepreneurship and self-determination for African-Americans all over the country.
这些非裔图尔萨人在南城区外工作时不受欢迎，但这意味着黑人的资金将留在格林伍德，不断循环19次才离开，积累财富。瞩目其富裕，布克·华盛顿称格林伍德为“黑人华尔街”，到了20世纪20年代初，格林伍德已成为全国非裔美国人企业家和自我决定的欢腾、乐观的象征。
But there was an underside. White from the Southside of Tulsa would cross the tracks to visit prostitutes and bars unseen by their white friends and colleagues, and the threat of violence was never far away, especially as white prejudice seemed to grow worse than ever, there in Tulsa and across the country. With the end of World War I in 1918, a poisonous element added fuel to the fire of white hostility, unemployment.
但是还有一个阴暗面。来自塔尔萨南区的白人会跨越铁路去找妓女和去酒吧，不被他们的白人朋友和同事发现，而暴力威胁永远不会远离，特别是当白人的偏见似乎比以往任何时候都更加严重，不仅在塔尔萨，而且在全国范围内。随着1918年一战的结束，一种毒性因素加剧了白人敌对情绪的火势，那就是失业。
The war had created an enormous demand for oil, but once the war was over, demand waned. White who had flocked to Tulsa for oil jobs were now out of work, and unemployed white men were envious of the wealth in Greenwood. On the surface, there was every reason for the holiday-like feeling of celebration that permeated Greenwood on Thursday nights, life was good for people like Lula Williams as she took tickets at the door of Dreamland Theatre, and it was good for the soda jerk serving the crowds at Williams confectionery and for the bar owners and the musicians serenading the crowds at night.
战争造成了巨大的石油需求，但一旦战争结束，需求便逐渐减少。曾经涌入塔尔萨寻求石油工作的白人现在失业了，而失业的白人则羡慕格林伍德的财富。表面上，格林伍德每个周四晚上都充满了庆祝的假日气氛，像Lula Williams这样在梦幻剧院门口取票的人生活得很好，对于在威廉莎糖果店迎合人群的冰激凌店员、酒吧老板和在夜晚为人群演奏的音乐家来说，生活也很不错。
What it wouldn't and perhaps couldn't stay that way. Underneath the glamour was a rising menace. By the early 1920s, Jim Crow, the network of local and state laws enforcing racial segregation and discrimination was firmly entrenched in the South. In Oklahoma, most black citizens had been unable to vote since the state passed a law disenfranchising them in 1910. Neighborhoods were legally segregated.
它不可能保持那样，也许是因为底下存在着越来越严重的威胁。到了20世纪20年代初，吉姆·克劳法（Jim Crow）、这个执行种族隔离和歧视的地方和州法律网络已经牢固地扎根在南部了。在俄克拉何马州，自从该州于1910年通过剥夺黑人选民权的法律以来，大多数黑人公民一直无法参与投票。社区是依法种族隔离的。
African Americans had to use colored restrooms and black-only train cars. Traveling by car, too, was hard. You couldn't easily buy gasoline or stay at a hotel. Jim Crow was bad all over, but Oklahoma even segregated its foam booths, something no other state had done. And lynchings, once uncommon in the West, were growing in Oklahoma. They served as a form of public terror.
非裔美国人不得不使用有色厕所和仅供黑人使用的火车车厢。乘汽车旅行也很困难。你不能轻易地购买汽油或住在旅馆里。吉姆·克劳遍地都是，但俄克拉荷马州甚至将其泡沫间隔开来，这是其他州没有做的。在西部，一度不常见的私刑在俄克拉荷马州逐渐增加。它们成为一种公共恐怖的形式。
One night in 1911, an African American mother and her young teenage son were both lynched near O'Keehmah, following a scuffle during which the deputy county sheriff was accidentally killed. The lynch mob hung the bodies of Laura and LD Nelson from a railroad bridge. Upon their discovery in the morning, a crowd of whites came to view the spectacle. A photographer shot a close-up of the twisted remains of mother and son, and later that image would circulate widely on a postcard. No one was ever prosecuted for the deaths.
在1911年的一个晚上，在O'Keehmah附近，一位非裔美国人母亲和她的年轻十几岁的儿子在一次冲突中被绞死，期间代理郡警长意外死亡。私刑队伍把Laura和LD Nelson的尸体挂在一座铁路桥上。第二天早晨发现这两具尸体后，一群白人来观赏这个场景。一位摄影师拍摄了这对母子扭曲的遗体的近照，这张图片后来广泛流传在明信片上。这两人的死者没有人被起诉。
The message to black Oklahomaans was clear. Get out of hand, and this will be your fate. But less than a decade later, resistance to this message was growing. Close to 400,000 African Americans had served in World War I, and the hypocrisy of fighting for democracy abroad hadn't escaped them.
向俄克拉荷马州的黑人发出了明确的信息：失去控制，这将是你们的命运。但不到十年后，对这个信息的反抗正在增长。接近40万非裔美国人在一战中服役，为争取海外的民主而战的虚伪之举并没有逃脱他们的注意。
When black soldiers returned from the war, they increasingly expected to be treated with respect and dignity. In 1919, the great black order W.E.B. de Bois wrote in an editorial, we return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make war for democracy. We saved it in France, and by the great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reason why. But black veterans newly awakened sense of self-worth and pride was clashing with racial prejudice in Oklahoma and across the country.
当黑人士兵从战争中回来时，他们越来越期望得到尊重和尊严。1919年，伟大的黑人领袖W.E.B.德波依斯在一篇社论中写道：“我们回来了。我们从战斗中归来，我们还在战斗着。为民主而战吧。我们在法国挽救了它，而在美国，我们也必须拯救它，否则就得知道原因了。”但黑人退伍军人重新唤醒的自尊和自豪感与俄克拉荷马州和整个国家的种族歧视发生了冲突。
Imagine it's a warm Thursday evening in Greenwood in the spring of 1919. Earlier this morning, you were on the south side of Tulsa, where you clean house for a white family. What in the evenings, you're free to do as you please. You and your bow, James, walk hand in hand down the street toward the Dreamland Theater for a show. The street is filled with neighbors enjoying their night off.
想象一下，现在是1919年春天的Greenwood，一个温暖的星期四晚上。早上你在Tulsa南区为一家白人家庭做清洁工作。但是，晚上你可以自由地安排的时间。你和你的伴侣詹姆斯手牵手沿着街道往梦之地电影院走去看场电影。整条街道都是邻居们在享受他们的休息日。
You squeeze James's hand. I'm so happy to have you back. I've already been back for six months. Still, I miss this during the war. Me too. You do a little pirouette on the street in front of him. What do you think of my hair? I think you probably spent too much time and money at Miss Mables today. But it looks terrific.
你握住了詹姆斯的手。很开心你回来了。我已经回来六个月了，但是我还是很想念在战争期间的这些时光。我也是。你在他面前的街上转了一个小圈。你觉得我的头发怎么样？我觉得你今天在梅布尔小姐那里花了太多的时间和金钱，但是它看起来棒极了。
As you approach the theater, James catches sight of his friend Daniel and the crowd gathering outside. Once they served overseas together, James spends almost as much time with Daniel as he does with you. Sorry, Sally. Do you mind? I'll just be a minute. You know better than to believe that. I'll wait for you under the awning, but don't be too late. You only have a few minutes.
当你走近剧院时，詹姆斯注意到他的朋友丹尼尔和聚集在外面的人群。他们曾一起在海外服役，詹姆斯与丹尼尔一起度过的时间几乎和你一样多。对不起，莎莉。你介意吗？我只需要一分钟。你知道你不能相信这个。我会在门廊下等你，但不要太晚了。你只有几分钟时间。
As he disappears into the crowd, you find a spot along the wall where you can people watch. As you wait, you can't help admiring the reflection of your new hairdo in the glass. But then, a man stumbles up to you. He's white, small and thin, and obviously drunk. You look nervously around for James, but he's vanished. The man looks you up and down suggestively, and he reaches out to touch your arm. You pull away. Miss. You're such a beauty. Excuse me? I made a lot of money this week. I bet you'd like some of that, wouldn't you?
当他消失在人群中时，你找了一个沿着墙壁的地方可以观察人群。当你等待时，你不禁对镜子里你的新发型感到欣赏。然而，一个男人踉跄着向你走来。他是个白人，矮小而瘦，明显是喝醉了。你紧张地环顾四周，想找詹姆斯，但他已经消失了。那个男人向你挑逗地上下打量着你，然后伸手想碰你的手臂。你挣脱开他的手。对不起，先生。你真是个美人。什么？我这周赚了很多钱。我打赌你也很想赚一些吧？
You know there are prostitutes here in Greenwood. You've never met them. Clearly he has, and thanks you're one of them. You're horrified. I'm afraid you're mistaken, sir. The man steps forward and grabs your arm again. No. I don't think I am. As the man fumbles for your waist, you see James in Daniel approaching.
你知道在格林伍德这里有妓女。你从没见过她们。显然他见过，还以为你是其中之一。你感到非常恐惧。我恐怕你错了，先生。那个男人向前走，再次抓住了你的手臂。不，我不认为我错了。当那个男人伸手去摸你的腰的时候，你看到詹姆斯和丹尼尔走了过来。
James rushes forward. He grabs and drunk by the collar and roughly pulls him away. No, James, don't. You and Daniel pull James away before he can bloody the man's nose or, well, worse. You're all shaking. The man is scared and scrambles down the street. When he's far enough away, he turns and screams. He's got the colors with money, the root of all evil.
詹姆斯冲上前去，他抓住一个醉鬼的衣领，粗暴地将他拉开。不要这样，詹姆斯。你和丹尼尔赶紧把詹姆斯拉开，别让他把那个人的鼻子打破，或者更糟。你们全都在发抖。那个人很害怕，拼命地逃离。当他远走足够遥远时，他转身嚎叫。他有色钱，那是所有罪恶的根源。
James puts his arms around you and you hold each other, trying to calm down. I wish you hadn't done that. There's no telling who that man is. We have to be careful. James doesn't say anything, but his jaw tightens like he's trying to contain his rage. He nods goodbye to Daniel, and then James takes you by the hand and you both walk silently into the theater. Before the war, James would have handled this differently, but since he's come back, he struggles. He's a proud man with a quick temper and you're terrified one day he'll get him in trouble.
詹姆斯把手臂搂在你身上，你们紧紧相拥，试着冷静下来。我希望你没有那样做。没人知道那个男人是谁。我们必须小心。詹姆斯没有说话，但他的下巴紧绷着，好像在努力控制自己的愤怒。他向丹尼尔告别点头，然后詹姆斯牵着你的手，你们一起默默地走进了剧院。战前，詹姆斯会以不同的方式处理这种情况，但自从他回来以后，他很困难。他是一个自尊心强、脾气急躁的人，你害怕有一天他会惹上麻烦。
Racial prejudice took on its most forceful front with the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK first began in Tennessee with the end of the Civil War in 1865. It was a threatening organization whose members killed African Americans, especially those running for office and white sympathizers.
"种族不公就像只有库克斯克兰组织那样的强烈表现。1865年，随着内战的结束，KKK在田纳西州首次出现。这是一个威胁性的组织，其成员杀害非裔美国人，特别是那些竞选职位和白人同情者。"
Most methods became so horrifying that the federal government cracked down, passing the Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871, allowing the government to prosecute the Klan for hate crimes. While violence continued, by the early 1870s, the organized KKK was largely defunct, until two things happened. The first was a silent film made by director W.D. Griffith and starring Lilian Gish.
大多数方法变得如此可怕，以至于联邦政府开始了打击行动，并在1871年通过了《三K党法案》，使政府能够以仇恨犯罪起诉三K党。虽然暴力事件仍然存在，但到了1870年代初期，组织化的三K党基本已经名存实亡，直到两件事情发生。第一件事是由导演W.D.格里菲斯制作，由莉莲·吉什主演的无声电影。
Called Birth of a Nation, it was an artfully made production that promoted the sanctity of white female purity. The movie depicted black men as beasts, unable to contain their sexual urges toward white women. No white woman could safely be near any black man the film suggested, and whites needed to rise up and protect their women. It depicted the Klan heroically as a force that saved the South.
这部名为《国家的诞生》的电影精心制作，宣传白人女性纯洁的神圣性。影片描绘黑人男性为野兽，无法抑制其对白人女性的性欲。影片暗示任何白人女性都不能安全地接近任何黑人男性，白人需要挺身而出保护他们的女性。它将南方的救世主——克兰组织描绘为英勇的力量。
When the film was released in February of 1915, it went gangbusters. Woodrow Wilson even screened it in the White House, the first film shown there.
这部电影在1915年2月上映后，非常成功。伍德罗·威尔逊甚至在白宫放映了它，成为那里第一个播放的电影。
Not surprisingly, Birth of a Nation was controversial. The NAACP organized a boycott against it. In New York, the White Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, one of the co-founders of the NAACP, spoke out against it. Wise told the press that the film was an indescribable foul and loathsome libel on a race of human beings. Several states and cities banned it.
不出乎意料，《国家的诞生》引起了争议。NAACP组织了一次抵制运动。在纽约，白人拉比史蒂芬·塞缪尔·怀斯，也是NAACP的创始人之一，公开谴责了这部电影。怀斯告诉媒体，这部电影是一种无法形容的污秽和令人憎恶的对人类种族的中伤。一些州和城市禁止了这部电影的放映。
But that didn't stop the film's influence. It became the top grossing movie of all time until 1939 when Gone with the Wind was released. But more consequentially, it fostered a violent racism across the South and helped revive the Klan only a few months later.
但这并没有阻止电影的影响力。直到1939年《飘》上映之前，它成为了有史以来最赚钱的电影。但更有影响力的是，它在南方培养了一种暴力种族歧视，并在几个月后帮助复兴了克兰组织。
A former teacher named William Joseph Simmons was so inspired by the movie that he decided to reignite the Klan with himself as Imperial Wizard. He chose Thanksgiving Day, 1915, to formally restart the group with a cross-burning on the top of Stone Mountain, Georgia.
一位名叫威廉·约瑟夫·西蒙斯的前教师受这部电影的启发，决定重新成立“克兰”组织，并担任帝国巫师。他选择了1915年感恩节，在佐治亚州的斯通山顶上燃起十字架，正式重新启动该组织。
But Simmons was no businessman, and the Klan had few members in little money. Simmons reinvigorated Klan didn't entirely come into its own until 1920, when it was fostered by a little-known Georgia woman named Elizabeth Tyler and her married lover Edward Young Clark.
不过，辛蒙斯并不是一个商人，而且该组织成员稀少且财力不足。直到1920年，这个被辛蒙斯重振的党派才真正兴起，这得益于一个名叫伊丽莎白·泰勒（Elizabeth Tyler）的佐治亚州女性和她的已婚情人爱德华·扬·克拉克（Edward Young Clark）的支持。
Tyler and Clark had formed a public relations firm called the Southern Publicity Association. They generated news coverage and public attention for groups like the American Red Cross. And then they came across the newly revived Klan. It was a perfect business opportunity.
Tyler和Clark成立了一家名为南部宣传协会的公关公司。他们为美国红十字会等团体制造新闻报道和公众关注。然后他们发现了新近复兴的克兰组织。那是一个完美的商机。
Tyler and Clark would make an offer to Simmons. If he were to hire them, they would seek publicity for the revived organization. They would also actively recruit new members. They came up with a simple method of attraction.
泰勒和克拉克将向西蒙斯提出一份报价。如果他愿意雇佣他们，他们将为复苏的组织争取宣传。他们还会积极招募新成员。他们想出了一种简单的吸引方法。
They would open up the Klan not just erases who were threatened by African Americans, but also those who hated immigrants, Jews, communists, and Catholics. Imperial Wizard Bill Simmons desperate to grow his organization agreed. It was a gold mine for Tyler and Clark.
他们不仅要清除那些受到非裔美国人威胁的人，还要清除那些憎恨移民、犹太人、共产主义者和天主教徒的人，于是他们决定加入 Ku Klux Klan。皇帝巫师比尔·西蒙斯很想扩大他的组织，因此同意了这个想法。对泰勒和克拉克来说，这是一座金矿。
The Southern Publicity Association would get $8 out of every $10 membership they could bring in. The pair hired 1,000 recruiters known as Klegels to travel through the South and Southwest. They too received commissions. And within 16 months, KKK membership had swelled by 100,000 hoods, and Tyler and Clark were rich.
南方宣传协会每招揽一位成员，他们就可以得到每十元里的八元。这对组合聘请了1000名招募人员，也被称作“克莱格尔”，他们在南方和西南地区旅行。他们也会得到佣金。仅在16个月内，三K党的成员人数增加了10万，泰勒和克拉克变得富有起来。
But even before Tyler and Clark applied their business prowess to the organization, the KKK under Bill Simmons had used the popularity of birth of a nation to fan the flames of white outrage and inspire one of the most dangerous summers in American history in 1919.
但即使在泰勒和克拉克将他们的商业才能应用于该组织之前，KKK在比尔·西蒙斯的领导下已经利用《一个国家的诞生》的受欢迎程度来煽动白人的愤怒，并激发了美国历史上最危险的夏季之一——1919年夏季。
Along with this second incarnation of the Klan, a wave of immigration, enforcement of Jim Crow laws, the return of Black veterans and increased unemployment prompted a series of bloody riots across the country. In city after city houses were burnt down, neighborhoods destroyed, and hundreds of blacks were lynched and killed during a period known as the Red Summer of 1919.
随着第二次传承柯克斯克兰组织的出现，一波移民浪潮、吉姆·克劳法的执行，黑人退伍军人的回归以及失业率的增加，促使全国爆发了一系列血腥的暴动。在一个被称为“1919年红色夏季”的时期里，一个个城市的房屋被烧毁、社区被毁坏，数百名黑人遭到绞刑和杀害。
But by 1920, the mass violence hadn't yet made it to Tulsa. However, the city now home to 100,000 people and 400 oil companies was plagued by crime. It wallowed in everything from prostitution, gambling, and bootlegging to robbery and murder.
但到1920年，大规模暴力还没有蔓延到塔尔萨。然而，这座现有10万人口和400家石油公司的城市受到犯罪的困扰。它深陷于卖淫、赌博和走私，甚至包括抢劫和谋杀。
The shrill, sensationalist editor of the Tulsa Tribune, Richard Lloyd Jones, began an editorial campaign to get police to clean up the immorality. When little happened, he upped the ante, writing diadcribes against the police themselves. He viewed them as incompetent or outright unwilling to cleanse crime from Tulsa's borders.
Tulsa Tribune的尖锐、耸人听闻的编辑Richard Lloyd Jones开始了一场编辑运动，要求警察清除不道德行为。当没有什么发生时，他加强了攻势，对警察本身进行了抨击。他认为他们无能或根本不愿意从图尔萨的边界清除犯罪。
So that year, city leaders took matters into their own hands, demonstrating their belief in vigilante justice. They lynched a white man. 18-year-old Roy Belton was accused of robbing a taxi driver named Homer Nida. Arrested, Belton was held in jail on the top floor of the Tulsa courthouse.
那一年，城市领导者采取了自己的行动，展示他们对私刑正义的信仰。他们私刑了一个白人男子。这名男子名叫罗伊·贝尔顿，当时18岁，被指控抢劫了一名出租车司机霍默·奈达。贝尔顿被逮捕后被关押在塔尔萨法院顶层的监狱里。
What upon learning that the injured taxi driver had died in the hospital and enraged mob of 1,000 people gathered at the courthouse and demanded Belton be released to them. When Sheriff James Wolley refused, the mob pushed inside and grabbed Belton.
当得知受伤的出租车司机在医院去世后，愤怒的一千人聚集在法院，并要求释放贝尔顿给他们。雪佛兰县警长詹姆斯·沃利拒绝了，然后暴民推入并抓住了贝尔顿。
Soon Belton was forced into a car. Drivers had already staked out their destination, a lonely part of jinx, nine miles outside of town. Hundreds of cars followed him. There they hanged Roy Belton, with police officers looking on.
很快，贝尔顿被迫上了车。司机们已经确定了目的地——离城区九英里遥远的一个荒凉地带。数百辆车紧随其后。在那里，他们将罗伊·贝尔顿吊死了，警察也在场。
The crowd rushed the body, grabbing shoes and clothing for souvenirs. The ring leaders sold the rope they hanged Belton with for $0.50 an inch. AJ Smitherman, African-American owner of the Tulsa Eagle, immediately condemned lynching.
人群涌上来抢夺鞋子和衣服作为纪念品。头号领导者以每英寸0.50美元的价格卖掉了他们用来绞死贝尔顿的绳子。阿拉法马州鹰报的非裔美国人老板AJ·史密瑟曼立即谴责了私刑。
There is no crime, however, atrocious that justifies mob violence who wrote. For him and many others, the issue was obvious. If the mob could do this to a white man, no black was safe. And that meant green wood wasn't safe.
没有任何罪行能够证明群众暴力的合理性。他这么说，许多人也认同。对他们而言，问题很明显——如果群众对一个白人这么干，那么任何一个黑人都会不安全。这也意味着Green Wood也不安全。
But not just because of racial animosity. There was another factor, greed. With land at a premium in South Tulsa and the city booming, white business leaders stood to make even more money if they could expand downtown to the north. But green wood stood in their way. Just north of the Frisco Railroad, a perfect spot for more industry or a gleaming new railroad station, the land on which green wood's hundreds of businesses and homes stood was very valuable.
不仅仅是因为种族敌意，还有另一个因素就是贪婪。在南塔尔萨土地供不应求、城市蓬勃发展的时候，白人商界领袖希望将市中心向北扩展，以获取更多的利润。但是，格林伍德阻碍了他们的计划。在弗里斯科铁路以北的区域，这里是更多工业或闪闪发光的新铁路站的完美位置，格林伍德上数百家企业和住宅所在的土地非常有价值。
Quiet offers to buy green wood property were rebuffed. Some black leaders tried to persuade African-American business owners to sell, but they refused. They understood the value of what they had. And real estate had emotional resonance well beyond its financial value. After slavery, owning land was a powerful symbol of African-American liberation.
安静的购买绿色木地产的提议被拒绝了。一些黑人领袖试图说服非洲裔美国商人出售，但他们拒绝了。他们理解他们所拥有的价值。房地产在其金融价值以外还具有情感共鸣。在废奴后，拥有土地是非洲裔美国人解放的有力象征。
But by 1921, land speculation, growing white unemployment, increasing envy over black wealth, and growing black self-determination were all coming together to create an untenable explosive situation. And that old ugly notion that whites and blacks shouldn't or couldn't live next to each other was in the air. And by the flames of the red summer of 1919 and the growing clout of the clan.
到了1921年，土地炒作、不断增长的白人失业率、对黑人财富越来越多的嫉妒和黑人自决意识的不断增强，这些因素都汇聚在一起，形成了一个不可持续的爆炸性局面。而那种老掉牙的观念——白人和黑人不应该或不能住在一起——正在蔓延开来。在1919年的“红色夏天”的火焰下和克兰的不断壮大的影响力下，这种观念变得更加猖獗。
To many, a racial conflict was inevitable. But few could have anticipated the violence that was about to be unleashed. What happened next would be far deadlier than anyone could have imagined. And its effects would reverberate through Tulsa for decades to come.
对许多人来说，种族冲突是不可避免的。但很少有人能预料到即将发生的暴力。接下来发生的事情比任何人都能想象的都要致命。它的影响将在未来几十年中在塔尔萨反响。
Next week on American History Tellers, a local newspaper calls for 19-year-old Shushain Boy Dick Rollin to be lynched, touching off a race massacre unheard of in America before or since. African-American residents scrambled to protect their community as violence erupts. And Greenwood's families are torn apart and it's hard one well threatened.
下周的《美国历史讲述者》中，一家当地报纸呼吁将19岁的肖恩·男孩·狄克·罗林绞死，引发了前所未有的种族屠杀。非裔美国居民拼命保护自己的社区，暴力愈演愈烈。格林伍德的家庭分裂，处境十分危险。
From Wondery, this is American History Tellers. American History Tellers has hosted edited and produced by me Lindsey Graham for airship. Sound designed by Derek Barons. This episode is written by Elaine Appleton Grant, edited by Dorian Marina, edited and produced by Jenny Lauer Beckman. Our executive producer is Marshal Louis, created by her non-Mopes for Wondery.
美国历史讲述者是由 Wondery 制作的，我是林赛·格雷厄姆，担任主持和制作。德里克·巴伦斯为本次节目设计音效。这一集由伊莲·艾普尔顿·格兰特进行编写，由多利安·马里纳进行编辑，导演兼制作人为珍妮·劳尔·贝克曼。我们的执行制片人是马歇尔·路易斯，Wondery 的理念者为赫尔·冯·莫普斯。