Encore: Tulsa Race Massacre | The Promised Land | 1
发布时间 2021-05-26 15:30:00 来源
摘要
In 1921, Tulsa, Oklahoma boasted one of the nation’s most prosperous African-American communities. Greenwood was home to 108 Black-owned businesses, two theaters, 15 physicians, two newspapers, and a luxury hotel. It was nicknamed “the Black Wall Street.”Then, on May 30th, a Black shoeshine boy named Dick Rowland was accused of assaulting a white teenaged elevator operator, Sarah Page. What happened next would ultimately lead to the destruction of Greenwood and the deaths of over 300 African Americans -- a massacre that, until recently, was virtually erased from American history.This episode originally aired in 2019.Listen to new episodes 1 week early and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/historytellers.Support us by supporting our sponsors!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
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Imagine as 4pm on May 30th, 1921. Your glasses slide down your nose, a sweat trips off your forehead. The rain that drenched the Memorial Day Parade Goers didn't break the heat, it's still in the 90s. And for the last few hours, you've been unpacking heavy boxes of clothing, working alongside Charlie, your fellow clerk at Renberg's Clothing on Main Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
想象一下，是1921年5月30日下午4点。你的眼镜滑落下来，额头上滑落着汗水。雨水虽然淋湿了纪念日游行的人群，但并没有让天气变凉爽。现在气温还在90多度。在过去几个小时中，你一直在和查理一起拆开沉重的衣箱，在俄克拉何马州塔尔萨市主街的伦伯格服装店工作。
Thanks Mrs. Logan, we'll call you when your new dress comes in. Charlie's been a fixture at Renberg's for years, but your job is new. You had to take it when the work slowed down in the accounting office. You're good with numbers and you love that job, but when the oil boom slowed, it hurt all the businesses that supported it. They didn't need you anymore. And with so many white men unemployed, it took weeks to find a new job. Renberg doesn't pay nearly as well as your old job, but you sure as heck need it, with three kids and another one on the way.
感谢您，Logan夫人，当您新的裙子到货时我们会通知您。Charlie在Renberg已经工作多年了，但是您的工作是新的。当会计办公室的工作放缓时，您不得不接受这份工作。您擅长数字，并且喜欢这份工作，但是当石油繁荣放缓时，所有支持它的业务都受到了伤害。他们不再需要您。而且由于有那么多白人失业，找到新工作需要几个星期的时间。Renberg付的工资远不如您的旧工作，但是您非常需要它，因为您有三个孩子，还有一个即将到来。
As Charlie usheres a customer out the door, you pause to wipe a salty drip off your face, as usual Charlie glitters at you. But you can't take it, I knew you wouldn't last at this job, harder than it seems, huh? Charlie's a beefy, muscular guy, and he acts like he owns the place. You sigh and start hauling the box to the front of the store. Nah, that's fine, just hot as all. I thought it would be busier today. Always like this on Memorial Day. Most of the other businesses are closed, but get a move on, will ya? You tense up, you know he's about to insult you again, just as he's done every day.
当查理把一位顾客领出门时，你停下来擦掉脸上的一滴咸汗，像往常一样，查理向你闪耀着光芒。但你忍不了了，我就知道你在这份工作上撑不长，比想象中要难，是吧？查理是个魁梧、肌肉发达的家伙，他表现得像他拥有这个地方。你叹了口气，开始把盒子拉到店铺前面。不，没事，只是太热了。我以为今天会更忙。纪念日节日期间这样的事情总是这个样子。大部分其他企业都关了门，但你快点行动吧，好吗？你紧张起来，你知道他又要侮辱你，就像他每天做的那样。
But then you both notice a thin teenager, the shoe shine boy, walking by Renberg's play-class window. He turns and heads into your building. You think nothing of it, as the only restrooms in town for colored folks are upstairs. But Charlie spits on the floor. There's that colored boy again. I don't know why Renberg allows this. Nobody else down here has to put up with them. Your hackles rise. You're a vet. You met some colored boys in the war, and they were fine, upstanding. It's wanted to fight for the country like you. You turn away.
但是你们俩注意到了一个瘦弱的少年，那个擦鞋男孩，他走过 Renberg 玩耍教室的窗口，然后走进了你们的大楼。你觉得没什么，因为镇上唯一为有色人种提供卫生间的地方就在楼上。但是查理在地上吐痰。那个黑人男孩又来了，我不知道 Renberg 为什么会容忍他们。除了我们以外，这里没人需要忍受他们。你感到心烦意乱。你是一名退役军人，在战争中遇到了一些有色人种男孩，他们很好，很正直。他们和你一样，希望为国家而战。你转过身去。
A few minutes pass, un-easily.
过了几分钟，感觉很不自在。
But then a scream splits the air. You freeze. It came from the lobby. Charlie turns. Stay here and mind the store. I'll go see what happens. He sprints into the lobby. The shoe shine boy runs past you and bolts out the front door, looking petrified. He sprints down the street. In the lobby, Charlie's talking with a small blonde elevator operator, who seems to be crying. You can't hear them, but Charlie is gesticulating angerly, pointing toward the street. He tries to console her and strides back to the store, shoving you aside.
然后突然一声尖叫响起，你呆住了。声音来自大堂。查理转过身去。“待在这里看店，我去看看发生了什么。”他飞快地冲向大堂。擦鞋男孩跑过你身边，吓得浑身发抖，冲出了前门，沿着街道狂奔。在大堂里，查理正在和一个小个子金发电梯操作员交谈，她似乎正在哭泣。你听不见他们在说什么，但查理正在生气地打手势，指向街道。他试图安慰她，然后大步走回店里，把你推开。
I thought I told you to stay inside. What's wrong? What happened? Charlie ignores you. He grabs the phone off the counter and dials. Patty, connect me to the police, right away. Chief, hey, it's Charlie. I'm at Renberg's. A colored shoe shine boy. He just assaulted Sarah Page in her elevator.
我以为我告诉过你待在家里，怎么了？发生了什么事？查理不理你，他从柜台上抓起手机拨了电话。帕蒂，立刻帮我联系警察。警长，嘿，是我，查理。我在莱恩伯格家，有个黑人鞋油男孩，他刚刚袭击了萨拉·佩奇在电梯里。
You're startled. How could that be? You barely had time to unpack one box in the time the shoe shine boy passed by. You open your mouth to say so, but Charlie shushes you. He's listening to the voice on the other end of the phone. That's right. You gotta get in. Now you really are sweating, but not from the heat of the day. If a black man so much as looks at a white woman around here, he could be lynched. The city's already been on edge lately. You shudder to think of what could come.
你惊吓了。怎么可能呢？你才刚刚把一个箱子拆开，鞋油男孩就路过了。你要开口解释，但是查理让你不要说话。他正在听电话那边的声音。没错，你必须进去。现在你真的在出汗了，但不是因为天气炎热。如果这里的黑人甚至看着白人女性，就可能会被私刑处死。城市最近已经很紧张了。你不敢想象接下来会发生什么。
From Wondry, I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is American History Tellers. Your History Your Story. In this show, we'll take you to the events, the times and the people that shaped America and Americans. Our values, our struggles and our dreams. We'll put you in the shoes of everyday citizens as history was being made, and we'll show you how the events of the times affected them, their families, and affects you now.
我是琳赛·格雷厄姆，来自Wondry，欢迎收听《美国历史讲述者》。这是你的历史，你的故事。在这个节目中，我们将带您了解影响美国和美国人的事件、时代和人物，以及我们的价值观、奋斗和梦想。我们将让您了解普通公民在历史制定过程中的角色，并向您展示时代事件如何影响他们、他们的家庭以及现在的您。
What happened that day in Tulsa has never been conclusively proven. What is known is that on Monday, May 30, 1921, a 19-year-old shoe shine boy named Dick Roland was alone with a 17-year-old white girl named Sarah Page in the Drexel Building elevator. He touched her arm, whether because he tripped getting into the elevator or because they were actually sweet on one another. No one knows for sure. She screamed.
发生在塔尔萨的那一天究竟发生了什么，至今仍无法得出确凿的结论。我们所知道的是在1921年5月30日星期一，一个名叫迪克·罗兰德（Dick Roland）的19岁擦鞋男孩和一个名叫莎拉·佩奇（Sarah Page）的17岁白人女孩独自一人在德雷克塞尔大楼电梯里。他碰到了她的手臂，可能是因为下电梯的时候绊倒了，也可能是因为他们实际上很喜欢彼此。没有人能确定。她尖叫了起来。
In the next few hours, the white clerk's story that Roland had raped Sarah Page would race through the city like wildfire and change the face of Tulsa forever. Because of the clerk's one phone call to the police chief, one of the wealthiest black communities in the country would be completely destroyed within the next 48 hours. One 300 people would be murdered, more than 1200 homes and 200 businesses would be burned to the ground. Afterwards, the community would be resurrected by its black residents despite overwhelming setbacks in the threatening presence of a resurgent Ku Klux Klan.
在接下来的几个小时里，白人店员对罗兰强奸萨拉·佩奇的故事会像野火一样在城市中蔓延，并永久地改变图尔萨的面貌。由于店员向警长打了一个电话，这个国家中最富有的黑人社区将在接下来的48小时内被彻底摧毁。超过300人会被杀害，1200多个住宅和200个商业建筑会被烧毁。之后，这个社区会由其黑人居民复兴，尽管面临着复兴的三K党的威胁和不可逆转的倒退。
What a conspiracy of silence would surround what is now known as the 1921 Tulsa race massacre for decades. And despite its shocking nature, it remains little known today, even within Oklahoma. This is Episode 1, The Promised Land.
在几十年的时间里，会有一种沉默的阴谋包围着现在被称为1921年塔尔萨种族大屠杀的事件。尽管它的惊人性质，今天它仍然是很少为人所知的，即使在俄克拉荷马州内部也是如此。这是第一集《应许之地》。
In the early 1800s, as the white population grew in the south, so too did violent conflicts between the white residents and Native American tribes. Out of self-preservation, some tribes began to assimilate. The Cherokees in particular adopted white ways. They built log cabin homes, began large-scale farming, and some took on African American slaves.
在19世纪早期，随着南部白人人口的增加，白人居民和美洲原住民部落之间的暴力冲突也增加了。出于自保，一些部落开始同化。特别是切罗基人采用了白人的方式。他们建造小木屋住所，开始大规模农业，并有部分人拥有非洲裔美国奴隶。
But assimilation did not appease the whites. Envious of the Native Americans' rich land, they wanted it for themselves to grow cotton. And when in 1828, white Georgians learned that there was gold in the Appalachian Mountains, on Cherokee property, they moved to claim it. They had an ally in Andrew Jackson, the country's seventh president.
然而同化并没有平息白人的不满。他们嫉妒美洲原住民的富饶土地，想把它们用来种植棉花。1828年，当白人乔治亚人得知阿巴拉契亚山脉上有黄金，而这些黄金正位于切罗基土地上时，他们便要求将其归为己有。而美国第七任总统安德鲁·杰克逊则成了他们的盟友。
Jackson, a slave owner and land speculator, had a reputation as a merciless military officer who had led American soldiers in massacring thousands of Native Americans, including women and children. The Cherokees had dubbed him, Sharp Knife. Jackson took office in 1829, with one big goal in mind. Move the Native people's west of the Mississippi by force if necessary.
杰克逊是一个拥有奴隶和土地投机者的人，以冷酷无情的军事官员闻名，曾领导美军屠杀了成千上万的印第安人，包括妇女和儿童。切诺基人称他为“锋利的刀”。杰克逊于1829年上任，心怀一大目标，即必要时强制将印第安人迁移到密西西比河以西。
To justify taking millions of acres of their ancestral lands, Jackson offered a swap, move west, he said, and will give you land in the Indian territory, a region that comprise most of present-day Oklahoma. Jackson dreamed of humming cities of millions of white settlers populating the hills and valleys of the south, creating successful industry and wealth. In 1830, he wrote and signed the Indian Removal Act, legalizing his plans to force the Native tribes to leave the south.
为了合理化占领他们祖传的千万英亩土地，杰克逊提出一种交换：搬到西部，他说，我们将在印第安领地给你们土地，该地区包括今天俄克拉荷马州的大部分地区。杰克逊梦想着白人定居者在南方山谷间建立兴旺的工业和财富城市。1830年，他起草并签署了《印第安移民法》，合法化他迫使原住民南下的计划。
In his second speech to Congress, Jackson employed a popular theme, that whites shouldn't have to face the prospect of violence living side by side with any people of color. He told them Indian removal puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the general and state governments on account of the Indians. It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracks of country now occupied by a few savage hunters.
在他的第二次向国会发表的讲话中，杰克逊采用了一种流行的主题，即白人不应该面临与任何有色人种共处时的暴力威胁。他告诉他们，印第安人搬迁结束了因印第安人而产生的各种冲突，这样可以消除中央政府和州政府之间的任何潜在危险。这将会在一些现在由几个野蛮猎人占领的大片土地上建立一个密集而文明的人口。
Some members of the Cherokee, Chicksaw, Choktaw, Kree, Conseminal, what were then called the five civilized tribes, moved peacefully, but thousands refused, and some even waged war to protect their land. But finally, in 1838, white troops rounded up resistant Native Americans and held them in deplorable conditions in internment camps. In the winter, already hungry and sick, the tribes were forced to begin moving west. Many walked barefoot in the snow for hundreds of miles, leading bloody footprints behind them. The march would become known as the Trail of Tears.
一些切罗基族、奇克索族、乔克托族、克里族、康塞米纳尔族的成员，当时被称为五个文明部落，以和平方式迁移，但成千上万的人拒绝了，并且有些人甚至发动战争保护他们的土地。但最终在1838年，白人军队逮捕了抵抗的土著美国人，并在拘留营里给他们提供了恶劣的住宿条件。在冬天时，原住民社群已经饥饿和生病了，被迫开始向西迁移。许多人在雪地上赤脚行走数百英里，留下了血腥的脚印。这一行进被称为眼泪之路。
On that journey were some 15,000 Cherokees and their enslaved African-American families, as well as free black people who had been adopted or married into the tribes, and were now full Native citizens. But about 4,000 people, especially the elderly and children, died of disease, starvation, or drowning as they crossed the country. Many of the survivors ended their journeys in Indian territory, what would later become the state of Oklahoma.
在那次旅行中，大约有15,000名切罗基人和他们被奴役的非裔美国家庭，以及被收养或嫁入部落并成为完全的土著公民的自由黑人。但约有4,000人，特别是老年人和儿童，在穿越全国时死于疾病、饥饿或溺水。许多幸存者在印第安居留地结束了旅程，那里后来成为俄克拉荷马州。
Two decades later, Congress passed the Dawes General allotment act of 1887, written by Senator Henry Dawes, that broke up Native land and allotted parcels to individual Native Americans. The act was intended to end communal ownership of Native land and enforce an individualistic approach to private property. It was another, in a long string of decisions, designed to upend tribal tradition and open millions of acres of Native-owned land to white settlement.
二十年后，国会通过了1887年由参议员亨利·道斯撰写的道斯普遍划分法案，该法案打破了原住民土地的共同所有权，并将它们分配给个别的土著美国人。这项法案旨在结束原住民土地的共同所有权，强制实施个人主义的私有财产观念。这是在一连串决策中的又一个，旨在颠覆部落传统，并使数百万亩原住民土地向白人定居开放。
But the law had one unintended positive consequence. Tribal members who were former slaves also received allotments. After slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment in 1865, those who had been enslaved by Native Americans would become free members of their tribes, giving African Americans in the West one of their earliest opportunities to own land. Some of these black-owned settlements became the seeds of new communities in Oklahoma. Leaders of these towns urged freed slaves from all over the nation to come and join them. Over time they would grow into something remarkable for 19th century America, all black towns.
但是，法律却产生了一个意外的积极后果。曾经是奴隶的部落成员也获得了分配地。1865年第13修正案废除了奴隶制度后，曾经被印第安人奴役的人将成为部落自由成员，为西部非裔美国人拥有土地提供了最早的机会之一。其中一些黑人拥有的定居点成为促成俄克拉荷马州新社区的种子。这些城镇的领袖们敦促全国各地的解放奴隶来加入他们。随着时间的推移，它们变得非常引人注目，成为了19世纪美国所有的黑人城镇。
So-called Friedman's towns would spring up in other regions as well, but Oklahoma would become known as their epicenter. And they would only grow. When reconstruction effectively ended in 1877 and federal troops left the South, angry and resentful white southerners turned their venom on former slaves. By the late 1870s, simply existing in the South was frightening for many if not most African Americans. Lynchings, often public events, attended by picnicking crowds, became commonplace.
所谓的弗里德曼城镇也会在其他地区兴起，但俄克拉荷马州将成为它们的中心。它们会继续增长。当重建工作在1877年有效结束，联邦军队离开南方后，愤怒和怨恨的南方白人将他们的仇恨转向了以前的奴隶们。到了19世纪70年代末，对于许多非洲裔美国人来说，简单地在南方存在就是可怕的。私刑、经常是伴随着野餐人群的公开事件，变得司空见惯。
Friedman with means looked for opportunities to flee, moving north, and West. At the same time, African American landowners in the Oklahoma territories were singing its praises to folks back home. Some called it the promise land, where black residents could live in safety and govern themselves, a place where, like free people everywhere, they could take charge of their own destinies. In 1878, some 40,000 southern Friedman and their families began an exodus West, moving to Kansas and the Indian territory. Under the Homestead Act passed a decade and a half earlier, these refugees or exodusters as they came to be called could get free land if they are willing to farm it for at least five years. As a result, more all black towns began springing up.
弗里德曼用手段寻找机会逃离，向北和西移动。与此同时，俄克拉荷马领土的非裔美国土地所有者向家乡的人们歌颂它的美好。有些人称它为应许之地，黑人居民可以在安全的环境下自我治理，一个自由民族的地方，他们可以掌握自己的命运。 1878年，约有40,000名南方的弗里德曼和他们的家庭开始了西迁，移居到堪萨斯和印第安领地。根据十五年前通过的土地扶持法案，这些难民或被称为流亡者的人将在至少五年的农耕中获得免费土地。由此，更多的全黑人城镇开始涌现。
And then came the land run of 1889. Under pressure from easterners who wanted land, Congress amended the Homestead Act to allow President Benjamin Harrison to open up an additional two million acres for settlement, land that was Indian territory, set aside for Native Americans and surrounded by tribal nations on all sides. On Easter Sunday, April 22nd, 1889, 50,000 hopeful settlers waited on the border of a region called the unassigned lands, jostling each other as they waited anxiously for their chance to stake their claims.
然后，1889年的土地抢夺活动到来了。由于东部人想要土地的压力，国会修改了《保障农地法案》，允许本杰明·哈里森总统开放额外200万英亩土地供定居，而这片土地是印第安人保留区，被部落国家包围。1889年4月22日复活节星期天，50000个充满希望的移民在一片叫做“未分配土地”的地区等待，焦急地等着有机会去占据他们自己的土地，互相挤动。
White men and a few women were at the front. One thousand African Americans waited at the back. At noon, a U.S. cavalryman fired a shotgun and the frenzied Homesteaders rushed forth on mules, horses, in wagons, on foot, and even riding bicycles. The fastest ones, the lucky ones, and the conniving ones managed to pound stakes into the hard ground and claim their 160 acre plots. Some began framing houses that day. Others who had traveled hundreds of miles to get to the land run found themselves too far back from the front line. They left with nothing.
一些白人男性和一些女性在前排，而后排则有1000名非裔美国人。中午时，一名美国骑兵开了一枪，狂热的移民们骑着骡子、马匹，坐在马车上，步行，甚至骑自行车冲出去。最快的、幸运的和狡猾的人设法在坚硬的地面上驳地，并宣称他们的160英亩的土地。有些人当天开始建房子。其他人则在为了参加土地迁移而旅行数百英里后，发现自己太远了，无法靠近前沿。他们毫无所获地离开了。
Edward P. McCabe was one of the lucky ones. A dapper African-American lawyer with a handlebar mustache and wire rimmed glasses, McCabe staked a claim. Born in Troy, New York, McCabe had never known slavery. He began his career as a cleric on Wall Street. Then he moved to one of the first important all black towns in the country, Nicodemus, Kansas. A superb speaker he worked his way up to become the Republican State auditor of Kansas, the first black man to be elected to a state office in the north. Oklahoma, though, represented an even bigger opportunity than Nicodemus.
爱德华·P·麦凯布是幸运儿之一。他是一位时髦的非裔美国律师，留着八字胡须和金属框眼镜，他在职场上占据了一席之地。麦凯布出生于纽约特洛伊，从未经历过奴隶制，他最初是在华尔街当牧师。后来他搬到了全美第一个重要的全黑人城镇之一——堪萨斯州的尼克德莫斯。作为一名杰出的演讲者，他逐步晋升为堪萨斯州的共和党州审计师，成为北方第一位当选的黑人州级官员。然而，俄克拉荷马州代表着比尼克德莫斯更大的机遇。
In the Oklahoma territory, McCabe had political ambitions and aspirations of establishing an African-American utopia. On October 22, 1890, McCabe founded an all-black town on his land and named it Langston after an African-American congressman from Virginia. The community of Langston would become McCabe's foothold in his campaign to transform the territory into the first all black state in the nation. He imagined an ideal place where African-Americans would have demeaning over their own lives and communities, where black citizens could vote and run for office, where they would have a chance to grow wealth and live in equality, free from fear.
在俄克拉荷马领地，麦凯布有政治抱负和建立一个非裔美国人乌托邦的渴望。1890年10月22日，麦凯布在他的土地上创建了一个全黑人的城镇，并以维吉尼亚州的一位非裔美国人议员的名字命名为朗斯顿。朗斯顿社区将成为麦凯布在竞选中将领土转变为全国第一个全黑人州的立足点。他想象一个理想的地方，非裔美国人将在这里对自己的生活和社区有尊严的控制，黑人公民可以投票和竞选，他们有机会积累财富并在平等中生活，摆脱恐惧。
In Oklahoma, he promised the Negro can rest from mob law. Here he can be secure from every ill of the southern policies. McCabe also had his personal ambitions. He wanted to become the territorial governor of Oklahoma. In 1889, he met with President Benjamin Harrison to press his case for an all-black state and to urge Harrison to adopt a more progressive stance on voting and civil rights for African-Americans. McCabe also founded a newspaper, the Langston City Herald, mostly as a vehicle for his boostrism, and he hired agents to canvas the south and persuade African-Americans to move to Oklahoma. These travelling salesmen urged their listeners to start new lives in what McCabe called, the paradise of Eden and the Garden of the Gods.
在俄克拉荷马，他承诺黑人可以远离暴民法律的骚扰，在这里可以安全地避免南部政策带来的各种危险。麦凯布也有自己的个人野心，他想成为俄克拉荷马领土的州长。1889年，他与本杰明·哈里森总统会面，推动成立一个全黑人州，并敦促哈里森采取更进步的立场，支持非裔美国人的选举和民权。麦凯布还创办了一份报纸《朗斯顿市先驱报》，主要作为他的宣传工具，并雇佣代理人在南方地区游说非裔美国人搬到俄克拉荷马。这些巡回销售员敦促他们的听众在麦凯布所称的伊甸园和神的花园开始新的生活。
Imagine as a hot June night in Mississippi, 1891. You shift on the hard church pew next to your wife. She can barely hold your squirming toddler still against her round belly. She's already six months along with your fourth child. You've both come here tonight to hear the man at the front of the church. Clad in white shirt sleeves and a vest, he strides back and forth. His voice building like he's giving a Sunday sermon. What will you be if you stay in the south? Slaves liable to be killed at any time and never treated right. But if you come to Oklahoma, you have equal chances with the white man. Free and independent.
你在想象中身处密西西比州的一个炎热的六月夜，时间是1891年。你在坚硬的教堂长椅上挪动身子，身旁坐着你的妻子。她几乎无法将你那扭动不安的蹒跚学步的孩子按在她肚子上圆滚滚的肚子旁边。她已经怀上了你们的第四个孩子，已经有六个月了。今晚，你们俩都来到这里听教堂前排的那个人说话。他穿着白色衬衫和马甲，来回踱步，声音越来越响亮，就像他在做周日布道一样。如果你留在南方，你会成为奴隶，随时可能被杀并且永远不受待遇。但是如果你来到俄克拉荷马州，你与白人有同等的机会。自由和独立。
Your wife leans over. He should have been a preacher. I'll say. You laugh but you feel uneasy. What the man's saying sounds too good to be true. It's a long way to Oklahoma through dangerous territory. It's almost winter and you can't afford a wagon and horses. Still, you're tempted.
你的妻子俯身而前。他本该成为一位传教士。是啊。你笑了，但你感到不安。那个人说的话听起来太美好了吧。穿越危险的领土到达俄克拉荷马州很远。冬天快到了，你买不起马车和马匹。尽管如此，你还是很心动。
You and your wife don't talk about it, but the lynching of a man last year in Aberdeen terrified you both. An entire neighborhood of white men went after him, just for walking into a room where three white women were sitting. It was a stark reminder that you or any man here tonight could be next.
你和你的妻子没有谈论过它，但是去年在阿伯丁发生的一起私刑事件使你们两个都感到恐惧。一个完全由白人男性组成的社区跟着他，只是因为他走进了一个有三个白人女性坐着的房间。这让你们深刻意识到你或者今晚在这里的任何男人都可能成为下一个受害者。
Langston City is a Negro city and we are proud of that fact. Furthermore, the climate is genial. It is a land where you can grow cotton, wheat and tobacco finer than you have ever raised in the south. It is a land where every staple can be raised with profit.
朗斯顿市是一个黑人城市，我们为此感到自豪。此外，这里的气候宜人。在这片土地上，你可以种植棉花、小麦和烟草，比你在南方种植的还要好。这是一片每种农作物都能获得利润的土地。
But brother, we've heard the land isn't fit for growing anything. What do you mean we can grow all those crops out there? The recruiter smiles a broad grin. He's heard the subjection before and he's ready to meet it.
兄弟，我们听说这片土地不适合种任何东西。你怎么能说我们能在那里种植所有这些作物呢？招聘人员露出了灿烂的微笑。他之前曾听到这种反对意见，而现在他已经准备好回应它了。
Why do southern whites always run down Oklahoma and try to keep the Negroes from going there? I don't know, mister. Why?
为什么南方白人总是贬低俄克拉荷马州，并试图阻止黑人去那里呢？我不知道，先生。为什么呢？
Why exactly? Because they want to keep you here and live off your labor. Without you, they have nothing. If too many of you strong, smart colored folks leave, the white people here won't survive.
为什么？因为他们想让你留下来，依靠你的劳动生活。没有你，他们什么也没有。如果太多聪明强壮、有色人种离开，白人在这里就无法生存。
But what else can you grow out there on the prairie? So much. You can grow corn as far as the eye can see, sweet potatoes and orchards full of peaches and eight raccons. And you can raise hogs and chickens. White man's not telling you the land is bad because it's barren. He's lying to you.
但是在大草原上，你还能种植什么呢？很多东西。你可以种玉米，一直种到眼睛看不见，还有甜薯和满是桃子和八只浣熊的果园。你还可以养猪和鸡。白人不是告诉你土地不好，因为它贫瘠。他在欺骗你。
My God, white people are coming to Oklahoma every day. Around you, heads are nodding. Friends are murmuring to each other, looking excited. You feel it too. Maybe he's right. You look at your wife sitting next to you and see a light in her eyes too. Maybe it's time to become a truly free man in charge of your own life, fearing no one, to own land of your own. That's virtually unheard of. You'll be the first in your family.
哎呀天呐，每天都有白人来到俄克拉荷马州。你周围的人都在点头，朋友们私下里窃窃私语，看起来很兴奋。你也有同感。也许他说得对。你看着坐在你旁边的妻子，看到她眼中的光芒。也许是时候成为一个真正自由的人，掌控自己的生活，不惧任何人，拥有自己的土地了。这几乎是闻所未闻的。你会成为你家族中的第一个人。
Edward McCabe and his agents succeeded. By the end of the year, Langston was home to 200 black residents. For a time, more African Americans moved to the Oklahoma and Indian territories and built more than 50 all black towns and settlements. By the end of the century, African Americans owned a million and a half acres of Oklahoma land. For a time, it seemed like, unlike the east, the west would accept all comers, no matter their color.
爱德华·麦凯布和他的代理成功了。到年底，兰斯顿已有200名黑人居民。有一段时间，更多的非裔美国人移居到俄克拉荷马和印第安领地，并建立了50多个全黑人镇和定居点。到世纪末，非裔美国人在俄克拉荷马州拥有150万英亩土地。有一段时间，西部似乎不像东部那样，接受所有人，无论他们的肤色如何。
As one observer noted in the west, a man was judged by how he sits in the saddle. It seemed that McCabe's dream of a state governed by African Americans might one day come to pass. Except that day by day land runs were attracting white settlers in greater numbers, seeking to escape poverty and crowded conditions in the east. And tens of thousands of these were migrating from the south. Many brought with them fearful, virulent beliefs about African Americans.
一位观察者在西部指出，人们会根据他们在马鞍上的坐姿来评判他们。麦卡比梦想着一个由非裔美国人主导的州可能有朝一日实现。但是，日益增多的土地运动吸引着越来越多的白人移民，试图逃离东部的贫困和拥挤条件。而其中成千上万的人从南部迁徙而来。许多人带来了对非裔美国人的恐惧和猖獗的信仰。
McCabe's political ambitions, along with the influx of proud, self-governing, entrepreneurial blackst to Oklahoma, threatened both white settlers and Native Americans. It overland and over the future identity of Oklahoma was a constant between the three groups. Racial tensions never far from the surface, always simmered. McCabe lost his bid to become territorial governor and eventually black migration slowed.
麦凯布的政治野心，以及自我管理、创业的黑人涌入俄克拉荷马州，对白人移民和美洲原住民构成了威胁。这三个群体之间不断展开着一场关于俄克拉荷马州未来身份的战争。种族紧张局势时刻潜在，一直沸腾。麦凯布的领袖竞选失败，最终黑人移民慢了下来。
And there was another big change of foot as well. By the turn of the century, many of the small rural all black towns found themselves too far from new railroad arteries and cut off from burgeoning hubs of commerce. It was becoming hard to make a living as a small time farmer, so with hunger pushing them in industrialization beckoning, white and black settlers began migrating to larger towns in cities.
还有一项重大变化也即将发生。到了世纪之交，许多小的农村黑人城镇发现自己距离新铁路干线太远，无法与蓬勃发展的商业中心联系起来。小规模的农民很难谋生，所以在饥饿的驱使下，白人和黑人移民开始涌向更大的城镇和城市，而工业化也在招手。
But their desires for freedom and self-governance were no less. They would take their self-reliance, pride, and belief in the benefits of all black communities with them. They came to places like Tulsa, a small muddy town on the banks of the Arkansas River, settled by Creek Indians from Alabama only 60 years earlier. In 1898, the city of Tulsa was incorporated.
但是，他们对自由和自我治理的渴望丝毫不少。他们会带着他们的自力更生、自豪和对所有黑人社区的利益的信仰走出去。他们来到像塔尔萨这样的地方，这是一个附在阿肯色河畔上的小泥屋镇，只有60年前由来自阿拉巴马州的克里克印第安人定居下来。1898年，塔尔萨市被划归为城市。
The primitive town was fit more for animals than people. Cattle were driven right down the streets, pigs roamed freely, and there was no sewer system, even on Main Street. Drunk on whiskey, illegal in the Indian territory where Tulsa was founded. Cowboys rode through downtown, shooting at lighted windows for firing into the air above churchgoers leaving services.
那个原始的小镇更适合动物而不是人类。牛沿着街道走，猪自由游荡，连主街上都没有下水系统。在当时的印第安领土中，酒精是非法的，但是喝醉了的人仍然在德克萨斯州塔尔萨市喝酒。牛仔们骑着马穿过市中心，朝着照亮的窗户开枪，用来警告教堂敬礼者不要放炮竹在空中。
Tulsa also harbored known bank robbers and other outlaws. Merchants hearing rumors of impending robberies, barricaded their stores with sugar sacks and barrels and posted snipers on their roofs. So gentile and law abiding, Tulsa was not. Although it looked and smelled so unpromising, some early white settlers there saw its potential. One was W. Tate Brady, a Missouri shoe salesman who moved to the Creek Nation Indian Territory in 1890.
“塔尔萨也容纳着已知的抢银行的罪犯和其他的 outlaw（叛逆份子）。商人听到即将发生的抢劫的谣言，就在他们的店面前用糖袋和桶篱起了障碍，并在屋顶上设下狙击手。尽管它看起来和闻起来都不太有前途，但塔尔萨有其潜力。一位是W. Tate Brady，他是一名来自密苏里的鞋业业务员，于1890年搬到了 Creek Nation Indian Territory（克里克族印第安领地）。”
Their Brady opened the first mercantile, a general store that sold goods to cattle ranchers and railroad workers. Quickly, his shop was a success, and at only 20 years old he set his sights on greater things. On the muddy streets, adventurers like Brady saw a frontier city where savvy businessmen could bring something brand new, something that would create both fortunes and power. And soon black pioneers would follow their luck to Tulsa as well. But they would move to the other side of the railroad tracks, apart from the growing white population. Both groups would be self-sufficient. Both would grow thriving communities and both would become wealthy, some beyond their wildest dreams. But as the wealth grew, so too would lawlessness. The feeling among powerful white businessmen was that if something needed to be built or fixed, or someone needed to be brought to justice, they would have to be the ones to do it. Little Tulsa was on its way to becoming a boom town. A boom town where private citizens would make their own justice.
布雷迪打开了第一个商品店，一间提供商品给牛仔和铁路工人的杂货店。他的店很快成功了，年仅20岁的他便设置了更高的目标。在泥泞的街道上，像布雷迪这样的冒险家看到了一个前沿城市，精明的商人可以带来崭新的东西，创造财富和权力。很快，黑人先驱们也会跟着他们的运气来到塔尔萨。但是，他们将搬到铁路轨道的另一侧，与不断增长的白人群体分开。两个群体都将自给自足。两个群体都将成长为繁荣的社区，有些人甚至超出了他们的梦想。但是，随着财富的增长，无法无天的状况也随之而来。强大的白人商人认为，如果需要建造或修理某些东西，或者需要引领正义，他们必须亲自动手。小小的塔尔萨正在成为一个繁荣的城镇。一个私人市民将自己的正义。
It's the fall of 2017 in Rancho Tejama, California. A man and his wife are driving to a doctor's appointment when another car crashes into them, sending them flying off the road. Disoriented, they stumble out of the car only to hear dozens of gunshots whizzing past them. This is just one chapter of a much larger nightmare unraveling in their small town. This is actually happening, presents a special limited series called Point Blank, shedding a light on the forgotten spree killings of Rancho Tejama, where alone gunmen devastated a small town, attacking eight different locations in the span of only 25 minutes. The series follows five stories of people connected to the incident, from a father that drew the gunmen away from a local school to the sister of the shooter. These are riveting stories that will stick with you long after you listen. Follow this is actually happening wherever you listen to podcasts. You can listen ad-free on the Amazon Music or Wondery app.
在2017年的秋天，加利福尼亚州Rancho Tejama发生了一件事。一对夫妇开车去看医生，却被另一辆车撞了，车子飞离了路面。他们有些失去方向，于是下车，却听到了许多枪声。这只是一场更大的噩梦的一章，发生在他们的小镇上。这个真实的场景就是『Point Blank』这个特别限定的系列节目所呈现的，揭开了Rancho Tejama这个鲜为人知的连续杀戮事件，由单独行动的枪手在短短25分钟内袭击了小镇的八个地方。该系列节目讲述了与这件事相关的五个人物故事，从引开枪手攻击当地学校的一位父亲到枪手的妹妹。这些引人入胜的故事将伴随您很久。请在听播客的任何地方关注『This is actually happening』，您可以在Amazon Music或Wondery应用程序上免费收听。
Meet Jill Evans. Jill's got it all, a big house, fast car, two kids in a great career, but Jill has a problem. When it comes to love Jill can never seem to get things right. And then along comes Dean. I can't believe my luck. Whoa, I hit the jackpot. It looks like they're going to live happily ever after. But on Halloween night things get a little gruesome. This is where the shooting happened outside a building society in New Romney. It's thought the 42 year old victim was killed after he opened fire on police. And Jill's life is changed forever. From Wondery and Novel comes Stolen Hearts. A story about a cop who falls in love with a man who is not all he seems to be. Below Stolen Hearts, wherever you get your podcasts, you could binge the entire series ad-free on Amazon Music. Download the Amazon Music app now.
认识一下吉尔·埃文斯。吉尔拥有一切，大房子，快车，两个在优秀职业中的孩子，但吉尔有一个问题。当涉及到爱情时，吉尔似乎总是做不对。然后迪恩出现了。我简直不敢相信我的运气。哇，我赢得了大奖。看起来他们将会幸福地生活在一起。但在万圣节晚上，事情变得有点可怕。这是在新罗姆尼的一家建筑社会外发生枪击事件的地方。据认为，42岁的受害者在开枪射击警察后被杀死。吉尔的生活永远改变了。从Wondery和Novel出品的《Stolen Hearts》。这是一个关于一个警察爱上了一个看起来并不完全是他表面的人的故事。在任何你得到的播客应用里都可以找到《Stolen Hearts》，你可以在Amazon Music上免广告 binge 这整个系列。现在下载Amazon Music应用程序。
Before the turn of the century, African Americans who had the education and means to travel the country couldn't escape hearing about the promised land. Everywhere there was talk about the Oklahoma and Indian Territories that offer not just equality and self-determination, but the chance to make a good living. That was certainly true for JB Stradford, an ambitious entrepreneur with his social conscience and a quick temper, ever ready to fight for African American dignity and equality. JB Stradford was born in Versailles, Kentucky in 1861, the son of slaves. His father, Jay-C, named after Julius Caesar, learned to read and write in secret taught by his owner's abolitionist daughter. Jay-C eventually escaped and fled across the Canadian border to Stradford, Ontario, swapping a D for the T. He adapted his last name from that city, a common practice.
在世纪之交之前，那些拥有教育和旅行手段的非裔美国人无法逃脱听到有关“应许之地”的讨论。到处都在谈论俄克拉荷马和印第安特区，那里不仅提供平等和自决的机会，还有机会谋生。对于JB Stradford来说，这绝对是真实的。他是一个雄心勃勃的企业家，他具有社会良知和快速的脾气，时刻准备为非裔美国人的尊严和平等而战。JB Stradford于1861年在肯塔基州的凡尔赛出生，是奴隶的儿子。他的父亲Jay-C，以朱利叶斯·凯撒命名，在主人的废奴主义女儿的秘密教导下学会了阅读和写作。后来，Jay-C逃脱并越过加拿大边境到了斯特拉德福德，安大略省，将字母D换成了T。他从那个城市改编了他的姓氏，这是一种常见的做法。
Education gave Stradford the ability to plot his escape and was directly responsible for his freedom. He handed down that appreciation for learning to his son, JB, named for John the Baptist. JB attended college at Oberlin in Ohio. He became an entrepreneur, opening rooming houses, shoe-shine parlors, pool halls and hotels in various cities. And at the age of 38, he earned his law degree from Indiana Law School. Hearing that African Americans could do well in Tulsa, he moved there in 1899 with his wife Augusta. He bought acreage on the north side of town with the intention of selling it to other African Americans. The beginning of a black community whose residents like those in McCabe's rural towns would succeed by supporting each other.
教育赋予了斯特拉德福德逃脱的能力，直接促成了他获得自由。他将对学习的欣赏传承给了他的儿子JB，名字取自于洗礼者约翰。JB在俄亥俄州的奥伯林学院上了大学。他成为一名企业家，开设宿舍、擦鞋店、台球室和旅馆等企业，遍布各个城市。38岁时，他获得了印第安纳法学院的法学学位。听说非裔美国人在塔尔萨能够取得成功，他和妻子奥古斯塔于1899年搬到了那里。他购买了城镇北面的土地，打算将其出售给其他非裔美国人。这是一个黑人社区的开端，像麦凯布的乡镇一样，居民彼此支援，成功地发展壮大。
He purchased and built rental property, a move that would provide housing to the doctors, employers, merchants, restaurant tours, pastors and educators who were drawn to Tulsa. Although Stradford could also have sold land to his white neighbors, he vowed not to. He imagined a thriving black business district taking shape, and he, like Tate Brady, on the other white side of town, had the gumption to make it happen.
他购买并建造出租物业，提供住所给那些被吸引到塔尔萨的医生、雇主、商人、餐厅老板、牧师和教育工作者。虽然斯特拉福德也可以将土地卖给他的白人邻居，但他发誓不会这么做。他想象着一个蓬勃发展的黑人商业区正在形成，他和坐落在城镇另一侧的泰特布雷迪一样，有勇气让它成为现实。
But he wasn't alone. Another self-made man, O.W. Gurley, moved to Oklahoma ten years earlier in 1889, drawn by the land rush. Born in Alabama, Gurley was one of the black elite. He was an educated man who resigned a presidential appointment from Grover Cleveland to follow his dream of building a community out west. In 1906, he would also buy land on the north side of Tulsa, break it into lots and sell it only to other African Americans. That enclave, attracting ambitious middle-class black residents, would become known as Greenwood. It would share the ideals of the all black towns McCabe promoted. African American self-determination, entrepreneurship, community, education, and wealth. And the business district, known as Deep Greenwood, would also gain a reputation for glamour, elegance and excitement.
但他并不孤单。另一位自力更生的人，O.W. Gurley，在1889年早些时候就已经搬到了俄克拉荷马州，被土地热所吸引。Gurley出生于阿拉巴马州，是黑人精英之一。他是一位受过教育的人，曾辞去格罗弗·克利夫兰总统的任命，追随自己的梦想在西部建立一个社区。1906年，他也会购买北塔尔萨的土地，把它分割成小片并只出售给其他非裔美国人。这个吸引野心勃勃的中产阶级黑人居民的聚居区将变得广为人知，被称为格林伍德。它将分享McCabe所推广的所有黑人城镇的理念。非裔美国人的自决、企业家精神、社区、教育和财富。商业区，被称为深格林伍德，也将获得魅力、优雅和刺激的声誉。
On a cold January day in 1898, Tate Brady and a handful of other white Tulsa pioneers signed the articles of city and corporation. It was a grand gesture, more fitting of a cosmopolitan city like New York or Chicago than Tulsa. Because in 1900, two years after incorporating, Tulsa was still barely on the map, a downtrodden, lawless settlement of 1300 residents. And though the burgeoning but separate communities black and white lay on opposite sides of the railroad tracks, Brady, the young merchant, promised that Tulsa welcomed everyone as equals.
在1898年寒冷的一月日子里，泰特·布雷迪和其他少数几位白人土尔萨的拓荒者签署了城市和公司条款。这是一项宏伟的举动，更适合像纽约或芝加哥这样的大都市，而不是像土尔萨这样的小城市。因为在1900年，即成立两年后，土尔萨仍然几乎无人问津，是一个有1300居民的破败、无法无天的定居点。尽管不同的黑人和白人社区依然分别分布在铁路轨道的两侧，但是年轻商人布雷迪保证，土尔萨欢迎每一个人平等地到来。
In the local paper, the Tulsa Tribune, Brady wrote, Indian and white man, Jew and Gentile, Catholic and Protestant, we worked together side by side and shoulder to shoulder. And under these conditions, the Tulsa spirit was born and has lived, and God granted it never dies. Later events in the city would prove that this Tulsa spirit of racial equality and cooperation was never earnestly held or fostered, even by Brady himself.
在当地报纸《塔尔萨论坛报》上，布雷迪写道，印第安人和白人，犹太人和非犹太人，天主教徒和新教徒，我们并肩工作、肩并肩地工作。在这些条件下，塔尔萨的精神诞生了，一直存在，上帝也让它永不消逝。但是，城市发生的后续事件证明，就连布雷迪自己也从未真诚地坚持和助长过这种种族平等和合作的塔尔萨精神。
Three miles southwest of Tulsa in the Creek Nation, the small town of Red Fork was a busier and more likely place for growth because that's where the drilling was. Imagine it's 10am, July 25th, 1901. You've just ridden from your small office in Tulsa to see your friend and fellow physician, Dr. J.C. W. Blande. It's been a dry summer and when your boots hit the ground, puff of dust flies up behind you and wafes away in the prairie wind. You squint in the bright sunlight. In the distance, you see an oil rig. You can barely make out men working there.
1901年7月25日上午10点，位于克里克族国土内，距离塔尔萨市往西南三英里的小镇红岔，因为那里有石油钻探，所以比起其他地方更繁忙、更有发展前景。假设你刚刚从塔尔萨的小办公室骑车前来探望你的朋友和同行医生J.C. W.布兰德博士。今年夏天很干旱，当你的靴子踏上地面时，一阵尘埃从你身后飞起，然后被草原上的风吹走了。你眯起眼睛，适应了明亮的阳光。远处你看到一个油井，你勉强能看到有人在那里工作。
You grab your doctor's kit and stride to the house. Hello Sue, nice to see you. Thank goodness you're here, Dr. Kennedy. What's that I see over there? A rig? That's right. We granted them a lease to drill on our land. Not much money in it now, but if they strike. But here, let me get your hat and you go on up. John took a turn for the worst last night and he's been in so much pain this morning. The bedroom's upstairs on the right. You how are you upstairs?
你拿起你的医生工具包，迈着大步走向房子。嗨 Sue，见到你真好。谢天谢地你来了，肯尼迪医生。那边是什么？一个钻探设备？没错，我们授予他们在我们的土地上钻探的租约。现在没有太多的钱，但如果他们发现油田，那就不一样了。不过，让我帮你取帽子，你去上面吧。约翰昨晚病情恶化，今天早上他疼得厉害。卧室在楼上右边。你上楼怎么走？
John, can I come in? Yes. Come in. Come in. You're as white as a sheet, John. What's going on? Oh, Lord Sam, I am in misery. Started yesterday morning. Last night it got a lot worse. Pretty sure it's appendicitis. Mind if I take a look? I'm just going to press on your abdomen. Tell me if it hurts. No, no, no. Yes, ow. Yep. Write it your appendix and your fever's high.
约翰，我能进来吗？可以，进来吧。进来吧。你看起来像纸一样白，约翰，出了什么事吗？噢，主啊萨姆，我很痛苦。从昨天早上开始就这样。昨晚更加糟糕，相当确定是阑尾炎。我可以看看吗？我只是要按一下你的腹部。如果疼就告诉我。不，不，不。哎呀疼。是的。你的阑尾受到了影响，你的发热很高。
I don't think you're well enough to move, though. And I don't have the right instruments to take it out here. I'm of the mind that it might get better if you rest, apply some heat. If it doesn't improve tomorrow, we'll have to find a way to operate. Agreed. On your way out, ask suit of boil some water, would you? Of course. So sorry, I can't do more for you now.
我不认为你现在足够健康去移动, 而且我没有合适的工具在这里取出来。我认为你应该休息，敷一些热敷，或许会好转。如果明天还是不见好转，我们就得寻找一个手术的办法。同意。在你走的时候，可以请人把水煮沸吗？当然可以。非常抱歉，现在我不能为您做更多的事情。
But I'll check. They found oil. Wet and gas. You look at bland and despite his pain, he's grinning, thrilled at the news. Where? Tell me. What happened? The trillers are downstairs waiting in the foyer. They just knocked on the door and said there's oil all over the rig.
但我会确认一下。他们发现了油。湿润的和气体。你看起来很平淡，尽管他很痛苦，但他面带微笑，为这个消息感到兴奋。在哪里？告诉我。发生了什么？钻井队员们正在楼下大厅等待。他们刚刚敲了敲门，说整个钻井平台上都有油。
The two of you look at each other. You feel it. What you've heard about that. Rising excitement. Oil fever. You have to see it for yourself. You can tell you're not the only one. There's a new light in John's glassy eyes. Sam? I know I shouldn't, but you want to take a walk. The two doctors walked several hundred yards to see the well flowing. After watching for a short time, Dr. Blan's ailment disappeared. Later Kennedy would say he thought their excitement over the oil helped to cure Blan's case.
你们两个看着彼此，感觉到了什么。你们听过油热和涨势，现在你必须亲自看看才行。你能感觉到不仅仅是你一个人。约翰的眼睛里有一种新的光芒，萨姆？我知道我不应该，但你想去散步。两位医生走了几百码，看着油井流动。观察了一小段时间后，布兰医生的病痛消失了。后来肯尼迪会说，他认为他们对油的兴奋有助于治愈布兰的病情。
That oil strike, the first in Tulsa County, would become known as the Sue A. Blan number one after Dr. Blan's wife. Oil men and fortune hunters soon arrived in droves.
那场石油运动，是塔尔萨县第一次发生的，之后因为布兰博士的妻子苏·A·布兰而被称作“苏·A·布兰一号”。很快，许多石油工人和寻宝者都来到了这里。
At three long miles away and with no oil beneath it, Tulsa shouldn't have grown from a muddy one-horse town into a big city, but its white leaders were savvy promoters and quickly exploited the strike in Red Fork. They built a bridge over the Arkansas River and advertised Tulsa as a place where oil men could eat the best fried chicken in the southwest, and at the end of a hard day's work, find a place to stay.
三英里远处没有油藏的塔尔萨本不应从一个泥泞的小镇成长为一个大城市，但它的白人领导者是聪明的推销人，迅速利用了红叉油田的发现。他们在阿肯色河上修建了一座桥梁，宣传塔尔萨是一个油田工人可以吃到西南地区最好的炸鸡，并在辛苦一天工作后，找到住所的地方。
One of those places would be the Brady Hotel, which former shoe salesman Tate Brady built in 1903. Within a few years, city leaders arranged for the railroads connecting the petroleum fields to run through Tulsa, establishing it as the oil capital of the southwest.
其中之一就是布雷迪酒店，这是前鞋销售员泰特·布雷迪于1903年建造的。几年之内，市领导安排石油领域的铁路经过塔尔萨，使其成为西南部的石油之都。
In 1905, a man named Robert Galbraith drilled for oil and land owned by a creek woman named Aida Glen. On her farm about four miles from Tulsa, he struck black gold. The strike would be called the Glen Pool after Aida, and it would make Red Fork look like a puddle.
1905年，一个名叫罗伯特·高尔布雷斯的男人在一位名叫艾达·格伦的溪流女士的土地上钻探石油。在距离塔尔萨约四英里的她的农场上，他发现了黑金。这次发现将以艾达的名字命名为格伦水池，并使红叉（一个附近的小镇）变得不值一提。
Oil was transforming Oklahoma, and city leaders wasted no time in promoting their little Tulsa as the oil capital of the world. From 1907 to 1920, the city swelled tenfold to 72,000 residents.
油改变了俄克拉荷马州，城市领导毫不犹豫地宣传他们的小城塔尔萨是世界石油之都。从1907年到1920年，该城市的居民数量增长了十倍，达到了72,000人。
As it grew, so did the power of white city leaders and the fortunes of black business owners in Greenwood. With their new money, White Tulsons built an opera house, one of the finest hotels in the country, a convention hall, gilded mansions, and an airfield. In 1919, the city shipped commercial goods across state lines by air for the first time, from Tulsa to Kansas City.
随着时间的推移，白人城市领袖的权力和格林伍德的黑人商家的财富逐渐增长。有了新的财富，白人居民建造了一座歌剧院、一家国内最好的酒店、一个会议中心、镀金的豪宅和一个机场。1919年，这座城市第一次通过飞机将商业货物从塔尔萨运往堪萨斯城。
Many African and Native Americans also found themselves flush with oil money. When Congress passed the DAW's Act in 1887, allotting parcels of Indian land to individual tribe members, the lawmakers had assumed that the dry lands of the plains wasn't worth much.
许多非洲裔和美洲原住民发现自己也拥有了石油财富。1887年国会通过DAW法案，将印第安人土地的一部分分配给各个部落成员。立法者们当时认为大平原上的干燥荒地不值什么钱。
But the discovery of oil changed all of that. It made some tribal members, both natives and African Americans, very wealthy. Oil was discovered under the land of little Sarah Rector, a five-year-old African-American member of the Creek Nation. Despite whites trying desperately to get hold of her property, her parents managed it well.
但是，石油的发现改变了一切。它让部落成员，无论是本地人还是非洲裔美国人，变得非常富有。石油被发现在小萨拉·雷克特的土地下，她是克里克族的五岁非裔美国人成员。尽管白人拼命想获得她的财产，她的父母处理得很好。
And afterward, Sarah Rector attended some of the finest schools in the U.S. and grew up to be an oil-beariness, one of the relatively lucky few. But over time, white oil men and land speculators would swindle many Native Americans and former slaves out of their oil wealth. Some oil-rich Native Americans were even murdered for their property.
之后，莎拉·雷克特出席了美国一些最好的学校，并成长为一个拥有石油财富的人，算是相对幸运的少数人之一。但随着时间的推移，白人石油商和土地投机者会欺骗许多原住民和前奴隶失去他们的石油财富。一些富有石油资源的原住民甚至被谋杀了，以夺取他们的财产。
The pattern that began hundreds of years before of white settlers coveting and taking land owned by Native Americans hadn't changed, and with oil exploding out of the ground, envy grew even stronger. It was hard for many white Oklahoma's to tolerate the success of non-whites, of the Creek, of the Osage, and especially of wealthy African Americans.
几百年前开始的白人移民觊觎并占领属于美国土著印第安人的土地的模式并没有改变，而随着石油从地下喷涌而出，这种嫉妒愈发强烈。对于许多白人俄克拉荷马州人来说，难以忍受非白人、克里克族、奥萨奇族，特别是富有的非裔美国人的成功。
In Tulsa, spurred by gushers of oil money, Greenwood II began growing. It attracted thousands of African Americans from across the country, some drawn by tales of Black life in the middle-class neighborhood, others figuring they could make a good living in the oil boom.
在塔尔萨，由于石油财富的涌入，格林伍德二号开始蓬勃发展。它吸引了来自全国各地的成千上万名非裔美国人，一些人被中产阶级社区黑人生活的传说所吸引，其他人则认为他们可以在石油繁荣中谋生。
There were doctors, like AC Jackson, who the founders of the Mayo Clinic would later call one of the finest surgeons in the country, lawyers like BC Franklin, who would later take cases to the Supreme Court, and educators like E.W. Woods, who walked 400 miles from Tennessee to eventually become the principal of Greenwood's new Booker T. Washington High School.
有一些医生，比如AC杰克逊，后来被梅奥诊所的创始人称为全国最好的外科医生之一，还有律师BC富兰克林，他后来曾在最高法院上诉案件，还有教育家E.W.伍兹，他从田纳西走了400英里，最终成为格林伍德新的布克·华盛顿高中的校长。
Greenwood also attracted merchants, both men and women, who wanted to shape their destinies and never again be beholden to white employers. O.W. Gurley built the first grocery store at the corner of Archer Street in Greenwood Avenue.
格林伍德还吸引了那些想要塑造自己命运、不再受制于白人雇主的男性和女性商人。O.W.盖利在格林伍德大街的阿彻街角建造了第一家杂货店。
One Williams started an auto repair business that succeeded so wildly that he and his wife Lula eventually built the Dreamland Theater, a 750-seat showpiece featuring live performances and silent movies starring Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford. Lula also ran Williams confectionery. A soda fountain said to have seen more marriage proposals than anywhere else in town.
威廉姆斯先生创办了一家汽车修理生意，取得了巨大成功，他和妻子露拉最终建造了梦幻剧院，这是一个拥有750个座位的展示场所，有现场表演和查理·卓别林和玛丽·皮克福德主演的无声电影。露拉还经营着威廉姆斯甜品店，据说那里的冰激凌店曾是城里求婚最多的地方。
But most of Greenwood's residents did still work for whites. They found employment with middle-class and rich white residents of Tulsa, working as maids, butlers, shoe shine boys, and show furs. But these domestic workers spent their paychecks at Greenwood's local businesses, indirectly funneling oil money into Greenwood.
大多数格林伍德的居民仍在为白人工作。他们在塔尔萨的中产阶级和富有的白人居民那里找到了工作，担任女佣、男仆、擦鞋童和展览员。但是，这些家庭劳动者将他们的薪水花在了格林伍德的本地企业上，间接地将石油资金注入了格林伍德。
O.W. Gurley and J.B. Stradford grew rich, along with many others, and much of the community, though not all, lived comfortable middle-class lives. By 1920, Greenwood had 108 black-owned businesses, two theaters, 15 physicians, numerous lawyers, a hospital, a library, two newspapers, a handful of black-owned banks, more than 20 churches and the 54 rooms Stradford Hotel, one of the most luxurious black-owned hotels in the nation.
1920年时，Greenwood拥有108家黑人经营的企业、两个电影院、15名医生、众多律师、一家医院、一家图书馆、两家报纸、几家黑人银行、超过20座教堂和一家拥有54个房间的Stradford酒店，这是全国最豪华的黑人拥有酒店之一。O.W. Gurley和J.B. Stradford以及许多其他人都变得富有，虽然并非所有人都过着舒适的中产阶级生活。
Thursdays in Greenwood were like holidays. It was when black domestic workers, who lived with their white employers on the Southside of town, had a day off. Couples paraded up and down Greenwood Avenue in their finery, men in suits and hats, some dangling $20 gold pieces from their vests. Men spent hours at Mabel Little's Little Rose Beauty Salon, and then, on the arms of suitors, strutted down the street in colorful dresses. They would catch snatches of jazz from the windows and nightclubs, where crowds gathered to hear famous or soon-to-be-famous musicians perform.
在格林伍德的周四就像假日一样。那是黑人家政服务员休息的日子，他们与他们的白人雇主住在镇南边。夫妇们身穿华丽的服装在格林伍德大街上穿梭，男人们打着领带，戴着帽子，有些在胸前挂着20美元的金币。男人们会在小玫瑰美容院里花费数小时，然后搂着严打，穿着色彩缤纷的裙子在街上炫耀。他们会从窗户和夜总会里捕捉到爵士音乐的片段，那里聚集着人群听着有名或即将成名的音乐家表演。
These African-American Tulsons were not welcome on the Southside of town when not working, but that meant black money would stay in Greenwood, circulating 19 times before it left building wealth. In a nod to its affluence, Booker T. Washington would nickname Greenwood Negro Wall Street, and by the dawn of the 1920s, Greenwood had become a rollicking, optimistic symbol of entrepreneurship and self-determination for African-Americans all over the country. But there was an underside.
这些非裔美国的图尔森人在南城不工作时不受欢迎，但这意味着黑人的钱会留在格林伍德流通19次，创造财富。为了表示对其富裕的认可，布克·华盛顿将格林伍德称为“黑人华尔街”，到了20世纪初，格林伍德已成为全国非裔美国人创业和自决的欢快、乐观象征。但这背后也存在阴暗面。
White from the Southside of Tulsa would cross the tracks to visit prostitutes and bars unseen by their white friends and colleagues, and the threat of violence was never far away, especially as white prejudice seemed to grow worse than ever, there in Tulsa and across the country. With the end of World War I in 1918, a poisonous element added fuel to the fire of white hostility, unemployment. The war had created an enormous demand for oil, but once the war was over, demand waned. White who had flocked to Tulsa for oil jobs were now out of work, and unemployed white men were envious of the wealth in Greenwood.
来自塔尔萨南区的怀特会越过铁路去拜访妓女和酒吧，而这些地方白人的朋友和同事都不知道，威胁暴力永远不会离太远，尤其是当白人的偏见似乎比以往任何时候都更加恶化，不仅在塔尔萨，而且在全国范围内。 1918年第一次世界大战结束后，一种有毒的元素加剧了白人敌意之火，那就是失业。战争创造了巨大的石油需求，但战争结束后，需求减少了。曾经涌向塔尔萨从事石油工作的白人现在失业了，而失业的白人男子则羡慕格林伍德的财富。
On the surface, there was every reason for the holiday-like feeling of celebration that permeated Greenwood on Thursday nights, life was good for people like Lula Williams as she took tickets at the door of Dreamland Theatre, and it was good for the soda jerk serving the crowds at Williams confectionery and for the bar owners and the musicians serenading the crowds at night. What it wouldn't and perhaps couldn't stay that way. Underneath the glamour was a rising menace.
在表面上，星期四的晚上，格林伍德弥漫着庆祝的节日气氛，人们像庆祝节日一样高兴。像Lula Williams这样在Dreamland电影院门口卖票的人生活得很好。为人服务的冷饮店店员、酒吧老板和夜晚为人们演奏音乐的音乐家的生活也很好。但这种情况可能无法持续下去。在光鲜亮丽的外表下，隐藏着一个正在崛起的威胁。
By the early 1920s, Jim Crow, the network of local and state laws enforcing racial segregation and discrimination was firmly entrenched in the South. In Oklahoma, most black citizens had been unable to vote since the state passed a law disenfranchising them in 1910. Neighborhoods were legally segregated. African Americans had to use colored restrooms and black-only train cars. Traveling by car, too, was hard. You couldn't easily buy gasoline or stay at a hotel. Jim Crow was bad all over, but Oklahoma even segregated its foam booths, something no other state had done. And lynchings, once uncommon in the West, were growing in Oklahoma. They served as a form of public terror.
到了20世纪20年代初，旨在强制实行种族隔离和歧视的本地和州法律网络“吉姆·克劳”已经牢牢扎根于南部。在俄克拉荷马州，大部分黑人公民自从该州在1910年制定了一部取消投票权的法律以来就无法投票选举。社区被合法地隔离。非裔美国人必须使用有颜色标记的洗手间和仅供黑人使用的火车车厢。乘车旅行也很难。很难购买汽油或住宿酒店。吉姆·克劳让整个南方都糟糕透了，但是俄克拉荷马州甚至把泡沫隔板也分离了，这是其它州没有做到的。并且，纵使在西部臭名昭著的私刑在俄克拉荷马州也越来越多了。它们作为公共恐怖的形式存在。
On 1911, an African American mother and her young teenage son were both lynched near Okima, following a scuffle during which the deputy county sheriff was accidentally killed. The lynch mob hung the bodies of Laura and El D. Nelson from a railroad bridge. Upon their discovery in the morning, a crowd of whites came to view the spectacle. A photographer shot a close-up of the twisted remains of mother and son, and later that image would circulate widely on a postcard. No one was ever prosecuted for the deaths. The message to black Oklahomaans was clear, get out of hand, and this would be your fate.
1911年，一位非裔美国母亲和她的年轻少年儿子在Okima附近被绞死，原因是在一次冲突中误杀了副县治安官。绞杀团将Laura和El D. Nelson的尸体挂在一座铁路桥上。第二天早上发现尸体的时候，一群白人前来观看这场景。一位摄影师拍摄了母子的扭曲残骸的近景照片，后来这张照片会广泛流传在明信片上。没有人因这起死亡事件受到起诉。向黑人俄克拉荷马人传达了一个明显的信息，一旦你失控，这将是你的命运。
But less than a decade later, resistance to this message was growing. Close to 400,000 African Americans had served in World War I, and the hypocrisy of fighting for democracy abroad hadn't escaped them. When black soldiers returned from the war, they increasingly expected to be treated with respect and dignity. In 1919, the great black order W.E.B. de Bois wrote in an editorial, we return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make war for democracy. We saved it in France, and by the great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America or know the reason why. But black veterans' newly awakened sense of self-worth and pride was clashing with racial prejudice in Oklahoma and across the country.
不到十年后，对此信息的反抗开始增加。近40万非裔美国人参加了第一次世界大战，他们也明白了在国外为民主而战的虚伪。当黑人士兵从战争中归来之后，他们期望受到尊重和尊严的对待也逐渐增加。1919年，杰出的黑人领袖W.E.B.德·布莱斯在一篇社论中写道，我们返回了。我们从战斗中归来。我们回归战斗。为了民主而战。我们在法国挽救了它，上帝必将帮我们在美国挽救它，否则我们就要想办法了。但是，黑人退伍军人新觉醒的自尊和自豪感与俄克拉荷马州和全国范围内的种族偏见产生了冲突。
Imagine it's a warm Thursday evening in Greenwood in the spring of 1919. Earlier this morning, you were on the south side of Tulsa, where you clean house for a white family. What in the evenings, you're free to do as you please. You and your bow, James, walk hand in hand down the street toward the Dreamland Theater for a show. The street is filled with neighbors enjoying their night off.
想象一下，现在是1919年春季，绿木镇的一个温暖的星期四晚上。早上，你在塔尔萨市南部为一户白人家庭打扫卫生。晚上，你有自由时间，可以自己决定做什么。现在，你和你的恋人詹姆斯手牵手沿着街道走向梦之乡剧院观看电影。街上挤满了享受休息之夜的邻居们。
You squeeze James's hand. I'm so happy to have you back. I've already been back for six months. Still, I miss this during the war. Me too. You do a little pirouette on the street in front of him. What do you think of my hair? I think you probably spent too much time and money at Miss Mabel's today. But it looks terrific.
你握了詹姆斯的手。我很高兴你回来了。我已经回来六个月了。但是，在战争期间我很想念这个。我也是。你在他面前的街上旋转了一下。你觉得我的头发怎么样？我觉得你可能今天在梅布尔小姐那花了太多时间和钱。但是它看起来很棒。
As you approach the theater, James catches sight of his friend Daniel and the crowd gathering outside. Once they served overseas together, James spends almost as much time with Daniel as he does with you. Sorry, Sally. Do you mind? I'll just be a minute. You know better than to believe that. I'll wait for you under the awning, but don't be too late. You only have a few minutes.
当你走近剧院时，詹姆斯看到了他的朋友丹尼尔和聚集在外面的人群。他们曾经一起在海外服役，詹姆斯和丹尼尔待在一起的时间几乎和你一样多。对不起，莎莉。你介意吗？我只需要一分钟。你知道不要相信那个。我会在天棚下等你，但别太晚。你只有几分钟的时间。
As he disappears into the crowd, you find a spot along the wall where you can people watch. As you wait, you can't help admiring the reflection of your new hairdo in the glass. But then a man stumbles up to you. He's white, small and thin, and obviously drunk. You look nervously around for James, but he's vanished.
当他消失在人群中时，你在墙边找了个位置可以观察人群。你等待时，不禁在玻璃上欣赏起新发型的反射。但突然一个男人蹒跚着走向你。他是白人，个子小而瘦，明显喝醉了。你紧张地四周张望着，但詹姆斯已经消失了。
The man looks you up and down suggestively, and he reaches out to touch your arm. You pull away. Miss. You're such a beauty. Excuse me? I made a lot of money this week. I bet you'd like some of that, wouldn't you? You know there are prostitutes here in Greenwood. You've never met them. Clearly he has, and thanks you're one of them. You're horrified. I'm afraid you're mistaken, sir.
那个男人色眯眯地打量着你，然后伸手去触摸你的手臂。你赶忙挣脱开。不好意思，先生，你在说什么啊？我这周挣了很多钱。你肯定也想分一杯羹，是吧？你知道这里有些妓女。你从未见过她们。但显然他见过，而且认为你是其中之一。你感到非常震惊，不好意思，先生，你弄错人了。
The man steps forward and grabs your arm again. No. I don't think I am. As the man fumbles for your waist, you see James and Daniel approaching. James rushes forward. He grabs and drunk by the collar and roughly pulls him away. No, James, don't. You and Daniel pull James away before he can bloody the man's nose or, well, worse. You're all shaking. The man is scared. He scrambles down the street.
这个人走上前又一次抓了你的手臂。不。我不认为我是。当那个男人寻找你的腰时，你看到詹姆斯和丹尼尔走近了。詹姆斯冲上前去。他抓住那个喝醉的人的衣领，粗暴地把他拉开。不，詹姆斯，不要。在詹姆斯血腥地打那个男人的鼻子之前，你和丹尼尔把他拽开。你们都在发抖。那个男人很害怕。他在街上瞎跑。
When he's far enough away, he turns and screams. He's always with the collar, with money. A root of all evil. James puts his arms around you and you hold each other, trying to calm down. I wish you hadn't done that. There's no telling who that man is. We have to be careful.
当他足够远时，他转身尖叫。他总是带着项圈，带着钱。一切罪恶的根源。詹姆斯抱着你，你们互相拥抱，试图平静下来。我希望你没做那件事。那个人是谁无从知晓，我们必须小心。
James doesn't say anything, but his jaw tightens like he's trying to contain his rage. He nods goodbye to Daniel, and then James takes you by the hand and you both walk silently into the theater. Before the war, James would have handled this differently, but since he's come back, he struggles. He's a proud man with a quick temper and you're terrified one day it'll get him in trouble.
詹姆斯什么也没说，但他的下巴紧绷着，仿佛在努力控制自己的怒气。他向丹尼尔点了点头，然后拉着你的手，你们两个默默地走进了戏院。在战争之前，詹姆斯会处理得不同，但自从他回来以来，他一直在挣扎。他是个自尊心强，脾气暴躁的人，你很害怕有一天他会因此惹上麻烦。
Racial prejudice took on its most forceful front with the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK first began in Tennessee with the end of the Civil War in 1865. It was a threatening organization whose members killed African Americans, especially those running for office and white sympathizers.
种族偏见通过 Ku Klux Klan 展现出最强烈的一面。KKK 最初成立于田纳西州，在 1865 年美国内战结束后。这是一个威胁性的组织，其成员杀害了非裔美国人，特别是那些竞选公职以及白人同情者。
Most methods became so horrifying that the federal government cracked down, passing the Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871, allowing the government to prosecute the Klan for hate crimes. While violence continued, by the early 1870s, the organized KKK was largely defunct, until two things happened.
大多数方法变得如此可怖，以至于联邦政府采取了严厉措施，于1871年通过了《库克斯克兰法案》，允许政府以仇恨罪起诉克兰组织。虽然暴力仍然持续存在，但到了1870年代初，组织化的克兰组织在很大程度上已经不存在了，直到出现了两件事情。
The first was a silent film made by director W.D. Griffith and starring Lilian Gish. Called Birth of a Nation, it was an artfully made production that promoted the sanctity of white female purity. The movie depicted black men as beasts, unable to contain their sexual urges toward white women.
第一部是由导演W.D.格里菲斯执导和由莉莉安·吉什主演的无声电影。名叫《一个国家的诞生》，它是一部艺术性十足的制作，宣扬了白人女性纯洁的神圣性。电影描绘了黑人男性为野兽，无法控制对白人女性的性冲动。
No white woman could safely be near any black man the film suggested, and whites needed to rise up and protect their women. It depicted the Klan heroically as a force that saved the South. When the film was released in February of 1915, it went gangbusters. And Woodrow Wilson even screened it in the White House, the first film shown there.
电影表明，任何白人女性都不能安全地接近任何黑人男性，白人需要站起来保护自己的女性。它将克兰组织英勇地描绘成拯救南方的力量。1915年2月电影上映后，它非常受欢迎。甚至伍德罗·威尔逊总统还在白宫放映了这部电影，这是那里放映的第一部电影。
Not surprisingly, Birth of a Nation was controversial. The NAACP organized a boycott against it. In New York, the White Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, one of the co-founders of the NAACP, spoke out against it. Wise told the press that the film was an indescribable foul and loathsome libel on a race of human beings. Several states and cities banned it.
毫不奇怪，“一个国家的诞生”引起了争议。全美彩人协进会举办了一场抵制活动。在纽约，白人犹太教拉比史蒂芬·塞缪尔·怀斯，NAACP的联合创始人之一，公开反对了这部电影。怀斯告诉媒体，这部电影是对一个种族的人无法形容的恶心和可憎的诽谤。几个州和城市禁止了它的播放。
But that didn't stop the film's influence. It became the top grossing movie of all time until 1939 when Gone with the Wind was released. But more consequentially, it fostered a violent racism across the South and helped revive the Klan only a few months later.
但这并没有阻止这部电影的影响力。直到1939年《乱世佳人》上映时，它成为有史以来票房最高的电影。但更加重要的是，它在南方培养了一种暴力的种族主义，帮助短时间内复兴了克兰组织。
A former teacher named William Joseph Simmons was so inspired by the movie that he decided to reignite the Klan with himself as Imperial Wizard. He chose Thanksgiving Day, 1915, to formally restart the group with a cross-burning on the top of Stone Mountain, Georgia. But Simmons was no businessman and the Klan had few members and little money.
一个名字叫威廉·约瑟夫·西蒙斯的前教师深受这部电影的启发，决定重新点燃克兰组织，并自任帝国巫师。他选择1915年感恩节在乔治亚州的斯通山山顶上举行十字架焚烧仪式，正式重新开始组织。但是西蒙斯并不是一个商人，克兰组织成员很少，资金也很少。
Simmons' reinvigorated Klan didn't entirely come into its own until 1920 when it was fostered by a little-known Georgia woman named Elizabeth Tyler and her married lover, Edward Young Clark. Tyler and Clark had formed a public relations firm called the Southern Publicity Association. They generated news coverage and public attention for groups like the American Red Cross. And then they came across the newly revived Klan. It was a perfect business opportunity.
西蒙斯重振的克兰组织直到1920年才真正崭露头角，当时一个名不见经传的乔治亚州女人伊丽莎白·泰勒和她的已婚情人爱德华·扬·克拉克培养了这个组织。泰勒和克拉克创建了一个名为南方宣传协会的公共关系公司。他们为美国红十字会等组织制造新闻报道和公众关注。然后他们遇到了新兴的克兰组织。这是一个完美的商业机会。
Tyler and Clark would make an offer to Simmons. If he were to hire them, they would seek publicity for the revived organization. They would also actively recruit new members. They came up with a simple method of attraction. They would open up the Klan not just to racists who were threatened by African Americans but also those who hated immigrants, Jews, communists, and Catholics. Imperial Wizard Bill Simmons, desperate to grow his organization, agreed. It was a gold mine for Tyler and Clark.
泰勒和克拉克会向西蒙斯提出一个建议。如果他雇用他们，他们将为重振组织寻求宣传。他们还将积极招募新成员。他们想出了一种简单的吸引方法。他们不仅将克兰组织开放给受到非裔美国人威胁的种族主义者，还将向那些仇恨移民、犹太人、共产主义者和天主教徒的人敞开大门。帝国巫师比尔·西蒙斯为了让组织壮大，同意了。这对泰勒和克拉克来说是一个金矿。
The Southern Publicity Association would get $8 out of every $10 membership they could bring in. The pair hired 1,000 recruiters known as Klegels to travel through the South and Southwest. They too received commissions. And within 16 months, KKK membership had swelled by 100,000 hoods, and Tyler and Clark were rich.
南方公关协会会从每个会员的$10中获得$8的收益。这对夫妇聘请了1000名招募人员，也就是所谓的“克莱戈尔”，他们在南部和西南部旅行。他们也会得到佣金。在16个月内，KKK会员人数增加了10万人，并且泰勒和克拉克变得富有了。
But even before Tyler and Clark applied their business prowess to the organization, the KKK under Bill Simmons had used the popularity of Birth of a Nation to fan the flames of white outrage and inspire one of the most dangerous summers in American history in 1919. Along with this second incarnation of the Klan, a wave of immigration, enforcement of Jim Crow laws, the return of Black veterans and increased unemployment prompted a series of bloody riots across the country.
但即使在泰勒和克拉克将他们的商业策略运用到该组织之前，KKK在比尔·西蒙斯的领导下，就已经利用《一个国家的诞生》的普及，煽动白人的愤怒情绪，激发了1919年美国历史上最危险的夏季之一。随着新生的KKK和移民浪潮、吉姆·克劳法律的执行、黑人退伍军人的回归和失业率上升，引发了全国范围内一系列血腥的骚乱。
In city after city, houses were burnt down, neighborhoods destroyed, and hundreds of blacks were lynched and killed during a period known as the Red Summer of 1919. But by 1920, the mass violence hadn't yet made it to Tulsa. However, the city now home to 100,000 people and 400 oil companies was plagued by crime. It wallowed in everything from prostitution, gambling, and bootlegging to robbery and murder.
在1919年所谓的“红色夏季”期间，城市里的房屋被焚毁，邻里关系被摧毁，成百上千的黑人被私刑处死。但到了1920年，大规模暴力还没有到达塔尔萨。然而，这个有着10万人口和400个石油公司的城市却深受犯罪困扰，从卖淫、赌博和走私，到抢劫和谋杀应有尽有。
The shrill, sensationalist editor of the Tulsa Tribune, Richard Lloyd Jones, began an editorial campaign to get police to clean up the immorality. When little happened, he upped the ante, writing diatribes against the police themselves. He viewed them as incompetent or outright unwilling to cleanse crime from Tulsa's borders.
塔尔萨论坛的刺耳、制造轰动的编辑理查德·劳埃德·琼斯开始了一场编辑运动，要求警方清除不道德现象。当没有太多成果时，他采取了更激烈的行动，撰写了反抗警察的文章。他认为他们无能或者直接不愿将罪行从塔尔萨的边界清除。
So that year, city leaders took matters into their own hands, demonstrating their belief in vigilante justice. They lynched a white man. 18-year-old Roy Belton was accused of robbing a taxi driver named Homer Nita. Arrested, Belton was held in jail on the top floor of the Tulsa courthouse. What upon learning that the injured taxi driver had died in the hospital and enraged mob of 1,000 people gathered at the courthouse and demanded Belton be released to them. When Sheriff James Wolley refused, the mob pushed inside and grabbed Belton.
那一年，城市领导者自行处理事务，表现出他们相信私刑正义的信念。他们绞死了一名白人男子。18岁的罗伊·贝尔顿被指控抢劫了一名名叫霍默·尼塔的出租车司机。被逮捕后，贝尔顿被关押在塔尔萨法院的顶层监狱里。然而，当得知受伤的出租车司机在医院去世后，愤怒的人群聚集在法院，要求释放贝尔顿给他们。当警长詹姆斯·沃利拒绝时，人群强行进入并抓住了贝尔顿。
Soon Belton was forced into a car. Drivers had already staked out their destination, a lonely part of jinx, nine miles outside of town. Hundreds of cars followed him. There they hanged Roy Belton, with police officers looking on. The crowd rushed the body, grabbing shoes and clothing for souvenirs. The ring leaders sold the rope they hanged Belton with for $0.50 an inch.
不久之后，贝尔顿被迫进入了一辆车。司机们已经确定了目的地，那是一个荒凉的地方，在城外约九英里处。数百辆车跟随着他。在那里，他们绞死了罗伊·贝尔顿，警察们看在了旁边。人群冲过去，抓起他的鞋子和衣服当纪念品。头目们卖掉了绞死贝尔顿的绳子，每英寸0.50美元。
AJ Smitherman, African-American owner of the Tulsa Eagle, immediately condemned lynching. "There is no crime, however, atrocious that justifies mob violence," he wrote. For him and many others, the issue was obvious. If the mob could do this to a white man, no black was safe. And that meant Greenwood wasn't safe.
阿非利堪裔人士AJ Smitherman是塔尔萨鹰报的业主，他立即谴责私刑。他写道：“没有任何犯罪行为应该被暴民暴力对待。”对于他和许多其他人来说，问题非常明显。如果暴民能够对待一个白人这样，那么任何黑人都不安全。这意味着格林伍德不安全。
But not just because of racial animosity. There was another factor: greed. With land at a premium in South Tulsa and the city booming, white business leaders stood to make even more money if they could expand downtown to the north. But Greenwood stood in their way. Just north of the Frisco Railroad, a perfect spot for more industry or a gleaming new railroad station, the land on which Greenwood's hundreds of businesses and homes stood was very valuable.
不是仅仅因为种族敌视。还有另一个因素：贪婪。南塔尔萨的土地紧俏，城市正在繁荣发展，如果白人商业领袖能够将市中心扩展到北部，他们将能够赚更多的钱。但格林伍德阻挡了他们的道路。在弗里斯科铁路北面，那是一个更多产业或光耀的新火车站的完美地点，格林伍德的数百家企业和住房立足的土地非常有价值。
Quiet offers to buy Greenwood property were rebuffed. Some black leaders tried to persuade African-American business owners to sell, but they refused. They understood the value of what they had. And real estate had emotional resonance well beyond its financial value. After slavery, owning land was a powerful symbol of African-American liberation.
“静静地”提出购买格林伍德房产，但被拒绝了。一些黑人领袖试图说服非裔美国商业主把房产卖掉，但他们拒绝了。他们知道自己拥有的价值。不仅仅是金融价值，房地产对情感的共鸣也很强烈。在奴隶制结束后，拥有土地是非裔美国人解放的有力象征。
But by 1921, land speculation, growing white unemployment, increasing envy over black wealth, and growing black self-determination were all coming together to create an untenable explosive situation. And that old ugly notion that whites and blacks shouldn't or couldn't live next to each other was in the air. And by the flames of the red summer of 1919 and the growing clout of the clan.
然而到了1921年，土地炒作、不断上升的白人失业率、对黑人财富的嫉妒和不断发展的黑人自决意识，这些问题一起交织，形成了一个难以忍受的爆炸性局面。同时，那种认为白人和黑人不能、不应该住在一起的陈旧丑恶观念在空气中弥漫着。在1919年的红夏烈火和克兰集团的不断壮大的影响下，这一观念变得更加强烈。
To many, a racial conflict was inevitable. But few could have anticipated the violence that was about to be unleashed. What happened next would be far deadlier than anyone could have imagined. And its effects would reverberate through Tulsa for decades to come.
对许多人而言，种族冲突是不可避免的。但很少有人能够预料到即将发生的暴力事件。接下来发生的事情将远比任何人想象的都要致命。它的影响将在接下来的几十年里在塔尔萨引起反响。
Next week on American History Tellers, a local newspaper calls for 19-year-old Shushain Boy Dick Roland to be lynched, touching off a race massacre unheard of in America before or since. African-American residents scrambled to protect their community as violence erupts. And Greenwood's families are torn apart and it's hard one well threatened.
下周在《美国历史讲述者》节目中，一家当地报纸呼吁将19岁的舒舒恩·博伊·狄克·罗兰处以私刑，引发了一场美国前所未有的种族大屠杀。非裔美国人居民争先恐后地保护自己的社区，暴力随之爆发。格林伍德的家庭分崩离析，整个社区处境岌岌可危。
From Wondry, this is American History Tellers. American History Tellers has hosted edited and produced by me Lindsey Graham for airship. Sound designed by Derek Barons. This episode is written by Elaine Appleton Grant, edited by Dorian Marina, edited and produced by Jenny Lauer Beckman. Our executive producer is Marshal Louis, created by her non-Mopes for Wondry.
咱们来自Wondry，这里是《美国历史讲述者》。《美国历史讲述者》由我Lindsey Graham主持、编辑和制作，由Airship播出。Derek Barons负责声音设计。本期节目由Elaine Appleton Grant编写，由Dorian Marina编辑，Jenny Lauer Beckman编辑和制作。我们的执行制片人是Marshal Louis，由她的非穆普斯制作，专门为Wondry制作。