Love-making, Marriage, and Punishment in Shogun-Japan - YouTube

For almost 700 years between the 12th and 19th centuries, Japan was ruled by a shogun. This was the age of samurai and the formation of a modern nation of Japan. This period also sold the emergence of new ideas about love making and marriage. Today, we'll be looking at love, marriage, divorce, and sexual culture in shogun-era-japan. If you enjoy videos like this topic, please like and subscribe to the channel for more content like this. This video is brought to you by March of Empires. We're always looking for new ways to explore history, and March of Empires is an enjoyable way to do just that.

在12到19世纪，日本被将军统治了近700年，这是武士和现代日本国家的形成时期。这一时期也见证了有关爱情、婚姻和性文化的新思想的出现。今天，我们将探讨将军时代日本的爱情、婚姻、离婚和性文化。如果您喜欢这样的主题视频，请点赞和订阅我们的频道，以获取更多类似内容。这个视频由帝国时代的三月带给您。我们始终在寻找探索历史的新方法，而帝国时代的三月是实现这一目标的一种愉悦的方式。

March of Empires is a free-to-play strategy game based on a medieval period. Select from a number of factions like Sultans, SARS, or the recently added shogun, and begin forging your empire. We love how every faction has its own special touches like music and architecture that really sets them apart. You'll gather resources to build your castle, forge alliances with other players, and wage war in exciting battles. We appreciate the level of depth the game offers for combat. You'll need to think about what troops to bring in and how to strategically place them on the battlefield if you want to emerge victorious. You can even unlock legendary historical figures to help you, like Genghis Khan and Joan of Arc. Use your beginner rewards to prepare for the Saladin versus Richard the Lion Heart event, which starts tomorrow.

《帝国之战》是一款基于中世纪时期的免费策略游戏。玩家可选择苏丹、撒尔逊或最近增加的幕府等多个派系，开始打造自己的帝国。每个派系都有其独特的特点，如音乐和建筑风格等，使其独具特色。你需要收集资源来建造城堡，与其他玩家建立联盟，并在激动人心的战斗中进行战争。我们欣赏游戏为战斗提供的深度。如果你想获胜，你需要考虑带哪种士兵，并如何在战场上做出战术部署。你甚至可以解锁传奇历史人物，如成吉思汗和贞德，来帮助你。利用你的初级奖励来为即将于明天开始的萨拉丁对理查狮心事件做好准备。

But beware, your choices will shape how your units fight and how will you fare in the event. If you join now, you'll be able to participate in the exciting event starting March 30th. Check the links in the description to download March of Empires for Android, iOS, PC, or Steam, and start building your empire today. Another huge thank you to March of Empires for sponsoring this video.

但是请注意，您的选择将决定您的部队战斗方式以及您在活动中的表现。如果您现在加入，您将能够参加从3月30日开始的令人兴奋的活动。在描述中检查链接，以下载适用于Android、iOS、PC或Steam的《帝国时代》并开始建立您的帝国。再次感谢《帝国时代》赞助此视频。

It is sometimes being said that there was no such thing as a romance in pre-modern Japan. This isn't really true. Plenty of love stories exist from this period, but it is true that love was not an important part of marriage, or sex for most of the Shogun period. Marriage itself was an ill-defined institution in earlier Japanese history. In the early Shogunate, marriages were not ceremonial events or legal contracts, but merely social agreements between a couple. Even cohabitation for spouses was a relatively new aspect of marriage in the 12th and 13th centuries. Modern ideas of marriage were still forming, so it's no surprise that there were many different approaches to it across time and between different classes. Elites and commoners had very different ideas about it.

有时人们说，在现代之前的日本，不存在浪漫爱情。但这并不完全正确。其实，这个时期有很多爱情故事，只是真正的爱情并不是婚姻或性的重要组成部分，至少在大多数幕府时期是如此。在早期的日本历史上，婚姻本身是含糊不清的制度。在早期幕府时期，婚姻并非仪式性事件或法律契约，而仅仅是夫妻间的社会协议。甚至夫妻同居在12世纪和13世纪仍是婚姻的相对新颖的方面。现代婚姻观念还在形成之中，因此这段时间和不同阶层之间有非常不同的婚姻观念。精英和平民的看法有很大的不同。

For the average Japanese person, there wasn't much hassle involved. Initially, a couple would decide to live together, call themselves married, and maybe have a small celebration. But that would be it. Later on in this period, as laws around inheritance and property tightened up, marriage became an economic question as well. Parents and families might be involved in deciding on a union, and later contracts started to be drawn up between families to talk through the exchange of property and wealth that came with a marriage. There were some specific limitations and requirements put in place too. For example, in many regions, it became illegal to marry someone from a different region. Although, given that the average person would never travel beyond their region, this restriction meant little to the average person. Another complication was Gia Kuenkong, the marriage of a widow to her dead husband's older brother. This practice was forbidden for samurai, but it was permitted for commoners, and in some cases, it was even required by law in order to keep the wife in the family.

对于普通日本人来说，结婚并没有太多麻烦。起初，一对夫妻会决定一起生活，称自己结婚，并可能举行小型庆祝活动。但这就是全部。后来，在继承和财产法规收紧的时期，婚姻成为经济问题。家长和家庭可能参与决定联姻，并且后来开始在家庭之间签订合同，讨论与婚姻相关的财产和财富交换。也有一些具体的限制和要求。例如，在许多地区，与来自不同地区的人结婚成为非法行为。然而，考虑到普通人从未走出自己的地区，这个限制对他们来说意义不大。另一个复杂情况是义兄嫁妹，即寡妇嫁给已故丈夫的兄长。这一做法对武士来说是禁止的，但对平民来说是允许的，在某些情况下，甚至是为了让妻子留在家庭而被法律要求的。

For elites, the economic and political aspects of marriage were always important. Parents almost always took the lead in arranging marriages for their children. These marriages were political maneuvers that secured or advanced the family's position. When a couple married, the woman became a part of the man's family, so naturally, both sides of the arrangement wanted to be sure that their daughter was going to be taken care of, or that the new daughter-in-law would bring value to her new family. One exception to this was the practice of Yossi Angumi or adoptive marriages. In these scenarios, a man would marry into the wife's family. This was rare, but could happen if the family lacked the son of their own to inherit their titles and property. Interestingly, while the adoption and the marriage came together, the marriage could later be broken without losing the adoption.

对于精英阶层来说，婚姻的经济和政治方面总是非常重要的。家长几乎总是主导着为子女安排婚姻。这些婚姻是为了确保或提升家族的地位而进行的政治策略。当一对夫妇结婚时，女方就成为了男方家族的一员，因此，协议的双方都希望确保他们的女儿能够得到照顾或者新的儿媳妇能够带来家族的价值。其中一个例外是“Yossi Angumi”或收养婚姻的实践。在这些情况下，男方会嫁娶到女方家庭。虽然这种情况很少见，但是如果家族没有自己的儿子来继承他们的头衔和财产，这种情况可能会发生。有趣的是，虽然收养和婚姻是同时进行的，但是婚姻之后可以解除却不会失去收养关系。

In many of these marriages, a prenuptial agreement was drawn up. The promised a groom a portion of the family's assets if the marriage failed. It was up to the bride's father to decide whether to break the adoption agreement as well, so it was not unheard of for a man to divorce his wife and still end up with her family's wealth.

在许多这样的婚姻中，都会签署婚前协议。这一协议承诺如果婚姻失败，男方可以得到部分家族资产。同时，决定是否要改变收养协议的权利属于新娘的父亲，因此男方离婚后仍能获得妻子家族的财富也是不奇怪的事情。

All potential marriages among the elites had to be approved by one's direct feudal lord. It was also prohibited for a family serving one regional lord, called a Daimyo, to marry someone whose family served a different Daimyo. Potential couples also had to be of a similar social status to avoid upsetting the delicate social order.

所有精英中的潜在婚姻必须经过自己的直接封建领主批准。同时，禁止为为一个地区领主，即大名，服务的家族与为另一个大名服务的家族结婚。潜在的情侣们还必须拥有相似的社会地位，以避免扰乱微妙的社会秩序。

Arguably, the most important part of a new marriage among the elites was the dowry. This exchange of wealth from wife to husband was the most important part of a marriage negotiation, and a larger dowry made a match far more likely.

在精英阶层的新婚姻中，可以说最重要的部分是嫁妆。从妻子到丈夫的这种财富交换是婚姻谈判中最重要的一部分，而更大的嫁妆会使姻缘更有可能成就。

The most powerful Daimyo's paid for elaborate dowries for their daughters, and some dowries became so large that the groom had to designate a whole room in their house to contain all of the gifts. Bridal manuals from the period show some of the things one might expect in a dowry. Pottery, jewelry, folding screens, instruments, incense, clothes, books, painting and calligraphy items, or teasets to name just a few.

最有权势的大名们为女儿支付了精美的嫁妆，有些嫁妆变得如此巨大，以至于新郎需要在他们的家中指定一个整个房间来容纳所有的礼物。当时的新娘手册展示了嫁妆中可能出现的一些物品，例如：陶器、珠宝、折叠屏风、乐器、香、衣服、书籍、绘画和书法用品，以及茶具等等。

The array of gifts would have to be carried to the groom's house, and often the transfer of the dowry became an event in itself, as parades of servants carried precious gifts from one house to the other. Naturally, these massive dowries were beyond the means of the regular person. The average Japanese bride might not come with a dowry at all, or if they did, it was only a small amount and hardly enough to make or break the marriage.

礼物的一系列排列必须被搬到新郎的家中，通常，嫁妆的转移本身就成为了一场盛事，仆人们列队搬运珍贵的礼物从一家到另一家。自然地，这些巨额的嫁妆对于普通人来说是无法承担的。平均来说，日本新娘可能根本没有携带嫁妆，或者如果有的话，只是一小笔钱，很难对婚姻产生决定性的作用。

Later in the Shogunat period, some truery laws were passed to restrict the displays of wealth allowed by commoners in their dowries, in order to emphasize the class differences of Japanese society.

在幕府时代的后期，一些欺骗法律被通过以限制平民在嫁妆中所允许的财富展示，以强调日本社会的阶级差异。

This period also saw the emergence of wedding ceremonies. These ceremonies were restricted mostly to the elites, as only they could afford the time and money for them. These ceremonies were social occasions, but not religious ones. The religious idea of a wedding would not emerge in Japan until the late 19th century, but they still had plenty of rituals and traditions to partake in.

在这一时期，婚礼仪式也开始出现。这些仪式主要局限于上层社会，因为只有他们才有时间和金钱来负担。这些仪式是社交场合，而不是宗教性质的活动。在日本，婚礼的宗教意义要到19世纪后期才会出现，但他们仍然有许多传统仪式可以参与。

Initially, Japanese weddings occurred at night, but by the 17th century they moved to the daytime. Many familiar elements of modern Japanese weddings first showed up around this time. Brides usually wore a white kimono and headdress, for example. Welfare brides might be carried to their husband's home on a palanquin, in a procession known as Koshiyada.

最初，日本婚礼通常在夜晚举行，但到了17世纪，它们开始改成在白天举行。现代日本婚礼中许多熟悉的要素也在这个时期首次出现。例如，新娘通常穿着白色的和服和发饰。有福利的新娘可能会被用肩舆带到她丈夫的家中，这个过程叫做“背轿”。

The wedding ceremony also featured the ritualistic drinking of sake, after which a bride would change into a new outfit gifted to her by the groom, symbolizing her new place in her husband's family. One coin tradition among the wealthiest families was called Kai-okai-watashi. This was the gifting of a box of decorated shells from the bride's family to the grooms. The shells would all be decorated with parts of an artwork, pattern, or poem, and then broken up in place inside the box. The broken shells represented the newlywed couple, who had to be put together in order to make the complete picture.

在婚礼仪式上，也会举行喝清酒的仪式，之后新娘会换上由新郎赠送的新衣，象征着她在丈夫家庭中的新地位。最富有的家族之一的一项传统叫做Kai-okai-watashi。这是新娘家庭送给新郎的一个装饰贝壳盒子的礼物。这些贝壳上会装饰着一幅艺术、图案或诗歌的一部分，并且会被打碎放在盒子里。打碎的贝壳代表新婚夫妇，必须将它们重新组合起来才能完整地展示出图画。

Married life was much as one would expect. Men held the power in the home, and children were a central part of a married couple's life. Monogamy was a strict requirement for women, but not for men, who might be expected to have concubines if they were rich, or perhaps to visit brothels if they were lower on the social scale.

婚姻生活基本符合预期。在家庭中，男人掌握着权力，而孩子是已婚夫妻生活的核心部分。对于女性，严格要求一夫一妻制，但对于男性来说则不然，如果他们富有，可能会有妾室，如果社会地位较低，则可能会去妓院。

Adultery by a woman was a serious crime with severe punishments. The standard punishment for adultery was death for the woman and the man who slept with her. In the 16th century, the Lord demanded that the offenders kill themselves. Failing that, the husband was required to kill them himself, although in the 18th century the requirement was dropped, and the husband was merely allowed to do so if he wished.

在过去，女人的通奸是一项严重罪行，会受到严厉的惩罚。通奸的标准惩罚是对女人和与她发生关系的男人实行死刑。在16世纪，主张令罪犯自杀。如果未能达到这一点，丈夫将被要求亲手杀死罪犯。虽然到了18世纪，这种要求被取消了，丈夫如果想的话只被允许亲手杀死罪犯。

It was even legal for the family or village of the husband to kill an unfaithful wife and her lover on the husband's behalf if the husband was away when the scandal was uncovered. In 1742, Takogawa Yoshimune issued an extensive set of laws covering all sorts of adulterous scenarios. For example, a man who attempted to seduce another man's wife would receive the death penalty. A couple found to be planning to commit adultery would be banished. Meanwhile, a woman who killed her husband to cover up her affair would be publicly humiliated and then crucified.

甚至在丈夫不在时，如果发现妻子和情人通奸，丈夫的家族或村庄可以合法地代表丈夫杀害她们。1742年，德川吉宗颁布了一系列涵盖各种通奸情节的法律。例如，试图诱惑他人妻子的男人将被处以死刑。 发现有夫妇正在计划通奸，将被流放。与此同时，杀死丈夫掩盖自己通奸行为的女人将受到公开耻辱并被钉在十字架上。

The harshness of these laws reflected the idea that marriage was an essential part of social order. Adultery disrupted the balance of Japanese society and was an act of rebellion against the authority of the husband. The importance of social order and marriage law is also shown by the fact that punishments were more cruel when the adulterous couple came from different social classes.

这些法律的严厉反映了婚姻是社会秩序的重要组成部分这一观念。通奸扰乱了日本社会的平衡，是对丈夫权威的叛逆行为。社会秩序和婚姻法的重要性也体现在，当通奸夫妇来自不同的社会阶层时，惩罚更加残酷。

Adultery was scandalous for people on every level of society, but commoners treated it differently to elites. The laws may have demanded execution, and this was broadly followed for the elites, but commoners usually prefer to negotiate through the affair without killing anyone. After all, if adultery was seen as a crime against the social order, killing two members of the village or community would be even more damaging.

通奸在社会的每个层面都是丑闻，但平民和精英对待它的方式不同。法律可能要求处死，这在精英中广泛遵循，但平民通常倾向于通过不杀人的方式来协商事务。毕竟，如果通奸被视为针对社会秩序的罪行，杀死村庄或社区的两个成员将会更加具有破坏性。

Instead of execution, the offending couple would be shamed, maybe even banished, but killing them was usually a step too far. The inevitable outcome of these scandals for commoners was divorce. Divorce was relatively easy and didn't come with much social stigma. As a general rule, any children from the marriage remained with the husband, while the wife returned to her own family. We have no reliable records for the divorce rates among commoners, but records indicate that about 10% of die-mew marriages ended in divorce during the late Shogun period.

通常情况下，对于那些触犯了道德规范的夫妇并不会被判处死刑，而是会被羞辱，甚至被流放。杀死他们通常都会被视为过度了。对于普通人而言，这些丑闻的必然结果就是离婚。离婚相对来说比较容易，并没有太多社会污名。一般来说，任何婚姻中的孩子都会留给丈夫，而妻子会回到自己的家族。我们没有可靠的数据记录普通人的离婚率，但记录表明，在晚期幕府时期，大约有10%的“勉合婚”最终以离婚告终。

That obviously doesn't mean the other 90% of marriages were happy ones. No doubt many elites married purely for economic benefit, and simply shipped their wives off to an estate where they wouldn't have to see them again. In the Shogun era, there was a lot of legal freedom for divorce, but sometimes economic or social concerns could be a barrier. Firstly, the power of divorce was almost exclusively in the hands of men.

这显然并不意味着其他90%的婚姻都是幸福的。毫无疑问，许多精英仅仅因为经济利益而结婚，然后把他们的妻子送到一个庄园，不再见面。在幕末时期，离婚有很多法律自由，但有时经济或社会问题可能是一道障碍。首先，离婚的权力几乎完全掌握在男性手中。

In theory, a man could divorce his wife at any moment by providing her with a Mikudari Han, or a so-called three and a half lines. This document, named for its brevity, was all a man needed to declare his intent to divorce, and there was nothing the woman could do to dispute it. However, divorce came with certain obligations. By the Edo period, the principle of the return of the dowry was respected by almost everyone in Japanese society.

理论上，一个男人可以随时通过提供三句话的“三点半”来与妻子离婚。这份文件由于简短而得名，并且男人可以通过它宣布他想要离婚，而女人没有任何争议的余地。但是，离婚也带来了一定的义务。到了江户时代，日本社会上几乎每个人都尊重归还嫁妆的原则。

This required that a husband must return a dowry to his wife if he divorced her. This could be more complicated than it appears. Many people would spend the dowry and so they had to find other ways to cover the cost. Some men would borrow money, or perhaps seek another wife with a greater dowry to make up the difference. For elites, these dowrys could be massively expensive. If a man could not afford to repay the dowry, he was effectively unable to divorce his wife.

这个规定要求丈夫在离婚时向妻子返还嫁妆。这可能比看起来更加复杂。许多人会花光嫁妆，因此他们必须找到其他方法来支付这笔费用。有些男人会借钱，或者寻找另一个有更多嫁妆的妻子来弥补差额。对于精英阶层来说，这些嫁妆可能非常昂贵。如果一个男人无法负担返还嫁妆的费用，他实际上无法离婚。

Many sayings and poems from this period talk about people trapped in marriages purely because they can't afford to repay the dowry and escape. Even if there wasn't a dowry, it was expected for the husband to provide a small settlement to the wife as a sign of respect. This was especially true in so-called Fujitsu-ren, or bad faith divorces, where the man's actions had caused some scandal that forced the end of the marriage. There were situations where a woman could initiate a divorce.

许多来自那个时期的谚语和诗歌都谈论那些因为无力偿还嫁妆而被困在婚姻中的人们。即使没有嫁妆，丈夫也被期望给妻子提供一笔小的财产作为尊重的象征。在所谓的“不诚实离婚”中，即男方的行为导致了一些丑闻进而迫使了婚姻的结束，这一点尤其真实。同时也存在女性发起离婚的情况。

One of these was the Sakewatashi Rienjo, roughly translating to advanced letters of divorce. These were similar to the Mikudari Han, in that they were documents demanding a divorce, but these were given by the husband to his wife as a sort of insurance policy. If the wife felt that the husband was acting wrongly, she could present the letter to him and get out of the union. Sometimes these letters were written up as part of the marriage negotiation, and given to the wife's family. If the husband failed to take care of her, her family could step in and present the letters to dissolve the marriage.

其中之一是“酒器谷离状”的翻译大致为“离婚高级书信”。类似于“御供奉”（一种提出离婚要求的文件），但这些文件是丈夫给妻子的，作为一种保险政策。如果妻子觉得丈夫的行为不当，她可以向他提出这封信并退出这段婚姻。有时，这些信件是作为婚姻谈判的一部分编写的，并给予妻子的家庭。如果丈夫未能照顾好她，她的家人可以介入并出示这些信件来解除婚姻关系。

Divorce itself wasn't dishonorable, even if the reasons behind it might be. Generally, people could remarry without issue. According to our records, most Dimeo divorces were followed up by a remarriage to someone else. However, anyone who remarried without finalising the divorce could face punishment. A man who remarried without clearly divorcing another wife would be exiled, while a woman would have her head shaved as a sign of her crime, and sent back to live with her parents.

离婚本身并不是可耻的，即使背后的原因可能存在问题。通常情况下，人们可以再婚而不受影响。根据我们的记录，大多数Dimeo家庭的离婚都会后跟着与其他人再婚。然而，任何没有正式离婚就重新结婚的人都可能面临惩罚。如果一个男人在没有明确离开另一位妻子的情况下再婚，他将会被放逐，而一个女人则会被剃光头，并送回到父母家以示惩罚。

Beyond marriage, Shogun Irojapan was accepting of many types of sexuality. Homosexuality was acceptable for both men and women, with no punishments targeting it like there were in Europe in this period. This sexual openness is reflected in popular literature from the period. The 17th century poet Iharas Saikaku often wrote about romance and sexual culture.

除了婚姻之外，将军伊劳日本接受许多类型的性取向。同性恋对于男性和女性都是可以接受的，在这个时期并没有像欧洲那样针对它的惩罚。这种性开放在当时的流行文学中得以反映。17世纪诗人伊原赛阔经常写关于浪漫和性文化的作品。

His life of an amorous man describes a man who took thousands of lovers, including hundreds of men, and a similar tale in life of an amorous woman featured depictions of lesbian relationships. It should be noted however that homosexuality was almost exclusively a sexual dynamic, and occasionally a romantic one, but marriage was strictly between a man and a woman.

《放荡人生》描写了一个男人与成千上万的情人发生关系，包括数百名男性。而另一个类似的故事《放荡女生》则描述了女同性恋关系。但需要注意的是，同性恋几乎完全是一种性的关系，偶尔也有浪漫的可能性，但婚姻仍然只能在男人和女人之间建立。

Homosexuality was strongly associated with the upper classes of society. In one 17th century story called the Boer's Tale, a group of men debate whether loving a woman or a young man is better. While they agree that a woman is ultimately the best, they also say that loving young men was a more suitable idea for the warrior aristocracy.

同性恋曾经与社会的上层阶级密切相关。在17世纪的一个故事中，叫做“布尔人的故事”，一群男人辩论是爱女人还是爱年轻男子更好。尽管他们都认为最好的是爱女人，但他们也表示，爱年轻男子更适合战士贵族。

The most common manifestation of this elite homosexuality was the non-Shogun tradition, which paired older mentors with younger boy students. The older man treated the younger as a sort of apprentice, teaching them the ways of politics and war, and in most cases they would also involve a sexual element. It was believed that such a relationship deepened the connection between teacher and student and had an enobling effect on the young boy. Many Japanese elites were known to partake in these relationships. Famous warlords like Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga were known to have had both male and female lovers throughout their lives.

这种精英之间的同性恋最常见的表现形式是非幕府传统，即年长的导师与年轻的男孩学生搭档。年长者会将年轻人视为一种学徒，教他们政治和战争方面的知识，并在大多数情况下还涉及性的元素。人们认为这种关系加深了师生之间的联系，并对年轻男孩产生了一种崇高的影响。许多日本的精英人物都参与了这些关系。像德川家康和織田信長这样的著名武将都知道在他们的一生中既有男性又有女性的情人。

As time went on, the practice of non-Shogun spread beyond the samurai classes, and began being taken up by upper middle classes, such as merchants. The long-term mentoring aspect was difficult to translate, but the sexual relations were much easier to copy. During the Tokugawa period, non-Shogun lovers became more common in brothels. The commercialization of the non-Shogun tradition was a major contributor to the expansion of prostitution across Japan, in the 18th and early 19th century.

随着时间的推移，非幕府的惯例开始流传到武士阶层之外，逐渐被上层中产阶级，如商人所采用。长期的指导方面比较难翻译，但性关系则更容易复制。在德川时期，非幕府的恋人在妓院中变得更加普遍。非幕府传统的商业化是18世纪和19世纪初日本性行业扩张的重要贡献者。

Prostitution was legal in specially designated pleasure zones throughout the Shogun era. It became ever more common over time as cities grew and as Japan's middle class expanded. The average prostitute was called a Yuju, and they applied their trade in the pleasure districts of Japan's many cities and towns. prostitution was not a dishonorable practice, and some prostitutes could become very well regarded. The most famous prostitutes were called Aurean, and were a sort of local celebrity, able to command a higher price and they were favourites of local elites, often becoming their mistresses. People of many pursuits could partake in prostitution on the side. Kabuki dancers, most of whom were male, often worked as prostitutes in addition to their performances.

在将军时代，特别指定的纵欲区域内卖淫是合法的。随着城市的增长和日本的中产阶级的发展，卖淫变得越来越普遍。平均妓女被称为"娱妓"，她们在日本许多城市和小镇的娱乐区域内进行交易。卖淫并非不光彩的行为，一些妓女可以得到很好的评价。最著名的妓女被称为"曰本娼妓"，是一种当地的名人，能够要价更高，她们是当地精英的最爱，常常成为他们的情妇。很多人也会参与卖淫。歌舞伎演员，其中大部分是男性，常常在表演之外也兼职卖淫。

However, by far the most famous of these types of people were the Gashagos. Emerging in the mid 18th century, Gashagos were mainly entertainers who were talented in a range of artistic pursuits, including drama, poetry, music, and song. Strickly speaking, Gashagos would not prostitutes, and in many cases it was forbidden for them to offer sexual service. However, many did so anyway.

然而，这些人中最著名的类型是Gashagos。他们于18世纪中期开始出现，主要是一些才华横溢的娱乐人才，擅长于各种艺术领域，包括戏剧、诗歌、音乐和歌曲。严格来说，Gashagos并不是妓女，在很多情况下，他们被禁止提供性服务。然而，许多人还是这样做了。

By the early 19th century, the Gashagos had become icons of fashion and femininity. They displaced traditional courtesans and came to be seen as the preferred source of sexual and non-sexual entertainment for many elites. Today, popular culture still associates the Gashagos with prostitution, but in reality, the modern Gashagos are a far cry from their origins in the pleasure districts of Shogun Japan.

到19世纪初，被称为Gashagos的女性成为了时尚和女性化的偶像。她们取代了传统的妓女，被视为许多精英所青睐的性和非性娱乐的首选来源。如今，流行文化仍将Gashagos与卖淫联系在一起，但事实上，现代的Gashagos与其在幕府日本的娱乐区起源时已经大相径庭了。

This openness to sexuality would not last forever. With the end of the Shogunet and the rise of imperial Japan, the culture around love making and marriage change significantly. If you want to learn more about what happened next, check out our recent video on the topic. For now, we have to part ways. We won't ask for you to repay the dowry, but we would greatly appreciate it if you could like this video and subscribe to our channel to show your support. Also, don't forget to check out March of Empires on Mobile or PC today.

这种对性开放的态度并不会持续下去。随着幕府时代的结束和日本帝国的崛起，有关恋爱和婚姻的文化发生了重大变化。如果你想了解接下来发生了什么，请查看我们最近关于此主题的视频。目前，我们必须分道扬镳。我们不会要求你偿还嫁妆，但如果你能点赞我们的视频并订阅我们的频道以表达你的支持，我们将不胜感激。此外，别忘了今天在移动设备或电脑上尝试玩《帝国三月》。