The Tragic Reality of Brain Drain on Poor Countries
发布时间 2023-02-26 14:00:30 来源
摘要
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The phenomenon of brain drain is when the best and brightest workers from poor countries immigrate to rich countries in the pursuit of higher pay and living conditions. This can hinder the development of poor countries because many of their best workers leave.
0:00 - 2:12 Intro
2:13 - 3:32 Course Careers
3:33 - 4:30 Advanced economies
4:31 - 6:35 What is brain drain
6:36 - 8:00 Demographics
8:01 - 9:20 Benefit to rich countries
9:21 - 12:16 Education
12:17 Solutions
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This is Taiwan, a heavily disputed territory off the coast of mainland China that is home to 23 and a half million people and some of the most important industrial centres in the world.
这里是台湾，位于中国大陆海岸附近的一个备受争议的领土，有着 23 亿半的人口和一些世界上最重要的工业中心。
Don't worry, this is not yet another video about Chinese and Taiwanese hostilities and how it could be the catalyst for a major war between global superpowers. It's instead about a trend that while not as attention grabbing could be just as devastating for most of the world.
不用担心，这不是又一个关于中国和台湾敌对情况如何成为引发全球超级大国之间的重大战争的视频。相反，它是关于一个趋势的视频，虽然没有那么引人注意，但对世界大多数地区可能同样具有毁灭性的影响。
Taiwan today is the second richest major economy in Asia, following only just behind Japan, which should overtake in the next few years if current trends continue. It is clearly an advanced economy after making the transition from a poor, agrarian makeshift settlement in a military dictatorship that only officially ended 35 years ago.
今天的台湾是亚洲第二大富裕经济体，仅次于日本，如果当前趋势继续下去，几年内日本可能会超过台湾。它显然是一个先进经济体，从一个贫穷的、农业的临时定居点转型而来，而这个临时定居点是在一个仅在35年前才正式结束的军事独裁政权下建立的。
Taiwan's story of transitioning from an agrarian economy to a low-cost manufacturing centre then finally onto becoming an advanced centre of world leading industries is not unique. Other countries in the region followed very similar paths in the last decades of the 20th century, South Korea, Singapore, Japan, even certain regions within mainland China all became what economists would broadly call advanced or developed economies. Taiwan is interesting because it really was one of the last major economies to make that jump.
台湾的转型故事，从农业经济转型为低成本制造中心，最终成为世界领先产业的高级中心，并不是独一无二的。在20世纪的最后几十年中，该地区的其他国家也走了非常类似的道路，包括韩国、新加坡、日本，甚至包括中国内地的某些地区，它们都被经济学家广泛地称为先进或发达经济体。台湾之所以有趣，是因为它实际上是最后一个跨越这一巨大鸿沟的主要经济体。
And today, more and more of the fast growing economies from around the world are struggling to make the transition from a developing economy to an advanced economy. There are even examples like Brazil that arguably became the first country ever to go from being an advanced economy back to being a developing economy. Outside of unique situations like this one, the general trend is that less and less countries are making that final step to become fully fledged advanced economies and are getting stuck dealing with endless problems in the developing stage.
如今，越来越多来自全球快速发展经济体正在努力实现从发展中经济体转变为先进经济体的转型。甚至存在像巴西这样的例子，它可以被认为是第一个从先进经济体回到发展中经济体的国家。除了像巴西这样独特的情况外，普遍趋势是越来越少的国家跨越了最后一步，成为成熟的先进经济体，并陷入在发展阶段处理无休止问题的困境中。
Already this year we have made videos about Sri Lanka, Pakistan and even China that are all lurching from one economic problem to the next. Now there are endless reasons as to why rich countries are rich and poor countries are poor, but one of the biggest ones is an economic process known as brain drain, which has the potential to solidify country's positions in the global economy and make it almost impossible for anybody else to join the ranks of the 30 or so existing advanced economies.
今年我们已经制作了有关斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦甚至中国的视频，这些国家都一直在挣扎着应对各种经济问题。现在，为什么富裕国家富裕而贫穷国家贫穷的原因有很多，但其中最大的原因之一是一种被称为“人才流失”的经济过程，它有可能固化国家在全球经济中的地位，使得其他国家几乎无法加入到存在的30多个先进经济体之列。
So what is brain drain and why is it getting worse? How is brain drain making rich countries richer and poor countries poorer? And finally, is there any way for the developing countries to stop this from happening?
那么，什么是人才流失，为什么它正在恶化？人才流失如何让富裕国家更加富裕，让贫困国家更加贫困？最终，发展中国家有没有办法阻止这种情况的发生呢？
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本期的经济学解析由课程生涯为您提供赞助。在这个视频中，我们将发现大学教育变得非常昂贵，但在许多高薪职业中，实践和人际技能比正式教育更为重要。课程职业通过提供价格实惠的在线课程和技术行业来填补这一差距，这些课程教授的是您在工作中需要知道的全部内容，而不是您需要知道如何通过期末考试。
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通常，阻止人们获得高收入、需求量大的职位的唯一障碍是获得必须通过门槛的学位所涉及的显著成本和承诺。我们将在这个视频中探讨这个问题的昂贵和竞争性，但是课程生涯让这变得更容易。所以，要了解他们的其他成功故事并获得完整课程的50美元折扣，请访问coursecreas.com/经济解释，并使用折扣代码EE50。链接和代码现在在屏幕上和视频描述中。
There is no specific definition of what an advanced economy is or is not. Economists roughly agree that it's a country with a GDP per capita at least above $20,000 per year at the absolute minimum. A country with advanced and highly technical industries, a well functioning and fairly regulated market system and a good score on the human development index.
没有明确定义一个先进经济体是什么或不是什么。经济学家们大致同意，一个国家的人均GDP至少应该在每年20,000美元以上才能算是先进经济体。具有先进和高度技术化的产业、良好运行和相对规范的市场体系以及良好的人类发展指数得分的国家也可以被认为是先进经济体。
A combination of all of these factors is kind of important and that's why institutions like the IMF would classify Spain as an advanced economy, but not Brunei, even though Brunei has had a GDP per capita 50% higher than that of Spain's. In fact, the IMF is really the only agency that specifically defines individual countries by labeling them as advanced, emerging or low income, and you really have to go digging to find those classifications. To most economists, an advanced economy is one of those things where you know it when you see it, and I think it's important to mention that as we try to make sense of what is stopping other countries from reaching this ill-defined status.
这些因素的综合考虑相当重要，这也是为什么像国际货币基金组织这样的机构会将西班牙归类为发达经济体，而不是文莱，即使文莱的人均国内生产总值高出西班牙50%。 实际上，国际货币基金组织是唯一一个明确定义国家标签为发达，新兴或低收入的机构，您必须深入挖掘才能找到这些分类。对于大多数经济学家而言，发达经济体是一件事，在看到时您就会了解，我认为在我们试图理解是什么阻止其他国家达到这种未定义状态时，提到这一点很重要。
Brunei is the process of highly educated and productive participants in an economy, leaving their home country to pursue better opportunities in another country. This move can be motivated by better paying opportunities, a better lifestyle, or be driven by people leaving their home countries to avoid violence, corruption or persecution. Overwhelmingly, the most productive members of economies around the world are moving from developing economies and moving to advanced economies. I am massively generalising here, but advanced economies are normally nicer places to live with lower rates of violence and higher paying jobs.
文莱正在经历高学历、高产出参与者离开家乡前往其他国家追求更好机遇的过程。这种移动可以由更好的薪水机会、更好的生活方式或是由于人们为了避免暴力、腐败或迫害而离开家乡所驱动。在全球范围内，经济中最具生产力的成员们大多数都从发展中经济体转移至先进经济体。我这里在非常笼统地概括，但是先进经济体通常是更宜居的地方，暴力率更低，且有更高薪水的工作机会。
An engineer in India earns an average salary of 800,000 rupees, which is about $10,000. In India, that's actually a decent salary, but if they can take those expertise and get qualified as an engineer in the United States, they would potentially be earning 10 times that amount or more. An advanced country like the USA, while it has its problems, is also far less crowded and polluted than most areas of India, so if it is an opportunity that is presented to them, a lot of people from India and a lot of other countries will take it. This hurts the countries they are coming from because they lose their most productive workers. The workers that will pay the most tax, produce the most value, and have the highest chances of driving innovation to make the country wealthier.
一名印度工程师的平均工资为800,000卢比，约为10,000美元。在印度，这已经是很不错的工资了，但如果他们能够将这些专业知识转化为在美国成为一名工程师的资格，他们将有可能赚取10倍以上的收入。像美国这样的先进国家，虽然存在一些问题，但与印度大多数地区相比，它的人口密度和污染程度要低得多。因此，如果他们有机会去美国工作，来自印度和其他许多国家的许多人都会去。这会对他们来自的国家造成伤害，因为他们失去了最具生产力的工人。这些工人将支付最高的税收，产生最高价值，并有最高的创新驱动机会，使国家变得更加富裕。
They also lose these workers right as they stop being an economic burden, which I know is a very mean thing to say about children and students, but that's what they are. They take more money from the economy than they contribute until they go on to be workers, after they work in careers they once again become an economic burden in their old age. This is normally an investment worth making, either for the government or the children's families, because in undeveloped economies, children will go on to look after their parents while they can no longer work, and in developing in advanced economies, the children will go on to produce way more value in their working lives and the government lost to educating them and potentially losing out on their parents' taxable incomes while they looked after them.
同时，当儿童和学生不再是经济负担时，他们也会失去这些劳动力，我知道说孩子和学生是经济负担可能很刻薄，但这就是事实。他们需要从经济中取得更多支出，而他们能够为经济做出的贡献比起后来成为职场人士时要少得多。等到他们老了再次成为经济负担。通常来说，这是值得投资的，无论是对于政府还是孩子的家庭。在不发达的经济体中，孩子们会照顾他们的父母，而在发达经济体中，孩子们将会在工作生涯中创造更多的价值，而政府所投资的教育也将会让他们贡献更多。同时，为了照顾父母而放弃对他们的所得征税，政府也将会失去可观的财政收入。
But the distinction of who pays and who benefits from children is different in these different economies. For undeveloped countries with little to no government welfare or support systems, individuals bearing the cost of having children is worth it because the children often directly work alongside their parents on farms or in businesses. Having children in these countries is also very cheap, so they are effectively making a low cost workforce and a retirement plan all in one. Alongside other cultural factors, this is why most low-income economies have such young populations with so many children.
在这些不同的经济体系中，付费和从孩子中受益的人的区别不同。对于几乎没有政府福利或支持系统的不发达国家来说，个人承担养育孩子的费用是值得的，因为孩子通常直接和父母一起在农场或企业中工作。在这些国家，生育孩子的成本也非常低廉，因此他们实际上是在创造一个低成本的劳动力和一个退休计划。除了其他的文化因素外，这就是为什么大多数低收入经济体有如此之多的年轻人和孩子的原因。
Behind-income countries, the cost benefit of having children is reversed. Raising children is very expensive and often requires parents to leave the workforce for an extended period of time. There are also laws in most of these countries against using children for labour, even in family businesses, and there is no expectation that the children will financially support their parents in their old age because there are already alternative systems in place to do that. Because of this, almost every major in developing economy around the world today is dealing with some kind of demographic issue where their people are simply not having enough children to continue this cycle of young generations looking out for the elderly.
在低收入国家，生孩子的成本效益往往被逆转了。抚养孩子非常昂贵，通常要求父母长期离开职场。此外，这些国家大多数有法律禁止在家族企业中使用儿童劳动力，而且也没有期望孩子在老年时经济上支持他们的父母，因为已经有其他替代系统来做到这一点。因此，几乎世界上所有发展中经济体都面临着某些人口问题，他们的人口数量简单地不够，无法继续实现年轻一代照顾老年人的这个循环。
If a majority of people get too old to work, it will put a significant strain on a few young people who still can, either directly as more and more of the workforce gets dedicated to looking after the elderly, or indirectly as young workers are forced to pay higher taxes to cover the costs of looking after an aging population. This is already happening. The labour force participation rate in most countries is already falling as people are opting out of the workforce earlier than what economists assume. These figures also don't count for the growing population of people over the assumed working age that will require even more care.
如果大多数人年龄过大无法工作，将会给仅有一些年轻人带来巨大压力，因为工作人口中越来越多的人将致力于照顾老年人，或者年轻工人被迫支付更高的税收来负担养老人口的费用。这种情况已经在发生。在大多数国家，劳动力参与率已经下降，因为人们比经济学家预计的更早离开劳动力市场。这些数字也没有考虑到年龄超过预期工作年龄的人口数量不断增加，他们将需要更多的看护。
Low income and developing countries are going to feel this effect the most because a higher portion of their jobs involve physical labour that unlike service space jobs in offices just can't be done by people that are too old or frail.
低收入和发展中国家将最受到这种影响，因为他们更大比例的工作涉及到体力劳动，不同于办公室中的服务业工作，这些工作不可能由年龄过大或身体虚弱的人来完成。
High income, advanced economies also have another advantage, which is why they stay rich. While low income and developing economies only get the drawbacks of brain drain, which accelerates the problems they have with aging populations, rich countries benefit from it by being the sink that those brains drain into, which is just terrible imagery, but you get what I'm saying here.
高收入、先进的经济体还有另一个优势，这也是他们保持富裕的原因。虽然低收入和发展中国家只会遭受人才流失的缺点，而这加速了他们在人口老龄化问题上的困境，富裕国家通过吸纳这些流失的智慧头脑而受益，尽管这是可怕的形象，但你明白我的意思。
Rich countries that are desirable destinations to live and work will get their peak of skilled young workers who want to move there to start a better life. Most advanced countries can pick how many skilled workers they want to enter their economy simply by increasing or decreasing the amount of skilled worker visas they give out. After the global pandemic and record unemployment rates combined with low labour force participation, a lot of governments are opening up to record numbers of skilled migrants.
富裕国家是许多人渴望生活和工作的理想目的地，这些年轻有才华的工人们希望移居那里开始更好的生活。大多数发达国家可以通过增加或减少发放熟练工人签证的数量来选择他们想要进入他们经济体的熟练工人数量。全球疫情、创下新高失业率以及低劳动力参与率之后，许多政府正在开放创纪录数量的熟练移民。
Not only will these workers help to fix all the problems of an aging population, they can also act as a former of economic stimulus. People moving to a new country will need to buy a lot of new stuff to get themselves established, new cars, new furniture, new phones and internet plans and of course a new house and everything that comes with it. Whether they are renting or buying a skilled migrant will be bringing money from their home country into the host country to stimulate the domestic economy.
这些工人不仅可以帮助解决老龄化人口的所有问题，还可以作为经济刺激的形式。移民到新国家的人们需要购买大量新物品以立足自己，如新车、新家具、新手机和互联网计划，当然还需要新房子和所有相关的东西。无论他们是租房还是买房，技术移民将把来自自己国家的钱带入目的国，以刺激国内经济。
One area where this is most apparent is in schooling. One of the primary past residency for most people moving from a low income or developing economy into an advanced economy is through student visa programs. People that have completed a university degree in a developed country are more likely to be successful if they apply for a working visa after they graduate because the host country will recognise their degree and be confident of the applicant's language skills and ability to be productive enough to at least pass university exams and assignments.
这一现象最为突出的领域之一便是教育领域。对于多数从低收入或发展中国家移民至高收入国家的人而言，最主要的过渡期便是通过学生签证项目。那些在发达国家完成大学学业的人，在他们毕业后申请工作签证时更有可能获得成功，因为接收国会承认他们的学历，确信申请者具备良好的语言能力和足够的生产力，至少能够通过大学考试和作业。
University degrees in most schools and advanced economies are significantly more expensive for international students because there are no government pricing controls combined with lots of demand so those students provide a great source of revenue to these centres of education.
在大多数学校和先进经济体中，国际学生的大学学位要显著更贵，因为没有政府的价格控制，而需求旺盛，因此这些教育中心将这些学生视为一个巨大的收入来源。
This is not without its problems. In my own home country of Australia education is one of the largest exports we have. We receive more money from abroad to pay for university fees than we do for petroleum or natural gas. Because this is so lucrative, there has been a trend to make sure that international students get what they pay for no matter what, which is a university degree.
这也存在问题。在我的家乡澳大利亚，教育是我们最大的出口之一。我们从海外获得的支付大学费用的资金比石油或天然气还多。因为这非常赚钱，所以就出现了一种趋势，确保国际学生不管怎样都能得到他们所支付的东西，也就是大学学位。
This has caused multiple scandals where professors were pressured into passing poorly performing international students just to make sure that the university kept a good reputation for more international students in the future. This is not a problem by any means unique to Australia either and universities around the world are going to struggle to balance the temptation of easy money from international students and their families who are willing to pay almost anything for a free stepping stone into a life and an advanced economy and academic integrity.
这已经导致多起丑闻，因为教授们受到压力将表现不好的国际学生通过，只为了确保大学为未来吸引更多的国际学生保持良好的声誉。这不仅仅是澳大利亚独有的问题，世界各地的大学都将面临平衡从国际学生及其家人那里获得的易得资金的诱惑，以及维护学术诚信的挑战。他们愿意支付几乎任何代价来获得一张适用于生活和未来职业发展的高级经济和学术基石。
International students also take the places of local students who might have wanted to attend a university but missed out because their grades went high enough to compete with their local cohort as well as students from other countries. This wouldn't be such a big problem if it was totally fair because nobody is owed a place in these schools. And if local students don't meet the standards of enrollment, they shouldn't be led in just because they are born in the same country the university operates in. But again, there have been multiple instances where international students that do make the cut arrive for their first semesters with little to no language skills and questionable academic performance.
国际学生还占据了可能想要上大学但因成绩不足与当地同学及来自其他国家的学生竞争而错失机会的本地学生的位置。如果这完全公正，那么这个问题就不会很大，因为没有人义务在这些学校中得到一个位置。如果当地学生不符合入学标准，他们不应该因为是出生在大学所在的国家而被接纳。但是，有多次出现过国际学生通过考核但在第一学期时只有很少或根本没有语言能力和可疑的学术表现的情况。
If students have been led in from abroad at the expense of local students just because they pay more money than that is obviously a problem. These significant small scale issues aside though, if we look at this process from a macroeconomic perspective, it's almost the perfect way to introduce skilled labour into an economy. The country receiving international students gets direct stimulus from abroad which funds their research institutions. It also gets stimulus as those students need to pay for their everyday living expenses like housing, food and entertainment.
如果只因为外国学生支付更多的学费，就优先录取他们而牺牲本地学生，这显然是一个问题。除了这些重大而小规模的问题之外，如果我们从宏观经济的角度来看待这个过程，那么引入熟练劳动力几乎是完美的方式。接收国际学生的国家从国外获得直接刺激，用以资助其研究机构。由此带来的刺激还包括，这些学生需要支付日常生活费用，如住房、食品和娱乐。
A lot of country student visa programs will allow students to work part-time jobs while they're studying but even still most of the money to cover these expenses will be coming from their family or personal savings back at home. If they do take a part-time job, that can often help the host country because they will normally be working in the unskilled and not particularly well-paid jobs that people don't care about missing out on.
许多国家的学生签证计划会允许学生在学习期间兼职工作，但即便如此，大多数支持这些费用的资金仍将来自家里的家庭或个人储蓄。如果他们真的找到了兼职工作，那通常会对接收国家有所帮助，因为他们通常会在不需要特别技能的低薪工作上工作，而这些工作并不特别引人关注。
As soon as they graduate from university, if they then enter the workforce in the host country, they are starting out literally at the very beginning of their careers. So they are maximising the time that they can add value and pay taxes to a country that did not have to support them while they were children. This also ensures that advanced economies get the best and brightest workers to progress innovation to make sure their industries are more advanced and competitive than any alternatives that come from developing economies that lose their most promising innovators.
一旦他们从大学毕业，如果接下来在主办国家参加工作，他们的职业生涯就从基础开始。因此，他们充分利用时间为国家创造价值和缴纳税款，在他们还是孩子时，这个国家无需资助他们。这也确保了先进经济体能够获得最优秀、最聪明的工作者来推进创新，以确保其产业比来自发展中经济体的任何其他竞争对手更先进和有竞争力。
So if this is such a problem that is already stifling the growth of dozens of countries around the world, how can economists stop it? The simple fact is that advanced economies are almost always going to be more desirable places to live and work than developing economies. Not only because they offer higher incomes to workers but also because they generally have lower levels of corruption, crime and pollution, but also having better access to healthcare, education and other public utilities.
如果这已经成为全球几十个国家增长的严重问题，那么经济学家该如何解决呢？简单的事实是，发达经济体几乎总是比发展中经济体更具有吸引力的生活和工作地点。不仅因为他们为工人提供更高的收入，而且因为他们通常具有更低的腐败、犯罪和污染水平，并且享有更好的医疗保健、教育和其他公共设施。
Again, of course, this is a generalisation. There are examples of certain developing economies that beat out certain advanced economies in these factors, but it generally holds true, and that's the first thing that can be done to at least slow brain-drain. People will be less likely to move abroad if living conditions at home are good, so making sure a developing country is a good place to live is a very important factor in determining whether or not it will make it to become an advanced economy.
当然，这是一个概括。某些发展中国家在这些方面超越某些发达经济体的例子很常见，但总体而言是成立的，这是至少可以减缓人才流失问题的第一步。如果家乡的生活条件好，人们会更不愿意移民国外，因此确保发展中国家是一个良好的居住地是确定其是否能成为先进经济体的一个非常重要的因素。
Of course, getting rid of pollution, crime and corruption while providing better public services is much easier said than done, but it does highlight the importance of people, even in macroeconomics where the focus tends to be on big industries and trade deals. The other more direct approach countries can take is to invest heavily into industries that have the potential to make them advanced economies.
当然，消除污染、犯罪和腐败，并提供更好的公共服务说起来容易做起来难，但它强调了人民的重要性，即使在宏观经济学中，焦点往往放在大型工业和贸易协议。国家可以采取的另一种更直接的途径是大量投资潜力可以使它们成为先进经济体的行业。
South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, some of the most successful economies of the last five decades, all got started with strong government programmes designed to build out world-leading technical industries in the country. This is distinct from low-cost manufacturing in places like China or India, and even from services in places like the Philippines. These are industries that are controlled by the greatest innovators, not the lowest bidders.
韩国、日本和台湾是过去五十年最成功的经济体之一，它们都始于政府推出的强有力计划，旨在在国内建立世界领先的技术产业。这与中国或印度等地的低成本制造业以及菲律宾等地的服务业有所不同。这些产业由最伟大的创新者掌控，而不是由出价最低者掌控。
Japan still designs and manufactures a lot of the world's most advanced electronic devices. South Korea is home to dozens of globally competitive companies, and by now I'm sure that you're all aware of just how important Taiwan's industries are to the global economy. Japan and these industries often involves paying lots of money to people so that they move to less desirable countries and provide their expertise for long enough to get the industry off the ground.
日本仍然设计和制造着世界上许多最先进的电子设备。韩国拥有数十家具有全球竞争力的公司，我相信你们现在都意识到了台湾工业对全球经济的重要性。在日本和这些产业中，经常需要花费大量的资金来让人们移居到不那么理想的国家，并提供他们的专业知识，以便足够长的时间帮助产业起步。
It's also a risky endeavour with no guarantees of success, and it could just as easily take up a lot of government money that could have been spent on providing public services and getting rid of crime, corruption, pollution and all of the other things that made people want to look abroad for a better life to begin with.
这也是一个风险很高的努力，没有成功的保证，同样也可能消耗大量政府资金，本可以用于提供公共服务、消除犯罪、腐败、污染以及其他让人们渴望出国寻求更好生活的问题。
This subject was actually suggested by a commenter on a community post we made asking for video ideas. Kim and I had been doing background research on brain drain and its effects on developing economies for a while because it was important to a lot of national economies that we'd explored over the past few months. But this comment was what made us decide that it probably needed a video all of its own.
这个主题实际上是由一个评论者在我们发帖寻求视频创意时建议的。金姆和我一直在做关于人才流失以及其对发展中国家的影响的背景研究，因为我们在过去几个月里探讨了许多国家经济的重要性。但这条评论使我们决定为之制作一个单独的视频。
So if you have an economic topic that you think deserves a video, make sure to let us know. Thanks for watching mate. Bye.
如果你有觉得值得制作视频的经济话题，请务必告诉我们。感谢观看，拜拜。