The Most Horrifying Human Experiments Of All Time | Random Thursday
发布时间 2021-01-28 13:39:20 来源
摘要
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Human experimentation is just a part of the scientific process - when done ethically. But through history there have been horrifying human experiments done especially during wartime that were mere excuses for cruelty and torture. Here are some of the worst examples.
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LINKS LINKS LINKS:
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-kamera-the-chamber-leninskiy-rayon-russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services
https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/mustardgas/
http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/secret-mustard-gas-experiments
https://www.npr.org/2015/06/24/417045168/lawmakers-promise-to-take-action-after-npr-s-mustard-gas-exposure-report
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/23/416937203/vas-response-to-npr-story-on-broken-promises-to-vets-exposed-to-mustard-gas
https://www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/centers-of-excellence/bioethics-center/about-the-usphs-syphilis-study
https://www.history.com/news/the-infamous-40-year-tuskegee-study
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756
https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history/40-years-human-experimentation-america-tuskegee-study
https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/1997/05/cold-war-chemical-tests-over-american-cities-were-far-below-dangerous-levels
https://oem.bmj.com/content/59/1/13
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience
https://www.thoughtco.com/mengeles-children-twins-of-auschwitz-1779486
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/josef-mengele
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/high-altitude-experiments
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sterilization-experiments
https://unit731.org/
https://allthatsinteresting.com/unit-731
GPT-4正在为你翻译摘要中......
中英文字稿 
This video is supported by Brilliant. When you were in school, the Jeopardy do one of those things where you would prick your finger and then put a drop of blood on a slide and look at it under a microscope. If so, then you took part in a human experiment to better understand our species. Congratulations! You got learnt.
这个视频得到了Brilliant的支持。当你还在学校时，可能参加过一项实验——用小针刺破手指，将一滴血滴在载玻片上，然后在显微镜下观察。如果是这样，那么你参与了一项人类实验，以更好地了解我们的物种。恭喜！你已经学到了东西。
Human beings are experimented on every day all around the world. The fact of the matter is you kind of have to. You know, there's only so much that you can learn from a lab. Like right now, we're finally seeing the roll out of the COVID-19 vaccine, and that was only made possible after testing on thousands of people. So human medical experiments are necessary. But of course, they're carried out with strict protocols and stringent ethical standards. This is part of the scientific process, which has been perfected for centuries.
全世界每天都在对人类进行实验。事实是，你必须这样做。你知道，从实验室中只能学到有限的知识。比如现在，我们终于看到了新冠疫苗的发布，而这只有在数千人的测试后才成为可能。因此，人类医学实验是必要的。但当然，它们是在严格的协议和严格的道德标准下进行的。这是科学过程的一部分，已经被完善了几个世纪。
But unfortunately, this has not always been the case. Throughout history, there have been examples of horrible medical experiments conducted on humans under the guise of war, national security, or just straight-up ethnic or racial purity. In fact, it's debatable that you didn't even be called experiments. The experiments are really just excuses for cruelty.
然而，不幸的是，历史上一直存在以战争、国家安全或种族纯洁为幌子对人类进行肮脏的医学实验的例子。事实上，这些实验甚至可以被质疑是否应该称之为实验，它们只是残忍的借口。
Now, I'm sure in many of these cases that people who carried out these experiments thought that they were doing a service to the world by finding out knowledge that they couldn't get any other way. But did they? Let's find out as we take a look at some of the most horrible human experiments of all time.
我相信在许多这些实验中，执行这些实验的人认为他们通过发现其他途径无法得到的知识来为世界做出了贡献。但他们真的做到了吗？让我们来探讨一些有史以来最可怕的人体实验。
Now, before we begin, I need to give the disclaimer that what we're about to talk about in this video gets dark. Like, dark. This honestly might be some of the most disturbing stuff I've talked about on this channel. And I'm the severed head guy. But this stuff actually happened. And this is a good example of just how far down human beings can go. It's worth facing, even if it's uncomfortable. And it's going to get uncomfortable.
在我们开始之前，我需要声明一下，这个视频要讨论的内容十分黑暗。非常黑暗。这可能是我在这个频道上谈论过的最令人不安的事情之一。而我本人还是个割断头部的人。但这些事情确实发生了。这是一个很好的例子，展示了人类可以降到多么低的地步。它值得直面，即使这让人感到不舒服。而它会让人感到不舒服。
Gregorio Marinovsky was a Russian biochemist who ran a lab that specialized in poison research. And by that, I mean he was finding new and innovative ways to poison people to death.
格雷戈里奥·马林诺夫斯基是一位俄罗斯生物化学家，他经营一家专门从事毒药研究的实验室。换句话说，他正在寻找新颖的方法来毒死人。
The facility went by several names, laboratory one, laboratory 12, and Kamera, meaning cell or chamber in Russian. And it was supervised by a high ranking official named Gingrich Iagoda, not to be confused with Groguyoda. But it was Marinovsky who carried out these experiments.
这个设施被称为几个名字，包括实验室一、实验室12和Kamera，这在俄语中意为细胞或室。它由高级官员金里希·亚戈达（Gingrich Iagoda）监管，不要和格罗古约达（Groguyoda）混淆。但是进行这些实验的是马里诺夫斯基。
And it seems like this was actually a job he was born to do. I mean his PhD was actually titled, Biological Activity of the Products of Interaction of Mustard Gas with Human Skin Tissues. He chose that for his thesis.
而且，看起来这似乎是他天生应该做的工作。我的意思是，他的博士论文实际上就是关于"芥子气与人皮肤组织相互作用产生的生物活性产物"的标题。他是自己选择这个主题来写论文的。
So he brought that zeal for poisons with him to the lab where they carried out involuntary experiments on prisoners from the gulags, including chemicals like Digitoxin, Kurare, cyanide, mustard gas, and ricin. Ultimately what they were looking for was an odorless and tasteless combination of things that could kill somebody without being detected.
他带着毒药的热情来到实验室，对古拉格的囚犯进行了强制实验，包括 Digitoxin、Kurare、氰化物、芥子气和ricin 等化学物质。他们最终要寻找的是一种无色、无味的组合物，可以在不被发现的情况下杀死某个人。
And they basically put the poisons in vitamins that they gave to the prisoners. So the prisoners had no idea that they were taking poisons at all, that is, until they were unable to breathe or their heart stop beating.
他们基本上将毒物放入给囚犯的维生素中。 囚犯根本不知道他们在服用毒物，直到他们无法呼吸或心脏停止跳动。
It's literally impossible to know how many prisoners died as a result of this testing, but due to their research, this actually led to some high profile assassinations in the real world.
要知道因这项测试而死亡的囚犯数量几乎是不可能的，但由于他们的研究，实际上导致了一些高调的暗杀事件发生。
Including Bulgarian dissident Gregory Markov, who was famously killed by a poison pellet to his leg that was administered by a modified umbrella. Yeah, some secret agent literally just jabbed him in the leg with an umbrella as they walked by in the street and administered a tiny pellet with ricin in it. He died in the hospital four days later.
包括保加利亚异议人格雷戈里·马尔科夫，他因被一位搭载了修改装置的伞的特工向他的腿部投射了一枚小型利辛毒药的毒丸而臭名昭著。是的，一些特工真的只是在街上走过时向他的腿部戳了一下伞，然后投射了一枚含有利辛毒药的小球。他在四天后死于医院。
We still don't know the exact location of the lab because it was kept secret, but a KGB defector in 1954 said that it was near a police station in Lubyanka. In fact, some people think that the lab or some version of the lab is still experimenting on people to this very day.
到目前为止，我们仍然不知道实验室的确切位置，因为它一直保密，但一位1954年的克格勃叛逃者说，它在卢比扬卡（Lubyanka）附近的一个警察局附近。事实上，有些人认为，实验室或实验室的某个版本直到今天仍在对人进行实验。
But that's a Soviet Union. They're evil. We all know that. The United States would never. Oh, boy. Yes, shocking, I know. But the United States doesn't come out completely clean in this either.
但那是苏联。我们都知道他们是邪恶的。美国绝不会那样做。哦，天哪。 是的，我知道这很令人震惊。但美国在这方面也不完全干净。
There's a few human experiment programs that happen, including the San Jose Project in World War II. San Jose Island, or Eze las San Jose, is in the Gulf of Panama. And in World War II, the United States had a base there.
有一些人类实验计划正在进行，包括二战期间的圣何塞项目。圣何塞岛或埃塞拉圣何塞岛位于巴拿马湾。在二战期间，美国在那里设有一个基地。
And at this base, they conducted experiments on how mustard gas affected the human body on humans. These particular humans were US troops, which were kind of. fallen told to do it. Which in itself is not that big a deal.
在这个基地上，他们对美国士兵进行了关于芥子气对人体的实验。这些士兵被迫参加这些实验。这本身并不是什么太大的问题。
I mean, soldiers put their bodies on a line in a million different ways, sure. But what makes this one a little bit sus is how they chose the troops.
我的意思是，士兵们以无数种方式奉献自己的身体，这一点是肯定的。但这里有点可疑的是他们选择了哪些军队。
They did it by race. African-American and Puerto Rican soldiers were singled out for these experiments because it was thought at the time that their darker skin would make them more resistant to mustard gas, and thus make them more valuable in the front lines in Japan. And Japanese-American soldiers were tested on to see how mustard gas would affect enemy soldiers.
他们是按种族进行的。非裔美国人和波多黎各士兵被选中进行这些实验，因为当时认为他们较深的皮肤会使他们对芥子气更有抵抗力，从而使他们在日本前线更有价值。而日裔美国士兵则被测试，以了解芥子气对敌军士兵的影响。
Around 60,000 enlisted men were experimented on with mustard gas during World War II, meaning we probably gasmed more of our own soldiers than we did enemy soldiers. And I should point out it wasn't just minorities that were tested on white soldiers, were tested on in control groups as well.
第二次世界大战期间，大约有6万名士兵在芥子气实验中受到了试验，这意味着我们可能对我们自己的士兵进行的毒气攻击比对敌人进行的攻击还要多。我应该指出的是，被试验的不仅是少数族裔，白人士兵也在对照组中进行了测试。
And the soldiers were exposed to mustard gas in three different ways. Patch tests applying liquid mustard gas directly to a subject's skin, field tests, which exposed subjects to gas outside and simulated combat scenarios, and chamber tests. They're really putting soldiers in a chamber and piping mustard gas inside of it. That sounds horrible.
士兵们接触了三种不同的芥子气。这包括直接将液体芥子气涂抹在受试者皮肤上的贴片测试，暴露受试者于外部气体和模拟战斗场景的现场测试，以及室内测试。他们真的将士兵关在室内，并将芥子气输送进去。这听起来很可怕。
On a quick side note, this buddy of mine was in the army, and he told me all about the basic training and how they put them in the tear gas chamber to make them get exposed to tear gas that they understood what it felt like in combat situations.
顺便提一句，我的一个朋友在军队里，他告诉我关于基础训练的事情，说他们被关进了催泪气室，让他们暴露于催泪气体中，以便在战斗中理解这种感觉。
And when he was talking about how it was horrible and it stung your eyes and you were just puking and just snott was flying out of your face and it was the worst experience of his entire life. But afterwards, he said, I've never breathed freer in my life.
当他谈到它有多可怕，它有刺激眼睛的感觉，你只是呕吐，鼻涕从你的脸上飞出来，这是他一生中最糟糕的经历。但事后，他说：“我从未像现在这样自由呼吸过。”
Like all the mucus came out of me. And so now every time I get sick and I'm laying down and I can't breathe and I'm all clogged up and everything, I just think, God, just put me in the gas chamber and get over with. You know? Yeah, mustard gas is way worse than that.
我好像把身体里所有的粘液都排出来了。所以现在每次我生病躺下来，呼吸困难、鼻塞难受的时候，我就想，上帝，把我丢进毒气室算了。嗯，芥子气比这可要恶劣得多了。
Mustard gas causes blisters to form immediately when it touches the skin or the inside of your lungs. This isn't something you just cough out and then you're done with it. This damages things permanently. People who are exposed to mustard gas often come down with things like asthma and infosima later on because the damage to the lungs. But even worse than that, it also damages DNA, which leads to leukemia and skin cancers.
芥子气体接触皮肤或者肺部内部时会立刻引起水泡。这并不是你仅仅咳嗽一下就能解决的问题，它会对身体造成永久性的损伤。因为受到芥子气体暴露的人，肺部经常会有类似哮喘和气胸这样的病症，而更糟糕的是，芥子气体还会对DNA造成伤害，从而导致白血病和皮肤癌。
Mustard gas was first used widely in World War I by the Germans. The gas has a yellow brown appearance and can smell like garlic, coarse radish or, well, mustard. And it was after the Germans used mustard gas on Polish citizens in 1939 that the US decided we needed our own stockpile. By the end of the war, we had produced more than 100,000 tons of various types of mustard gas, including 20,000 tons of Lewisite, 100 tons of nitrogen mustard, and 87,000 tons of sulfur mustard.
芥子气在一战中被德国人广泛使用。这种气体外表呈黄褐色，有时会散发出大蒜、粗萝卜或芥末的气味。1939年，德国在波兰民众身上使用芥子气后，美国决定我们需要自己的储备。到战争结束时，我们已经生产了100,000吨各种类型的芥子气，包括20,000吨路易斯剂，100吨氮芥和87,000吨硫芥。
The mustard gas experiments were shocking. But what might be even more shocking is how these soldiers were treated afterwards. Despite being told that they'll be taken care of afterwards, and despite the permanent injuries they sustained, they still weren't able to get any kind of disability compensation from the Veterans Administration because the tests were carried out in secret. It wasn't until NPR did a report on this in 2015 that the survivors finally had their stories told, and the Department of Veteran Affairs finally stepped in and decided to do something about it. That story won a P-body, by the way.
芥子气实验令人震惊。但更令人震惊的可能是这些士兵在之后的待遇。尽管被告知他们之后会得到照顾，尽管他们遭受了永久性的伤害，但由于实验是秘密进行的，他们仍然无法从退伍军人管理局获得任何残疾补偿。直到2015年，NPR对此进行了一次报道，幸存者们才终于讲述了自己的故事，并且退伍军人事务部门终于介入并决定采取一些行动。顺便提一下，这个故事获得了P-body奖。
Of course, it wasn't just Americans that did this. The British also did something with Indian soldiers around that same time, also for the same reasons. They thought that the darker skin would make them more resistant to mustard gas. It didn't, and thousands of Indian soldiers were permanently scarred for life. For the love of God, Melanand has not turned you into Wolverine.
当然，不仅仅是美国人这样做。英国人也在那个时候对印度士兵做了同样的事情，也出于同样的原因。他们认为较深的肤色会使他们更能抵抗芥子气的侵害。但实际上并没有，成千上万的印度士兵永远地留下了疤痕。求上帝保佑，Melanand并没有让你变成金刚狼。
In 1932, the U.S. Public Health Service began to recruit black men, age 25 to 60, to participate in the study. This study was done in conjunction with the Tuskegee Institute, and most of the participants were picked in the surrounding areas of Macon County, mostly poor and illiterate sharecroppers. Its purpose was to study the natural history of syphilis, how it affected a person over time and how it spread through communities. And the name of this study was the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the Negro male. People generally just call it the Tuskegee syphilis experiment now. Fewer syllables.
1932年，美国公共卫生局开始招募25至60岁的黑人男性参加研究。该研究与塔斯基吉研究所合作，大多数参与者来自梅肯县周边地区，大多是贫穷和文盲的佃农。该研究的目的是研究梅毒的自然史，它如何随时间影响一个人以及如何在社区中传播。这项研究的名称是“黑人男性未经治疗的梅毒塔斯基吉研究”。现在人们通常称其为“塔斯基吉梅毒实验”。读起来比较简单。
They basically just chose 600 people. 399 of them had syphilis, and 201 of them didn't, so they were in the control group. And the idea was they were just going to watch them over a long period of time and see how the disease progressed. Now there's nothing really all that sketchy about that. It's not like they gave people syphilis or anything. They already had it. And just for context, syphilis is a bacterial infection, and this was pre-anabiotic, so it was untreatable at the time.
他们基本上只选择了600个人。其中399人患有梅毒，而201人没有，因此他们在对照组中。他们的想法是长时间观察他们，并观察疾病如何发展。这并没有什么可疑的。他们并没有给人们梅毒或其他任何东西，他们已患有此病。梅毒是一种细菌感染，而当时还没有抗生素，因此无法治疗。
It is a sexually transmitted disease, so it's usually spread by sexual contact, and it can remain dormant in the body for years before it finally starts to really take over. But once it does, if it's not treated, it's a horror show. People with secondary syphilis break out with rashes and wart-like lesions all over the body. And in tertiary syphilis, inflammatory balls called gummus grow under the skin on bones and in organs, causing damage to the heart, the liver, and the brain, which leads to dementia, psychosis, and seizures, and eventually death.
这是一种性传播疾病，通常通过性接触传播，可以在身体中潜伏数年，最终开始真正占据身体。但一旦发生，如果不进行治疗，就会成为一场恐怖的表演。患有二期梅毒的人浑身长满疹子和疣状病变。在三期梅毒中，脓肿样的炎症球体在骨骼和器官下的皮肤下生长，损害心脏、肝脏和大脑，导致痴呆、精神错乱和癫痫，并最终导致死亡。
So yeah, syphilis was a scourge back then, and really had been throughout all of human history. Especially in militaries, it would just decimate the ranks, and officers were obsessed with controlling the spread of syphilis. In fact, spoiler alert, this is not the last time you're going to hear about syphilis in this video.
嗯，梅毒在那个时代是一种灾难，其实在人类历史上一直如此。特别是在军队中，它会使军队损失惨重，官员们非常关注控制梅毒的传播。事实上，不要揭穿悬念，这不是你在这个视频中将要听到梅毒的最后一次提到。
So to the guys in this study, you know, the diet had been cast. There wasn't really any way to treat it, there wasn't anything to do about it. So to them, this was just a way to contribute to the scientific understanding of it, and they also got free meals and basic medical care out of it. And all that seems fine, I guess. The problem is, in 1947, they discovered that syphilis can be treated with penicillin, and they just kind of. didn't ever tell the people in the study. Yeah, you know that thing that you have that's going to deform your body and make you go insane? Well, there's a way that we can fix it, but I think we'd rather just see what happens. Yeah, the flawed thinking that led to that decision is the same flawed thinking that led to this whole study in the first place. They thought that the black community was more prone to syphilis infections than other people.
这个研究中的被试们，他们知道自己的食谱已经被确定了，并没有什么可以治疗它的方法，也没有什么可以做的。所以，对他们来说，这只是为科学的理解做出贡献的一种方式，他们还得到了免费餐和基本医疗保健。我认为所有这些都很好。但问题是，1947年，他们发现梅毒可以用青霉素治疗，但却没有通知研究对象。是的，你知道你身上的那个东西会变形你的身体，让你疯狂，但我们有一种修复的方法，只是我觉得我们宁愿看看会发生什么。是的，导致这个决定的错误思维，正是导致整个研究的错误思维。他们认为黑人社区比其他人更容易感染梅毒。
Yeah, so that's how the researchers justified the project. They called it a study in nature, and they also argued that they didn't think that they'd be able to talk people in the black community to take the treatments for syphilis. But they also went way further than that. Like, they really went out of their way to make sure that these people didn't possibly get any kind of treatment for their syphilis.
研究人员对该项目进行了正当化处理。他们称之为自然研究，还辩称他们不认为能说服黑人社区的人接受梅毒治疗。但他们比这更进一步。他们确实费尽心思，以确保这些人绝对不可能接受任何形式的梅毒治疗。
They even went as far as to give them fake drugs that didn't actually do anything. So the people in the study thought that they were being treated and, you know, being taken care of and they weren't. But on top of that, they actually gave lists of the people in the study to all the doctors in Macon County, and they also appealed to the Alabama Health Department to prevent them from getting treated.
他们甚至为他们提供假药，实际上并没有任何作用。因此，研究对象认为他们正在接受治疗，而事实上他们并没有。此外，他们还将研究对象的名单发送给了梅肯县的所有医生，并向阿拉巴马州卫生部门提出呼吁，阻止他们接受治疗。
They were told not to treat these people for syphilis if they came in. And actually, when some of these men got drafted into World War II, and the military tested them and found out they had syphilis instead of just treating them like they would in any other draftee, the researchers got the military to send them back home so that they wouldn't get treated, thus denying them the opportunity to get tested on with mustard gas. These men were allowed to just deteriorate unnecessarily for 40 years.
他们被告知如果这些人患梅毒则不要为他们治疗。实际上，当一些男性入伍参加第二次世界大战时，如果军方检测出他们患有梅毒，而不是像对待其他新兵一样治疗他们，研究人员让军方将他们送回家中，以便他们不会接受治疗，并且失去了使用芥子气进行实验的机会。这些男性在40年内被允许无缘无故地恶化。
Until 1972, when the New York Times ran a piece about it, at that point only 74 of the original 600 were still alive. And also in that time, 40 of their wives have been infected, and 19 of their kids were born with congenital syphilis. This led to public outrage in a lawsuit by the NAACP, and in 1974, Congress passed the National Research Act and formed the Office of Human Research Protection to keep this from ever happening again.
直到1972年，《纽约时报》发表了一篇文章，指出原本有600人的实验对象只有74人幸存。同期，40名实验对象的妻子感染了梅毒，19名儿童患有先天性梅毒。这引发了公众的愤怒和美国全国有色人种协进会的诉讼，并在1974年通过了《国家研究法》并成立了人体研究保护办公室，以防止类似事件再次发生。
Remember earlier, when I said that the UK tested mustard gas on their own troops, we'll strap in, Brits, because they tested on the general public as well. The Guardian reported in 2002 that the UK's Ministry of Defense turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret German warfare tests on the public. These tests took place between 1940 and 1979, and involved deadly chemicals, microorganisms, and an unsuspecting public.
还记得之前我提到英国对他们自己的军队进行了芥子气测试吗？现在，英国人要准备好了，因为他们也对一般公众进行了测试。据《卫报》2002年报道，英国国防部将英国大部分地区变成一个巨大的实验室，对公众进行了一系列秘密的德国战争测试。这些测试发生在1940年至1979年期间，涉及致命化学物质、微生物和毫不知情的公众。
They were told the tests were for air pollution and weather research projects. The tests were carried out by Porton Down, which is their biological weapons lab, and actually the oldest biological weapons lab in the world. But the point was to gauge the UK's vulnerability and cases Soviets were to attack with the German warfare agent. When the story broke, the Ministry of Defense claimed that what they actually used were alternatives to biological agents that were harmless. But many families who had children born with birth defects disagreed.
他们被告知这些测试是为了空气污染和天气研究项目。这些测试是由波顿唐本实验室进行的，该实验室是世界上最古老的生物武器实验室。但其目的是评估英国的脆弱性，并研究苏联是否会用德国战争剂攻击。当这个故事曝光后，国防部声称他们实际使用的是无害的生物药剂替代品。但许多有生育缺陷儿童的家庭不同意。
One test that was carried out between 1955 and 1963 involved dumping large amounts of zinc cadmium sulfide on the general public. Zinc cadmium sulfide is a fluorescent powder, which makes it easier to trace under UV light, and they use it to kind of trace how biological agents might move through the public if it was dumped over people. The problem with that is that cadmium is known to be carcinogenic. It was also the story of a military ship called the Ice Whale that sprayed E. coli bacteria in a 5-10-mile radius around England's South Coast throughout the 60s.
在1955年至1963年间进行的一项测试涉及向公众大量倾倒硫化锌镉。硫化锌镉是一种荧光粉，易于在紫外线下追踪，它们用它来追踪生物制剂在公众中的传播方式，如果它被倾泻在人群上，这就更容易了。问题在于镉被认为是致癌物质。还有一个关于一艘名叫冰鲸号的军舰的故事，在60年代，它在英格兰南部海岸周围的5-10英里半径范围内喷洒大肠杆菌细菌。
Other experiments outlined in the report include Sirasya and Marissa in bacteria with an anthrax, Simulant, and Fienal, sprayed in the air in large quantities. Bacteria released at lunchtime on the London Underground. In germs attached to spiders webs in several locations around the country, including in London's West End. Now, granted there may have been some data collected that would have been useful in the event of an attack from the Soviet Union, but that attack never happened.
报告中提到的其他实验包括用芽孢炭疽杆菌感染细菌Sirasya和Marissa，用Simulant和Fienal在大量空气中喷洒。细菌在伦敦地铁午餐时间释放。在英国各地几个地点的蜘蛛网上附着病菌，包括伦敦西区。现在，虽然也许有些数据在苏联攻击事件中会有用，但那次攻击从未发生。
So, the only country that actually sprayed biological poisons over the people of the UK was the UK government itself. Yeah, it's all fun and games till the Nazis show up. The Nazis, with all their death camps, had an ample supply of experimental subjects to test on, which they managed over the years to completely dehumanize, basically treating human beings as nothing more than lab rats.
因此，唯一一個在英國人民身上噴灑生物毒劑的國家就是英國政府本身。 是啊，一切都好玩，直到納粹出現了。納粹擁有大量的實驗對象，他們在多年的時間裡成功地使這些實驗對象完全失去人性，基本上將人類視為實驗鼠。
Millions suffered of the Nazi regime, but perhaps none so more than twins, because they were obsessed with racial purity, which led to some twisted and perverted ideas about genetics, and one Nazi doctor in particular thought that he could find all the answers he needed about genetics by experimenting on twins. His name is Joseph Mangola, and he has gone down as one of the biggest monsters in history.
数百万人遭受了纳粹政权的折磨，但或许没有任何人比双胞胎更加痛苦，因为纳粹迷恋种族纯洁，这导致了一些扭曲和变态的遗传学观念。一位纳粹医生特别认为他可以通过对双胞胎进行实验来寻找遗传学的全部答案。他的名字叫约瑟夫·曼戈拉，被誉为历史上最大的怪物之一。
When he arrived at Auschwitz in 1943, he was considered one of the top doctors in the country, but he soon earned a new nickname, the Angel of Death. He would scour the incoming prisoners coming into Auschwitz looking for twins, and ultimately he found 3,000 of them to do experiments on, of those only 200 survived.
1943年他到达奥斯维辛，被认为是该国顶尖的医生之一，但很快他赢得了一个新的绰号——死亡天使。他会搜查来到奥斯维辛的新囚犯，寻找双胞胎，并最终找到了3000对双胞胎进行实验，只有200个人幸存。
Life for twins of the camp was actually better than other people. At first, they didn't have to do any hard labor, they got to go to classes, and they even got to play soccer every once in a while. But then the trucks would come to take them from Mangola's experiments.
对于营地的双胞胎来说，他们的生活实际上比其他人要好一些。起初，他们不必进行艰苦的劳动，可以上课，有时甚至可以踢足球。但后来，卡车来了，他们被带走参加Mangola的实验。
It would start with measurement tests in which every single part of the twins' body were measured in great detail, this would take hours, and they would then be subjected to, um. .well basically in a crazy idea that Mangola had. Including transferring blood from one twin to the other, injecting chemicals in the eyes to try to turn them blue, this would usually just lead to infections or blindness, injecting diseases like typhus and tuberculosis into one twin and not the other to see what would happen, and if one twin died during this experiment, the other one was killed to compare and examine the disease's effects. Also performing surgeries like amputations, castration, and organ removal without anesthesia.
这个实验会从测量测试开始，对双胞胎的每个部位进行详细测量，这将耗时几个小时。然后他们会被暴露在一些疯狂的实验中，这是Mangola想出来的一些荒唐的想法，包括将一名双胞胎的血液移植到另一名双胞胎身上，注射化学药品到眼睛内试图将它们变成蓝色，但通常会导致感染或失明，注射像伤寒和结核病这样的疾病只针对其中一个胞胎，以查看会发生什么，并且如果一个双胞胎在该实验中死亡，另一个会被杀死，以比较和检查该疾病的影响。此外，进行手术，如截肢，去势和器官切除，都没有使用麻醉剂。
The twins' experiments were sadly just the beginning. For example, at the Dakow camp, they did high altitude tests to try to figure out exactly how high up a, say a German pilot could bail out of a damaged plane. So yeah, they just stuck prisoners in a low pressure chamber and then just lowered the air pressure until they died. Because science. They also conducted hypothermia tests, basically putting prisoners in cold water and made it colder and colder until they died, and also they did seawater tests, making them drink seawater until they died. At other camps, they infected prisoners with diseases like malaria, typhoid fever, and hepatitis to test treatments on it. At the Ravensburg camp, doctors conducted bone grafting experiments and sterilization trials, including everything from X-rays to surgeries to drugs, all of them doing psychological and physical damage.
双胞胎的实验只是悲惨开始的一部分。例如，在达豪集中营，他们进行了高海拔测试，试图找出一个德国飞行员在一架受损飞机上可以跳出多高。因此，他们只是把犯人放进一个低气压室里，然后降低空气压力，直到他们死亡。因为这是科学。他们还进行了低体温测试，基本上是把犯人放进冷水中，并让水越来越冷，直到他们死亡；还进行了海水测试，让他们喝海水直到死亡。在其他集中营，他们感染囚犯的疾病，如疟疾、伤寒和肝炎，以测试对其的治疗。在拉文斯堡集中营，医生进行了骨移植实验和绝育试验，包括从X光到手术到药物的所有事情，都造成了心理和身体的伤害。
The human experiments were just part of the Nazi atrocities that took place during World War II, which led to the Nuremberg Code, which now works as sort of a foundation for ethical human experimentation ever since. It's really hard to imagine a more cruel and inhumane system than the Nazi death camps.
人体实验只是纳粹在二战期间所犯下暴行的一部分，导致了纽伦堡宪章的制定，自此以来，它作为伦理人体实验的基础。很难想象有比纳粹死亡集中营更残忍和非人道的系统。
But believe it or not, there was one, and it took place at about the same time on the other side of the world. Unit 731 was a Japanese biological weapons testing lab in Japanese occupied China that opened in 1938, although the Japanese government wouldn't acknowledge the atrocities that took place there until 1984. Lieutenant Shiro Ishi led the operation, which used prisoners of war as well as local villagers as human guinea pigs, or as they were referred to by the researchers, logs. As in, these flesh and blood human beings were nothing more than injuries in the logbook to them.
信不信由你，其实在世界的另一边，大约在同一时期，也存在着一个类似的实验室。"731部队"是日本在占领中国时建立的一座生物武器试验实验室，成立于1938年，尽管日本政府直到1984年才承认在那里发生的暴行。实验室的负责人是石志郎中尉，他们使用战俘和当地村民作为人体试验对象，被研究者称为“木头”。“木头”在他们的笔记中仅仅是一些肉体受伤的记录而已，这些有血有肉的人类被他们视作无用的实验品。
So what kind of experiments were done there? Let's just start with frostbite testing. Simply put, the prisoners had their limbs put in ice until they froze solid. The doctors within tried different ways to re-warm the limbs, sometimes putting it in warm water, sometimes just putting it over an open flame. And there were times that the prisoners were just left untreated overnight to see if the blood would eventually warm the limb back up, or just leave them outside until their limbs fell off. Now, if that's not cruel enough for you, they also performed vivisections.
那里进行了什么样的实验？让我们从冻伤实验开始说起。简单来说，囚犯的肢体被放在冰里直至冻结。试验人员会尝试不同的方法来复暖这些肢体，有时将其放入温水中，有时直接放在明火上。还有时候，囚犯会被无人理会地过夜，以观察血液是否最终可以复暖肢体，或者只是让他们在室外直到肢体脱落。如果这还不够残忍，他们还进行了活体解剖。
Now, if you don't know what a vivisection is, it's basically an autopsy on a living person. Their reasoning was they wanted to see how diseases like cholera and typhus affected living tissue before it began to decompose. So yeah, they would tie prisoners to a table and remove their organs to examine them while they were still alive. With no anesthesia, of course. And they do crazy things like crushed limbs to see how long it would take for gangrene to set in, or amputate a limb and attach it to the outside of the body, real human centipede kind of stuff. Sometimes they would just tie a prisoner to a pole and do weapons testing on them with pistols, and machine guns, and grenades, and flame throwers. And prisoners were placed in gas chambers to be tested on with nerve agents.
如果你不知道什么是活体解剖术，它基本上是对活着的人进行尸检。他们的理由是他们想看看类似霍乱和伤寒这样的疾病是如何影响活体组织的，然后再开始腐烂。所以，是的，他们会把囚犯绑在桌子上，移除他们的器官，在他们还活着的时候进行检查。当然没有麻醉。他们做一些疯狂的事情，比如碾碎肢体，看霍乱蔓延需要多长时间，或者截肢并将其附着在身体外面，就像真正的人类蜈蚣一样。有时他们只是把囚犯绑在柱子上进行武器测试，其中包括手枪、机枪、榴弹和火焰喷射器。囚犯被放入毒气室进行神经毒剂测试。
Or they would just lock prisoners in rooms without food and water just to see how long they could survive without eating or drinking. Some other experiments included forcing prisoners to only drink seawater, giving prisoners mismatched human or animal blood injections in order to study clotting and transfusions, exposing human subjects to prolong x-rays, which resulted in sterilization and death, and placing humans into centrifuges and spinning them at ultra-high speeds until they lost consciousness or died.
有时他们会将囚犯关在没有食物和水的房间里，只为了看他们能在没有食物和饮水的情况下存活多久。其他一些实验还包括强迫囚犯只喝海水，给囚犯注射错配的人类或动物血液以研究凝血和输血，让人类受试者暴露于长时间的X射线中，导致不育和死亡，以及将人类置于离心机中，以超高速旋转直到他们失去知觉或死亡。
And then they were the syphilis experiments. Told you it was coming back. And just like syphilis, it's coming back worse. Way worse. Because in this case, they did actually infect prisoners and then with L treatment to see how the disease progressed. But they also wanted to study the disease's transmission, which means that they, um. I've gotta say this line.
然后他们还进行了梅毒实验。我告诉过你它会回来的。就像梅毒一样，现在它又回来了，而且更加严重，远比以前更加恶劣。因为在这种情况下，他们实际上感染了囚犯，并给予了L疗法来观察疾病的进展。但他们还想研究该疾病的传播方式，这意味着他们……嗯，我必须说这一句话。
They forced male prisoners with syphilis to rape female prisoners until they got syphilis. On a similar note, the guards would often rape the female prisoners to get them pregnant, and then they would do weapons testing on them, you know, to see how much differently a pregnant woman responds to getting shot. Or they would give the pregnant woman various diseases and then cut the fetus out to see how it affected the fetus.
他们强迫患梅毒的男囚犯强奸女囚犯，以使其被传染上梅毒。类似的情况是，看守们经常强奸女囚犯，使他们怀孕，然后在他们身上进行武器测试，以便了解怀孕的女人受到枪击时反应有多大不同。或者，他们会给怀孕的女人各种疾病，然后剖腹取出胎儿，观察其受影响程度。
In last but not least, Unit 731 developed plague bombs by packing plague-infested fleas into clay bomb casings. Japanese bombers deployed the bombs over a Chinese village called Kuzao in 1940. More than 2,000 people died of the plague there, and another thousand died in the nearby town after the plague was spread there by sick railway workers.
最后但同样重要的是，731部队通过将鼠疫感染的跳蚤装入黏土炸弹壳中研制出了鼠疫炸弹。日本轰炸机于1940年在一个名为库早的中国村庄投放了这些炸弹。当地有2000多人死于鼠疫，而之后另外一千人在附近城镇中因铁路工人携带病菌而死亡。
Unit 731 was disbanded in 1945 after Japan surrendered, and the site was destroyed so that no evidence would be available. The 400 remaining prisoners were shot, but the plague-infested rats were released, eventually killing an estimated 30,000 people across the Chinese countryside. The prisoners were shot to prevent the truth of what happened there from getting out, and the employees of Unit 731 had to take oaths of secrecy. And unfortunately, that seems to have worked. Many of the researchers at Unit 731 just went back to civilian life, no consequences whatsoever, and in fact, some of them became prominent members of universities.
731部队在日本投降后于1945年被解散，该地点被摧毁以防止留下任何证据。剩下的400名囚犯被处决，但鼠疫感染的老鼠被释放，最终在中国农村造成了约30,000人的死亡。囚犯被枪杀是为了防止真相泄露，731部队的员工不得不发誓保守秘密。不幸的是，这似乎发挥了作用。许多731部队的研究人员回到了平民生活，没有任何后果，事实上，他们中的一些人成为了大学的杰出成员。
So this is inexcusable stuff. But the people who performed these experiments, they did have an excuse. They believed or claimed to believe anyway that they were gaining knowledge that couldn't be gained any other way. But is that true? I mean, did any good actually come out of all these human experiments? Not really.
这是不可原谅的行为，但做这些实验的人有一个借口。他们相信或声称相信，他们正在获得其他方式无法获得的知识。但这是真的吗？我的意思是，这些人类实验真的产生了好的结果吗？实际上并没有。
In the case of the Nazi experiments, the test subjects were not ideal. They were underfed, overworked, overstressed, and in generally poor health. Plus the experiments were conducted haphazardly, and a lot of the notes that were found and left over were just gibberish. Plus a big part of the scientific process is being able to recreate tests and get the same results, and those tests that they did at the Nazi death camps, they can't be ethically recreated again, which makes them kind of worthless.
在纳粹实验中，实验对象并不理想。他们缺乏营养，超负荷工作，过度压力，并且身体状况普遍较差。此外，实验的进行有些杂乱无章，而且留下的很多笔记都是无意义的。此外，科学过程的重要一部分是能够重现测试并得到相同的结果，而在纳粹死亡营地进行的这些测试，因为缺乏伦理，无法再次重现，这使它们变得毫无价值。
But there is something we can learn about the researchers, and the psychological mechanisms that make it possible for people to perform such horrible acts. There's a famous psychology study called the Stanford Prison Experiment. I think I've covered it here before, but the general thing they were trying to figure out was whether brutality amongst US prison guards was because of the personalities that they brought in or the prison environment itself.
但是我们可以从研究人员和心理机制中学到一些东西，了解人们如何执行这样可怕的行为的原因。有一项着名的心理学研究叫做斯坦福监狱实验。我想我以前在这里介绍过这个实验，但他们试图弄清楚的是美国监狱警卫之间的残暴是因为他们带来的个性还是监狱环境本身。
Student volunteers were randomly divided up into prisoners and guards, and then they were put into a prison situation, and just left without any oversight just to see what would happen. The experiment was supposed to last two weeks. It was shut down after six days. The prisoners were having emotional breakdowns, and the guards were becoming extremely aggressive and violent, even though none of them had those kinds of tendencies before the experiment started.
学生志愿者被随机分成囚犯和看守，然后被置于监狱环境中，没有任何监管，只是为了观察事态的发展。实验原本计划持续两周，但在进行了六天后被取消了。囚犯们情绪崩溃，而看守变得极具攻击性和暴力倾向，尽管在实验开始之前都没有这些倾向。
There's a term called de-individuation. It's when a person gets so wrapped up in a group's norms that they lose all personal sense of self and responsibility. And when this happens, cruel and unusual activities to people who are outside the group lose all meaning to the people who are inside the group, because that's the norm.
有一个术语叫做去个体化。当一个人被一个群体的规范所包围，以至于失去了个人意识和责任感时，就会出现这种情况。当这种情况发生时，那些对群体外的人进行残酷和异常活动的行为对于群体内的人来说失去了所有的意义，因为这就是规范所规定的。
It's almost like the group is brainwashing itself from the inside out, determining what's right and wrong is a collective. And when this group sees themselves as apart from others, then they tend to dehumanize the other people. They start to not see them as human at all, and then treat them accordingly.
这就像是组织自己从内到外洗脑，以集体的形式决定是非对错。当这个群体认为自己与别人不同的时候，就会开始将其他人物化。他们不再把对方看作人类，而是以相应方式对待他们。
I would argue that this psychological tendency and the ultimate results of that psychological tendency are things we should probably keep in mind these days. Science is not good or bad. It's just a tool. A tool that can be used for good and can be used for evil. But science done right can change the world. That's why it's important to know the fundamentals of it.
我认为，我们应该在这些日子里牢记这种心理倾向以及其最终结果。科学并不是好的或坏的，它只是一个工具。这个工具可以用于善良，也可以用于邪恶。但是，科学如果正确地使用，可以改变世界。这就是为什么了解它的基本原理非常重要的原因。
So if you want to get a better handle on that, a good place I can recommend is the Science Fundamentals course on Brilliant. Through 22 interactive quizzes and 275 exercises, you can learn the basics of scientific thinking, the process by which we determine truth and the basic concepts like buoyancy, physical forces, heat flow, and more. And that is just the tip of the iceberg.
如果你想更好地掌握它，我可以推荐一个好地方，那就是Brilliant的科学基础课程。通过22个互动测验和275个练习，你可以学习科学思维的基础知识、我们确定真理的过程以及基本概念，如浮力、物理力、热流等等。而这只是冰山一角。
Because from there, you can advance through more than 60 courses covering everything from classical physics, quantum mechanics, applied science, computer algorithms, even logical thinking, and deductive reasoning. There's a ton of useful stuff to learn. And you learn it by problem solving, which kind of hacks your brain's natural learning skills, so you can learn it in a way that makes the most sense to you, and then you can apply it to other areas of your life.
因为在那里，你可以通过60多门课程深入学习各种东西，从古典物理学、量子力学、应用科学、计算机算法，甚至是逻辑思维和演绎推理。那里有很多有用的知识可以学习。通过解决问题来学习，这种方法可以利用你大脑的自然学习技能，以一种对你最合理的方式学习，然后你可以将其应用于生活的其他领域。
Plus, you can do it on your mobile device and even take it offline, so you can take it with you wherever you go. And if you want to get a taste of what I'm talking about, they have free daily brain teasers, and you can do the first section of any of their courses for free, you know, so you can see what they're all about. And if you're one of the first 200 people to sign up at brilliant.org's last answers with Joe, you can get 20% off your premium subscription that gives you access to all their courses.
此外，您可以在移动设备上完成它，并且甚至可以在离线状态下进行，以便随时随地携带。如果您想尝试一下我所说的内容，他们提供免费的每日智力挑战，并且您可以免费完成任何一门课程的第一部分，以便了解他们的全部内容。如果您是前200位在brilliant.org的最后答案与Joe注册的人之一，您可以获得20％的优惠高级订阅，以获得所有课程的访问权限。
Brilliant is a lot of fun. If you haven't had a chance to check it out, I do highly recommend them. So it's brilliant.org's last answers with Joe. I've got a link down in the description for you. Big thanks to Brilliant for supporting this video, and to the answer files on Patreon and the channel members, who help keep things going around here.
Brilliant非常有趣。如果你还没有机会尝试过，我非常推荐你去试一试。这是brilliant.org与乔最后的答案。我已经在描述中为你提供了一个链接。非常感谢Brilliant对这个视频的支持，以及Patreon上的答案文件和频道成员们的帮助，他们帮助我们在这里继续前进。
If you enjoyed this video, and you want to learn more, Google think you might like this one, or you can check out any of the others over here with my face on it. And if you enjoy what I do, and you want to see more, I invite you to subscribe, and come back to videos every Monday. And I think that's it.
如果您喜欢这个视频，并想要学到更多知识，谷歌认为您可能会喜欢这个视频，或者你可以查看其他任何一个我出现在视频中的视频。如果您喜欢我的作品，并且想要看更多，我邀请您订阅我的频道并在每个星期一回来观看视频。就是这样。
You guys go out there and have an eye-opening rest of the week. Stay safe. And I'll see you next Monday. Love you guys. Take care.
你们出去好好享受接下来的一周，看到一些新鲜事物。注意安全。下周一再见。爱你们。保重。