The Archeological Find That Broke History
发布时间 2022-10-17 13:35:47 来源
摘要
Go to https://hensonshaving.com/joescott and enter "JOESCOTT" at checkout to get 100 free blades with your purchase. (Note: you must add both the 100 blade pack and the razor for the discount to apply.)
In the mountains of Turkey lies a series of buried monoliths going back nearly a dozen millennia. It's an archeological site known as Göbekli Tepe, and it's changed everything we knew about the rise of human civilizations.
Want to support the channel? Here's how:
Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/answerswithjoe
Channel Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-2YHgc363EdcusLIBbgxzg/join
T-Shirts & Merch: http://www.answerswithjoe.com/store
Check out my 2nd channel, Joe Scott TMI:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqi721JsXlf0wq3Z_cNA_Ew
And my podcast channel, Conversations With Joe:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJzc7TiJ2nnuyJkUpOZ8RKA
You can listen to my podcast, Conversations With Joe on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Spotify 👉 https://spoti.fi/37iPGzF
Apple Podcasts 👉 https://apple.co/3j94kfq
Google Podcasts 👉 https://bit.ly/3qZCo1V
Interested in getting a Tesla or going solar? Use my referral link and get discounts and perks:
https://ts.la/joe74700
Follow me at all my places!
Instagram: https://instagram.com/answerswithjoe
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@answerswithjoe
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/answerswithjoe
Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/answerswithjoe
LINKS LINKS LINKS:
https://www.newscientist.com/question/first-cities-built/
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1572/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/
https://globalheritagefund.org/2017/11/03/gobekli-tepe-discovering-worlds-oldest-religious-site/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-geometry-discovered-worlds-oldest-temple-180974991/
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/geometry-and-architectural-planning-at-gobekli-tepe-turkey/2CBAF416E33AFE6496B73710A2F42FF9
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-geometry-discovered-worlds-oldest-temple-180974991/
https://archaeology.huji.ac.il/people/anna-belfer-cohen
https://globalheritagefund.org/2017/11/03/gobekli-tepe-discovering-worlds-oldest-religious-site/
https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210815-an-immense-mystery-older-than-stonehenge
https://www.dainst.blog/the-tepe-telegrams/lee-clare/
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-astronomical-observatory
http://maajournal.com/Issues/2017/Vol17-1/Sweatman%20and%20Tsikritsis%2017%281%29.pdf
https://destinationhistorypod.com/episodes/gobeklitepe
https://www.eng.ed.ac.uk/about/people/dr-martin-sweatman
https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210815-an-immense-mystery-older-than-stonehenge
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/ancient-site-older-than-gobeklitepe-unearthed-in-turkey/1664156
https://arkeonews.net/a-12-000-year-old-temple-was-found-during-excavations-in-boncuklu-tarla-in-southeastern-turkey/
https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/08/karahan-tepe-the-sister-site-to-gobekli-tepe/144272
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-oldest-continuously-inhabited-city-in-the-world
Timestamps -
0:00 - Intro
1:41 - Göbekli Tepe
4:34 - Building Layers
5:39 - Settlement or Sanctuary?
7:16 - Breaking History
10:15 - Boncuklu Tarla and Karahan Tepe
11:20 - Jericho
12:45 - Sponsor - Henson Shaving
GPT-4正在为你翻译摘要中......
中英文字稿 
This is a piece of brick from a 2000 year old Roman fort that I visited in England maybe 20 years ago or so. I just, I saw it laying on the ground and yeah, I took it. Yeah, I know. It was wrong. If everybody took a piece of the brick, there would be nothing left I know. But this is my first time overseas and I just, I just never seen anything that old before and it just, it blew my mind. Some actual human being that was around close to the same time as Jesus picked up this brick and placed it on a wall, smeared it with mortar and created a dwelling for somebody else to live in.
这是我在大约20年前去英国参观的一座2000年前的罗马堡垒所拿到的一块砖头。我看到它就放在地上，然后就拿了起来。是的，我知道这是不对的。如果每个人都拿一块砖，那么就什么也剩不下了。但这是我第一次出国旅行，我从未见过如此古老的东西，这令我非常震撼。曾经与耶稣时代差不多同时代的某个真实的人拿起这块砖，把它放在墙上，抹上灰浆，创造了一个住所给别人居住。
Before that, a totally different person transported it there on a horse and cart probably and before that, another person sold the brick to that guy and before that, a totally different guy altogether formed the brick and put it in a kiln and made it in the first place. Because that's how civilization works, you know, lots of different people doing lots of different jobs, specialized jobs, working together in a system that provides for everyone. It took a long time for human beings to get to this point from, from bands of hunter gatherers, generalists basically to specialists.
在此之前，可能是完全不同的人用马车把它运到那里，而在此之前，另一个人将砖卖给了那个人，而在此之前，完全不同的人制作了砖坯并将其放入窑中，并首先制作了它。这是文明的运作方式，许多不同的人进行许多不同的工作，专业化的工作，在一个为每个人提供的系统中共同工作。人类从狩猎采集者的群体，基本上是通才，到专业人士，花了很长时间才到达这个点。
And the conventional wisdom has always been that it had to do with agriculture. It took the agricultural revolution to not just create a more stable food source, but it forced humanity to kind of specialize and congregate and create systems to produce it and distribute it, trade with it. And it was out of that necessity at the first city spring up. Most of these early cities were centered around the fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city state of Euruch has always been considered the first city going back 6,000 years ago. This is how civilization began as we understand it. You know, it works. It makes sense. All the pieces fit together perfectly.
传统的智慧一直认为文明起源于农业。农业革命不仅创造了更稳定的食物来源，而且迫使人类专业化、聚居并创建系统来生产、分配和交易。正是出于这种必要性，第一座城市开始出现。这些早期城市大多集中在底格里斯和幼发拉底河之间的肥沃月牙地带。尤鲁格城邦一直被认为是6000年前第一个城市。这就是我们理解的文明起源的方式。它有条不纔，符合逻辑，所有的几个部分都完美地契合在一起。
And then we found Go Beckley Tepa. For hundreds of years, the locals of the Anatolia region of Turkey knew of a unique hill in the Gremos Mountains that rose slowly over the surrounding landscape to a moderate height of about 50 meters. They called this hill potbelly hill and used it for sheet pastoring in agriculture. Go Beckley Tepa means potbelly hill in Turkish. And that's just what it was. A random hill was sheep on it for thousands of years. Until about the 1960s, when it was first examined by a team of anthropologists at the University of Chicago and Istanbul University.
然后我们找到了哥贝克力坡。数百年来，土耳其安纳托利亚地区的当地居民就知道格雷莫斯山区有一座独特的小山，它缓缓地升高，高度约为50米左右。他们把这座山叫做“肚皮山”，并将其用于农业放牧。哥贝克力坡在土耳其语中的意思就是肚皮山。事实上，这只是一座随意的小山，上面放着羊，已经有几千年的历史了。直到大约20世纪60年代，它被芝加哥大学和伊斯坦布尔大学的一支人类学家团队首次检查。
And in their examination, they found Flint and limestone artifacts and assumed it was an abandoned medieval cemetery. And that theory held sway until about 1994 when German archaeologist Klaus Schmitt got a hold of the research's reports and he saw something different. He'd been working on a survey of prehistoric sites in that region and something about the reports just didn't read right to him. So he went to check it out for himself.
在他们的考察中，他们发现了燧石和石灰岩工艺品，认为这是一个废弃的中世纪墓地。这一理论一直持续到1994年左右，德国考古学家克劳斯·施密特得到了研究报告，并看到了不同的东西。他一直在调查该地区的史前遗址，但研究报告中的某些内容对他来说读起来并不正确。因此，他亲自前去检查了一下。
When he got there, he immediately knew he found something special saying, quote, in one minute and one second, it was clear. What was clear to him was that this was no mere cemetery and certainly not something as recent as the Middle Ages. This was something much bigger and something that probably went back to the Stone Ages.
当他到达那里时，他立即知道他发现了一些特别的东西，他说：“在一分零一秒内，一切都清晰了。” 对他而言，清晰的是这不仅是一个简单的墓地，而且绝对不如中世纪那么新。这是一个更加重要的东西，可能可以追溯到石器时代。
So we returned the next year to do a more extensive search of this time with five colleagues and that's when he discovered a series of megaliths buried just below the ground. Some of them were actually buried so close to the surface that Klaus had scarred the top of them. And these megaliths would become Schmitt's life work for the next 20 years.
于是我们和五位同事明年回来进行了更广泛的搜寻，那时他发现了一系列被埋在地下不远处的巨石。其中一些实际上距离地面非常接近，克劳斯已经在它们的顶部划伤了。这些巨石将成为施密特未来20年的生命工作。
But at the time, the team didn't find any signs of actual settlement there, things like houses, trash pits, cooking horse, that kind of thing. They did discover evidence of tool use like blades and stone hammers, which actually matched artifacts from nearby sites that have been dated to around 9,000 BCE. So they assumed that this site was from roughly that age as well.
但当时，该团队没有发现任何实际定居的迹象，例如房屋，垃圾坑，烹饪用具等。他们确实发现了一些工具使用的证据，如刀片和石锤，这些工具与附近的遗址上发现的文物相匹配，被认定为大约在公元前9000年左右的时期。因此，他们认为这个遗址也是大约在那个时期。
And dating on the structures would later verify that assumption, making gobeckly tepe twice as old as Stonehenge in the Egyptian pyramids. Like Stonehenge, gobeckly tepe structure includes circles of T-shaped limestone pillars, many of them featuring actions of animals on them like birds, foxes, lions, and scorpions. The sites pillars are arranged in circles of 20 meters in diameter.
后来对这些建筑进行的碳测定表明，哥贝克力山寺的年龄是埃及金字塔和巨石阵的两倍。哥贝克力山寺的结构类似于巨石阵，包括由"T"形石灰岩柱组成的圆圈，其中许多柱子上有鸟、狐狸、狮子和蝎子等动物的图案。该遗址的柱子排列成直径为20米的圆圈。
And since there's no evidence that it was used for animal domestication or farming, archaeologists believe that hunter gatherers may have built it. The thing is, though, this site features archaeological complexity that probably would have been too advanced for hunter gatherers.
由于没有证据表明它被用于驯化动物或农业，考古学家认为这可能是由狩猎采集者建造的。然而，问题在于，这个遗址表现出考古复杂性，可能对于狩猎采集者来说过于先进了。
A study published in the Cambridge Archaeological Journal in 2020 explored the question of whether or not the sites' round enclosures were a cohesive scheme or a built without reference to each other.
2020年《剑桥考古杂志》上发表的一项研究探讨了一个问题，即这些地点的圆形围栏是否是一个有机的设计方案，还是分别建造而没有相互参照。
As study co-author and archaeologist Gil Hackley told Hertz at the time, quote, there is a lot of speculation that the structures were built successively, possibly by different groups of people, and that one was covered up for a while while the next one was being built. But there's no evidence that they are not contemporaneous.
正如研究合著者、考古学家吉尔·哈克利当时告诉赫兹的那样，有很多猜测认为这些建筑是连续建造的，可能是由不同的人组成的，一个被掩盖了一段时间，同时另一个被建造了起来。但是目前没有证据表明它们不是同时代的。
Researchers use the computer algorithm based on standard deviation mapping to analyze the underlying architecture. And no, I don't know what that means. What they found was that three of the enclosures looked like they were designed together in a kind of a triangular geometric pattern.
研究者们使用基于标准差映射的计算机算法来分析基础结构。但我不知道这是什么意思。他们发现三个封闭区域看起来像是设计在一起，形成了一个三角形的几何图案。
So the site comprises two main layers. Layer three is the oldest made up of large, curvilinear enclosures, and it's from the pre-pattery neolithic A period around 8300 to 7500 BCE. Layer two is from the early and middle pre-pattery neolithic B periods around 7500 to 6000 BCE. They feature smaller rectangular structures with line plaster floors all crowded together with shared walls. And the evidence shows that layer three's enclosures experienced a series of backfilling events, indicating that maybe they were intentionally buried.
这个遗址由两个主要层构成。第三层是最古老的，由大型曲线形围栏组成，来自前陶器时代A期，约8300到7500年BCE。第二层来自早期和中期陶器时代B期，约7500到6000年BCE。它们的特点是小矩形结构，带有线条石膏地板，所有结构拥挤在一起，共享墙壁。证据表明，第三层的围栏经历了一系列填土事件，这可能表示它们是故意被埋葬的。
This has actually been a major component of the study's theories around the history of Gobeckley Tepay. Because the structure center points form an almost perfect triangle, with sides measuring 19 meters in length.
这实际上是Gobeckley Tepay历史理论研究的一个重要组成部分，因为结构中心点形成了一个几乎完美的三角形，其边长为19米。
So yeah, the big question is, did the original builders build one enclosure first and then plan the other two based on it to create a triangle, or did different groups come along later on and build them over time? According to archaeologists Annabelle Verkohen, who full disclosure was not part of the study, quote, it's more likely that there are many different groups that considered this entire area sacred and converged on it to erect these enclosures. Rather than a single group that went crazy and just constructed these complexes day and night.
所以，最重要的问题是，最初的建造者是先建了一个围栏，然后以此为基础计划了其他两个，形成了三角形，还是后来不同的团体乘机建造而成？考古学家Annabelle Verkohen并没有参与该研究，她表示：“更有可能的是，许多不同的团体认为这个整个区域神圣，聚集在这里建造这些围栏，而不是有一个单一的团体疯狂地建造这些复杂的建筑。”
So maybe the biggest question is, who were these people? And what were they doing there? Is it a settlement or a city of some kind? Well Schmidt didn't think so because there's so few residential buildings in the area and there's not much evidence that the land around it had been cultivated very much. Instead he believed that it was a sanctuary and maybe a regional pilgrimage center where people gathered to perform religious rights. Now the site does contain a lot of butchered animal bones, which may be evidence that they were feeding large numbers of people or it might be evidence that there were animal sacrifices. But more recent evidence shows that Schmidt may have been wrong about that.
也许最大的问题是，这些人是谁？他们在那里做什么？是一个定居点，还是一个城市？但Schmidt认为不是，因为该地区建筑很少，周围的土地也没有很多耕种的迹象。相反，他认为这是一个圣地，也许是一个地区朝圣中心，人们聚集在那里进行宗教仪式。现在这个遗址包含了很多屠宰的动物骨头，这可能是他们喂养大量人的证据，也可能是动物献祭的证据。但最近的证据显示Schmidt可能是错的。
In fact, the site may have been supporting a semi-settimentary population from the beginning. And it was kind of found by accident. Schmidt actually died in 2014 and once he died, the site kind of became a bit of a tourist attraction. So they decided to put up some shading with the giant fabric canopy so that people can go there and not be beaten down by the sun.
实际上，这个遗址可能从一开始就支持了一个半定居人口。它是偶然发现的。Schmidt 实际上在 2014 年去世了，一旦他去世，这个遗址就成为了一个有点成为旅游景点的地方。因此，他们决定用巨大的遮阳伞搭建阴棚，这样人们可以去那里而不被太阳晒伤。
So to do so, they had to build a deep hole down into the Earth of Creative Foundation for the canopy. They were digging way deeper than they'd ever dug before like all the way down to the bedrock. It was way down there that they found something they hadn't seen before. It was evidence for houses and a year-round settlement.
所以为了这样做，他们必须在创意基地的地底修建一个深洞，作为天篷的支撑。他们挖掘的深度比以往任何时候都深，一直挖到了地基石。就在那里，他们发现了一些之前从未见过的东西——房屋和全年定居的证据。
So yeah, it may have actually been a thriving village with large buildings at its center for special events for a while anyway. They also found a large sister in channels for collecting rainwater and thousands of grinding tools for processing grain for porridge and beer. As Schmidt's successor Lee Clare told BBC in August 2021, quote, ".Go back to the Tepet is still a unique special site, but the new insights fit better with what we know from other sites. It was a fully-fledged settlement with permanent occupation. It's changed our whole understanding of the site."
所以，可能在一段时间内，特别活动的大型建筑物位于中心，令此村庄蓬勃发展。他们还发现了用于收集雨水的大型姐妹水渠，以及数千个用于加工粮食制作粥和啤酒的研磨工具。正如施密特的继任者李·克莱尔在2021年8月跟BBC所说的那样："回过头来看特佩特仍是一个独特的特殊遗址，但新的洞见更符合我们从其他遗址了解到的情况。这是一个设施齐备的永久居住点。这改变了我们对该遗址的整体认识。"
So go back to the Tepet might have been an actual fully-fledged civilization. Cool, right? Except not cool because that kind of breaks history. You know, like I said before, our understanding has always been that places like this were only possible after the advent of farming. Even the astronomical site of Noptiplya, that goes back 7,000 years. All of these coincide with the earliest use of agriculture. Go back to the Tepet, make go back even as far as 15,000 years. Not only way earlier than agriculture, but way before there were domesticated pack animals or metal tools. This whole thing was done by human hands.
回到Tepet可能是一个真正成熟的文明。很酷，对吧？但是也不酷，因为这种情况打破了历史。如我之前所说，我们一直认为像这样的地方仅在农业出现之后才可能存在。即使是追溯到7,000年前的天文遗址Noptiplya也与最早的农业使用相吻合。回到Tepet，甚至可能追溯到15,000年前。这不仅比农业早得多，而且早于驯化的包畜或金属工具的出现。这整个过程都是由人类手工完成的。
This would have required massive amounts of effort and coordination, which leads to maybe the biggest mystery of all. Why? Why was it built in the first place?
这需要大量的努力和协调，这也是可能是最大的谜团。为什么？为什么要首先建造它？
In 2017, a pair of chemical engineers made headlines because they suggested that maybe it was astronomical in nature that the animal carvings on the site's pillars lined up with positions of certain stars thousands of years ago.
2017年，一对化学工程师因提出一个可能性而成为头条新闻，即在数千年前，动物雕刻在遗址柱子上的位置可能与某些星星的位置有关，这种关系可能与天文学有关。
One of their more saucy claims is that the vulture stone that's carved on pillar 43 is actually a date stamp for a comet strike 13,000 years ago.
他们比较大胆的说法之一是，在第43根柱子上雕刻的“兀鹫石”实际上是一个13000年前彗星撞击的日期戳。
As the studies lead Arthur Martin Swebman said in a press release quote, It appears to go back to Tepet was among other things an observatory for monitoring the night sky.
正如研究领导者亚瑟·马丁·斯威布曼在新闻发布会上所说， "似乎可以追溯到特佩特是一个观测夜空的天文台。”
This idea isn't shared by everyone. The archaeologist on the ground weren't buying it. They said this quote, It is highly unlikely that early Neolithic hunters in Upper Mesopotamia recognize the exact point of the day.
并不是所有人都认同这个想法。地面上的考古学家并不相信它。他们说：“早期新石器时代的猎人很难准确识别中午。”
Interpretations change.
解释会发生变化。这句话的意思是，随着时间的推移或者人们的不同理解，对于某一件事物的解释或理解也会发生改变。
Maybe even more mind blowing is that Gebekli Tepe was just the beginning. Turkish archaeologists working in that area found dozens of similar hilltop sites, all of them with the T-shaped pillars and all of them dating from around the same time period.
更让人惊艳的是，GebeKli Tepe只是一个开始。土耳其考古学家在该地区发现了数十个类似的山顶遗址，它们都有T形柱，并且它们的年代都与GebeKli Tepe相似。
In fact, some of these other sites show evidence that people were starting to experiment with domesticating animals and cultivating plants.
事实上，一些其他的网站展示了人类开始尝试驯化动物和种植植物的证据。
Some actually believe that the Gebekli Tepe site might have been a last-ditch effort by a hunter-gatherer society to hang on to their vanishing lifestyle as the world was transitioning to farming. A society struggling to adapt as a new technology takes hold? Almost that be like.
一些人实际上认为格别克利特佩遗址可能是一个狩猎采集社会为了坚持他们逐渐消失的生活方式而做出的最后一搏，当时世界正在向农业转变。一个社会正在努力适应一种新技术的接管？几乎就是这样的。
One piece of evidence that supports that theory is that some of Gebekli Tepe stone carvings feature animals that you wouldn't have seen in that area at the time.
支持这个理论的一件证据是，一些格别克利特佩的石刻描绘了一些当时该地区并不存在的动物。
As Dr. Claire said quote, As Dr. Claire said quote, There are more than just pictures. There are narratives, which are very important in keeping groups together and creating a shared identity.
正如克莱尔博士所说的那样：“照片并不仅仅是图片，还有叙事，这对于团体团结和创建共享身份非常重要。”
So now we know that Gebekli Tepe wasn't alone, but now we have reason to believe that it wasn't even the oldest.
现在我们知道格贝克利特佩并不孤单，但现在我们有理由相信它甚至不是最古老的。
There's actually a site called Bungu-Klu-Tarla in South Eastern Turkey that resembles some of the discoveries that were found at Gebekli Tepe, but it could be as much as the thousand years older than Gebekli.
在土耳其东南部实际上有一个名为 Bungu-Klu-Tarla 的遗址，它与 Gebekli Tepe 的一些发现相似，但可能比 Gebekli 老多达一千年。
Look at 300 kilometers east of Gebekli, Bungu-Klu-Tarla's excavations of Earth houses, private and public buildings, 130 skeletons, and more than 100,000 beads.
请看位于Gebekli以东300公里的Bungu-Klu-Tarla的发掘，这里发现了土屋、私人和公共建筑、130具骸骨以及超过100,000颗珠子。
Car Hauntepi is about 40 kilometers from Gebekli Tepe and is considered its sister site.
卡尔·汉特比距离格贝克利特普大约40公里，被认为是它的姐妹遗址。
Finding suggests that it was active during the pre-pottery neolithic period, it's got a lot of similarities to Gebekli's layer 2. These include 266 T-shaped pillars and animal release depicting birds, gazelles, insects, rabbits, and snakes.
研究发现，它在新陶器时代前期活跃，与Gebekli的第二层有很多相似之处。它包括266个T形柱和动物遗迹，描绘了鸟类、瞪羚、昆虫、兔子和蛇等。
This site also includes circular homes and ceremonial structures, one worth pointing out, has 11 giant fallacies watched over by a bearded head with a serpent's body. Like you do.
这个网站还包括环形房屋和仪式结构，其中一个值得一提的是，有11个巨大的谬论被一个长着蛇身的有胡子的人物守护着。就像你会做的那样。
Now, unlike Gebekli Tepe, there's a lot of depictions of humans at Car Hauntepi, and some people think that this might indicate that they began to see themselves as distinct from the animal world.
现在，与格别克利特佩不同的是，在卡尔·豪恩特皮，有很多人类的描绘，有些人认为这可能表明他们开始将自己看作与动物世界截然不同的存在。
Car Hauntepi was intentionally buried in a bandin over time, which seems to be a common fate for a lot of these Turkish sites for reasons that we may never know.
卡尔·豪安泰皮被有意地埋葬在岩石带中，这似乎是许多土耳其遗址的常见命运，原因我们可能永远无法知道。
But before I close this thing out, I feel like if we're going to talk about ancient cities, we kind of need to talk about Jericho.
在结束之前，我觉得如果我们要谈论古代城市，我们必须谈论耶利哥。
You know, Gebekli Tepe gets a lot of attention because it's sexy and mysterious and everything, but Jericho has been around for almost as long, but it's been continuously inhabited this whole time.
你知道吗，盖贝克利特普因为其神秘和性感等特点受到很多关注，但是杰里科已经存在了几乎同样长的时间，而且一直有人居住。
Jericho is, in fact, the world's oldest continuously inhabited city. The famous tower of Jericho is one of the first indications that hunter gatherers stayed and built a community in the area, and it was built around 12,000 years ago.
杰里科实际上是世界上历史最悠久的、人类持续居住的城市。著名的杰里科塔是猎人采集者留存并建立社群的最早迹象之一，是在大约12000年前建造的。
The exact purpose of the tower has long been debated, but it was built to be seen, and it could have been a gathering place for the community.
这座塔的确切目的长期以来一直存在争议，但它是为了让人们看到的，它可能是社区的集会场所。
And it's not that Jericho transitioned completely to farming around 7,000 years ago.
并不是说雅利安人在大约7000年前彻底转变为农业。
【意思解析】本句难点在于"transitioned completely to farming"这个表达，可以理解为"完全过渡到农业"，即一开始不能完全确定史前文明是否完全是以农业为主要生产方式的。
There's evidence there that people grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, and wheat. They also domesticated goats and sheep.
这里有证据表明人们种植了大麦、鹰嘴豆、扁豆和小麦。他们还饲养山羊和绵羊。
The city was also located right next to a huge spring, making you know, a deal place to live for a long time.
这座城市毗邻一个巨大的泉水，这使它成为一个长期居住的理想之地。
So Jericho was able to adapt with the times and transition to new technologies and new societies, new religions even, but they're the exception to the rule.
杰里科能够适应时代的变化，转型到新技术、新社会、甚至新宗教，但他们是少数例外。
Most ancient cities eventually fall and crumble onto the weight of time.
大多数古老城市最终会因岁月沉重的压力而崩塌坍毁。这句话的意思是，历史悠久的城市迟早会被时间的力量所摧毁。
And I'm sure there are many other ancient cities yet to be found.
我相信还有很多其他未被发现的古城市。
Fully fledged civilizations completely sure of their superiority and their place at the center of a universe that was created just for them.
完全成熟的文明，对自己的优越感和处于宇宙中心的位置充满信心，认为宇宙是为他们所创造的。
People who couldn't possibly imagine that their great cities and ceremonial places could ever be forgotten to history. And yet here we are.
有些人可能从没想过他们伟大的城市和庄严的场所会被历史遗忘，但现在我们就这样陷入了这种情况。
I guess you could say that feeling timeless is timeless.
我想你可以说无所时感是永恒的。这句话的意思是，感觉不受时间限制是一种永恒的感觉。
I think it's also worth taking away from this story that, you know, people from the past are a lot more intelligent than we give them credit for. A lot of things we do today are worse than the way we used to do it. Like shaving, for example. Today, pretty much everybody uses these cartridge blades. Like you're almost forced to use these. Go to a grocery store. It's pretty much all you see.
我认为从这个故事中也可以得出一个值得思考的结论，那就是，我们应该认识到历史上的人们比我们想象的要聪明得多。现在我们做的许多事情比过去更糟糕。比如刮胡子。今天，几乎每个人都使用这些刀片。好像你几乎被迫使用它们。去超市吧。你基本上会看到的都是这个。
But don't you think it's interesting how all the shaving companies defaulted to this design? It's not because it makes them less money. Yeah, Razer companies figured out years ago that the real money is in the blade. So they charge up to $2 per cartridge and convince you it's special.
但是你不认为所有刮胡刀公司都采用这种设计很有趣吗？他们这样做并不是为了赚更少的钱。是的，剃刀公司在多年前就发现真正的赚钱点在于刀片。所以他们会每张刀片收取高达2美元的费用，并让你相信它是特殊的。
Because it's got five blades and a lubricating strip. And next thing you know, you're paying them hundreds of dollars a year. We will just bought into this idea that you got to have five blades to get a good shave when actually one is plenty if you do it right.
因为它有五个刀片和一条润滑条。接下来，你就会每年支付数百美元给他们。我们刚刚购买了这种想法，认为你必须拥有五个刀片才能得到良好的剃须效果，但实际上，如果你用得好，一个就足够了。
And when company that is doing it right is today's sponsor, Henson shaving. Henson turns that entire business model upside down. Instead of designing a cheap handle and charging people out the wazoo for blades, they develop the precision engineered razor designed to support the entire width of the blade at the depth of only 27 microns.
今天的赞助商是做得正确的公司 - Henson剃须。Henson完全颠覆了整个商业模式。他们不是设计廉价的刀柄并向人们收取高价的刀片，而是开发了精密设计的剃须刀，设计支撑整个刀片宽度的深度仅为27微米。
This means there's no way for the blade to flex and bend and lead to chatter and irritation. And they were able to engineer this so precisely because that's exactly what these guys do. They're a machine shop that makes parts for satellites and space probes. They've engineered stuff that's on Mars right now.
这意味着刀片不会弯曲和弯曲，也不会出现颤振和刺激。他们之所以能够如此精确地设计这个，是因为这正是他们所擅长的。他们是一家机器加工厂，生产卫星和空间探测器的零部件。他们还设计了目前正在火星上的设备。
So when they say that 30 degrees is the perfect angle for a blade to shave the skin, you better believe this thing is designed to give you a perfect 30 degree angle. They put their aerospace engineer brains together and made a razor that will not only give you a better shave than those cartridge blades, but for way cheaper. These cost only 10 cents each.
当他们说30度是剃刀刀锋与皮肤最佳的角度时，你最好相信这个剃须刀是设计成为能够提供完美30度角的。他们结合了航空工程师的智慧，制造出一款剃刀，不仅能够比那些刀片式剃须刀更好地剃须，而且价格更低廉，每个仅需十分之一美元。
You can go through 20 of these blades for the price of one of these cartridge blades. But here's the thing, you don't even have to spend that because if you use the promo code Joe Scott at checkout, you'll get a package of 100 blades totally for free. This, this is what you get, 100 blades.
你可以用这种刀片的价格买20个，而不是一个这种替换刀片。但是这里有个好消息，你甚至不需要花这么多钱，如果你在结账时使用促销代码Joe Scott，你可以完全免费获得100个刀片的包装。这就是你得到的东西，100个刀片。
Just go to Hensonshaving.com, pick out the razor you like out of a variety of colors, add the 100 pack of blades to your order and when you get the promo code, the price of the blades just go away. And then you probably want to spend another dime for shaving for like probably a year at least. No kidding, I actually get people in my comments in Twitter like all the time like thanking me for pointing them to this because it's like their favorite thing in the world now. They just nailed it with this thing and you might like it too.
只需要进入Hensonshaving.com，在各种颜色中挑选自己喜欢的剃须刀，再加入100片刀片到您的订单中，当您得到促销代码时，刀片的价格就会消失。然后，您可能想花一美分进行剃须，至少可以维持一年。不开玩笑，我经常在Twitter的评论区看到人们感谢我指引他们来这里购买，因为这是他们现在最喜欢的东西。他们完美地完成了这个商品，您也可能会喜欢。
Or there's some holidays coming up. It's not the worst gift idea. Just saying it. Anyway, once again, it's Hensonshaving.com, get 100 blades for free, promo code Joe Scott, links down below. Big thanks to Hensonshaving for supporting this video and a huge shout out to the answer files on Patreon who are keeping the lights on around here, forming an awesome community, just being overall really cool people.
接下来有一些节日即将到来。这并不是最糟糕的礼物想法。我只是这样说而已。无论如何，再说一遍，Hensonshaving.com现在有促销活动，使用优惠码Joe Scott可免费获得100片刀片，链接在下面。非常感谢Hensonshaving支持这个视频，并向Patreon上的答案文件致以巨大的赞扬，因为他们让这里的灯亮着，形成了一个超棒的社区，成为了真正酷的人们。
I got some people I needed to shout out real quick. Let me murder their names. We got Brian Roder. Adam Anderson, Matthew McCombs, Victor Caledons, Caledawons, Harrison Cook, Jörrt Timmerman, Corey Lynn, Arthur Zargarian, Earthbound Martian, Christian Ratcliffe, Steve Coffee, Peter Dillinger, Drew Master, Anthony Mack, and Paul Shritan. Shritan, Shritan. Something like that.
我有一些人需要快速感谢，让我来读一下他们的名字。我们有Brian Roder、Adam Anderson、Matthew McCombs、Victor Caledons、Caledawons、Harrison Cook、 Jörrt Timmerman、Corey Lynn、Arthur Zargarian、Earthbound Martian、Christian Ratcliffe、Steve Coffee、Peter Dillinger、Drew Master、Anthony Mack和Paul Shritan。 Shritan，Shritan。类似这样的发音。
Anyway, thank you guys so much if you'd like to join them. You can get early access to videos, access to a wider community of people, exclusive live streams, all that kind of stuff. You just go to patreon.com slash ends of the show.
不管怎样，如果您想加入我们，非常感谢您。您可以提前观看视频，进入更广泛的社区，参加专属直播，等等。您只需要前往patreon.com/ends of the show。
All right, please do like and share this video. If you liked it and this is your first time here, maybe click on this one. Let's send you to another mystery. I'll put another mystery thing there. You can go check out. Or if you're on your browser, all these things on the side to probably see some with my little face on it and the thumbnail. Do check them out. And if you enjoy them, I invite you to subscribe. I come back to videos every Monday. All right, cool guys. Thanks a lot for watching.
好的，请点赞并分享这个视频。如果你喜欢它并且是第一次来这里，可以点击这个。让我们送你去另一个神秘之旅。我会放置另一个神秘物件在那里。你可以去看看。或者，如果你在浏览器上，所有这些侧边栏可能会看到一些我的小脸和缩略图。请查看它们。如果你喜欢它们，我邀请你订阅。我每周都会回来上传视频。好了，朋友们。非常感谢你们的观看。
You guys go out there, have an eye opening rest of the week. Stay safe, and I'll see you next Monday. Love you guys. Take care.
你们出去好好地度过剩下的这个星期，看看世界。注意安全，下周一再见。爱你们，保重。