1.2- Personal Rule
发布时间 2013-09-23 09:27:08 来源
摘要
In the 1630s, King Charles ruled without Parliament. His financial policies and religious innovations annoyed many of his subjects.
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中英文字稿 
Hello, and welcome to Revolutions. Episode 2 Personal Rule.
你好，欢迎收听《革命之路》第二集“个人统治”。
So last time, we blazed through a lot of necessary background and followed King Charles through the first four years of his reign, culminating with his decision in March 1629 to dissolve Parliament and then so help me God never call another one.
上次我们走马看花地通过了许多必要的背景，并跟随查尔斯国王度过了他统治的前四年，最终在1629年3月他做出了决定，解散议会，而且上帝保佑，再也不召开议会了。
If Charles wanted to rule without Parliament, that was fine, but he was going to have to figure out a way to fund his administration without levying any taxes.
如果查尔斯想要在没有国会的情况下统治，那是可以的，但他必须想办法在不征收任何税收的情况下为政府的运作提供资金。
This week, we are going to explore some of the admittedly creative but ultimately self-defeating ways Charles raised money without having to raise a Parliament.
这个星期，我们将探索一些也许很有创意，但最终都是自我毁灭的方式，查尔斯用这些方式筹集资金，而不必召开议会。
We're also going to grapple with the other big question that loomed over the era of personal rule, what will the religion of Britain be?
我们还将应对那个在个人统治时代笼罩其上的另一个重大问题：英国的宗教将会是什么？
These two threads, Finance and Religion, will both come to a head in 1637, at which point event starts sloping dramatically downhill toward revolt, civil war and revolution.
这两个话题，金融和宗教，将在1637年达到高潮，从那时开始，事件将急转直下，趋向于暴动、内战和革命。
The first thing Charles did after closing up shop on Parliament was close up shop on the wars he and Buckingham had pursued in the first years of his reign.
查尔斯在结束议会营业后所做的第一件事，是结束他和白金汉公爵在他统治的早期所追求的战争营业。
As I said last week, the main reason a monarch needs Parliament is to fund their wars, so as long as the monarch avoids war, he has a shot at avoiding Parliament.
就像上周我说的那样，君主需要议会的主要原因是为了筹资战争，因此只要君主避免战争，他就有可能避免议会的干扰。
So King Charles worked out a treaty with France in April 1629 and then concluded peace with Spain in November 1630.
所以，查理国王在1629年4月与法国签订了一项条约，然后在1630年11月与西班牙达成了和平协议。
The trick of course would be staying out of future wars, which was not impossible, but with the 30 years war raging on the continent, it was not necessarily probable.
当然，关键是避免参与未来的战争。这并非不可能，但由于欧洲大陆上正在爆发30年战争，这也不一定是可能的。
The funny thing though, is that while Charles managed to avoid getting dragged into the 30 years war, he wound up needlessly picking a fight with the Scots in 1637, which is what we're going to get into next week.
有趣的是，尽管查尔斯设法避免卷入三十年战争，但他在1637年无意中与苏格兰人挑起了一场不必要的争斗，这就是我们下周将要进入的话题。
With Parliament out of the picture, Charles governed his domains through a semi-formal group of councillors.
没有议会干涉，查尔斯通过一组半正式的顾问统治了他的领土。
Some of them sat on the more formal Prairie Council, the standing body of peers who advised the King, but other councillors were men of lower rank who simply held positions within the royal household that put them in close proximity to Charles on a daily basis.
他们中的一些人坐在更正式的“普雷里理事会”上，这是建议国王的贵族固定组织，但其他顾问则是位居较低的男子，他们只是担任皇家家庭内的职务，使他们每天都能与查尔斯接近。
Some of these advisers were dependable administrators, some flaky courteers, but two men were by far the most talented in terms of intelligence, drive and ambition.
这些顾问里有一些是可靠的行政管理者，有些则是靠不住的巴结者，但有两个人在智力、动力和雄心方面都是最有才华的。
Bishop William Lod, who we met last week, and a tall Yorkshireman named Sir Thomas Wentworth.
上周我们遇见了主教威廉·洛德和一位高大的约克郡人托马斯·温特沃斯爵士。
Wentworth was born in 1593, and inherited a baronette from his father in 1613.
Wentworth于1593年出生，于1613年从父亲那里继承了一个男爵爵位。
He sat in the first of Charles's parliaments, but famously distinguished himself as an outspoken member of the opposition.
他坐在查尔斯的第一次议会中，但以直言不讳的反对派成员身份著名。
So much so that when the second Parliament was called, Wentworth was one of the members appointed Sheriff to keep troublemakers out of Westminster.
这句话的意思是，“如此之多，以至于第二届议会召开时，文特沃斯成为了其中一个被任命为高级警官的议员，以防止麻烦制造者进入威斯敏斯特。”
When Charles issued the force loans in 1627, Wentworth refused to pay, and he was locked up for six months, which, so far, is not exactly the early career arc of someone who was about to become so identified with the tyrannies of King Charles.
当查尔斯在1627年发行强制借款时，文特沃斯拒绝支付，他被关押了六个月，这在某种程度上并不准确地预示了他即将与查尔斯国王的暴政联系在一起的早期职业道路。
But the break came when Buckingham was assassinated in 1628, because unlike other members of Parliament who seemed to be using Buckingham as a proxy through which they could wedge wider political, economic and religious reforms, Wentworth really just hated Buckingham, thought he was terrible for England, refused the force loan because he thought Buckingham was going to embezzle half of it and blow the other half on embarrassing military boondoggles, which is pretty much what happened.
“1628年，巴克汉姆被暗杀，这是个转折点。有些议员似乎是利用巴克汉姆作为一个代理人来推行更广泛的政治、经济和宗教改革，但文特沃思真的只是讨厌巴克汉姆，认为他对英国不利，拒绝了强制借款，因为他认为巴克汉姆会盗用一半的款项，并把另外一半用在非常尴尬的军事浪费上，而这正是发生的事情。”
When Buckingham was killed, Wentworth was satisfied.
当巴克汉姆被杀时，文特沃斯感到满意。
Charles was alerted to the fact that this smart, energetic, and capable member of the opposition could probably be had at the right price.
查尔斯意识到这位聪明、精力充沛、能力卓越的反对党成员，只要出得起合适的价格，就可能被争取过来。
So the King made Wentworth a vi-count, then appointed him Lord President of the North in 1628.
于是国王封了温特沃斯为子爵，然后在1628年任命他为北部地区的总统。
The North, being the Northern County Senator on York, which at the time formed its own administrative district.
北部是约克郡的北部县议员，当时它形成了自己的行政区域。
Wentworth whipped the North into shape and was named to the Privy Council in 1629.
温特沃斯特把北方整顿有序，并在1629年被任命为内阁特别顾问。
He probably would have risen even higher, even faster, but as talented as he was, he was also harsh and despotic, and he alienated subordinates, colleagues, and superiors wherever he went.
他或许本可以更快更高地晋升，但尽管他才华横溢，但他也强势而专横，无论走到哪里，都会疏远手下、同事和上级。
So some of those alienated rivals on the Privy Council convinced King Charles that Wentworth was the best man to run Ireland.
有些在国务院被疏远的对手说服查理王，温特沃斯是管理爱尔兰的最佳人选。
Technically being made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1633 was a promotion, but it also meant being shipped off to Dublin, which is a long way from Whitehall, exactly where Wentworth's rivals wanted him.
从技术上讲，1633年被任命为爱尔兰的总督确实是晋升，但同时也意味着被调往距离白厅遥远的都柏林，这正是温特沃斯的对手们希望他去的地方。
But still, he managed to stay in contact with the court, most especially through his friend Bishop Laud, because of course the two most friendless men in England would wind up becoming friends.
但是，他还是成功地与法庭保持联系，特别是通过他的朋友洛德主教，因为毕竟英国最孤独的两个人最终成为了朋友。
Together they hammered out what has become known to history as the thorough policy, which is basically a scheme to establish absolute monarchy in Britain.
他们一起制定了历史上被称为彻底政策的计划，基本上是为了在英国建立绝对君主制。
The religious aspects of this policy were spearheaded by Laud from his new position as Archbishop of Canterbury.
这项政策的宗教方面是由劳德在他担任坎特伯雷大主教的新职位上领导的。
As I mentioned last week, King Charles and his new Archbishop were of one mind about religion. It should be formal, it should be ceremonial, it should be exalted, and most importantly, it should be uniform across all the King's domains.
正如我上周所提到的，查理王和他的新大主教在宗教方面有着相同的想法。它应该是正式的，应该是典礼的，应该是高尚的，最重要的是，它应该在国王所有领域保持统一。
So with Charles's blessing, Laud launched an effort to bring some uniformity in order to the Church of England. No more of this turning a blind eye to local custom as had been the norm since the Elizabethan settlement.
因此，在查尔斯的支持下，劳德发起了努力，以使英国教会有些一致性。不再像伊丽莎白安定期以来一样对当地习俗视而不见。
Through the 1630s, Laud slowly but surely started to establish a harder principle of one set of religious practices for everybody, no exceptions. Most he focused on small fish, congregations of ex-patriates living in Holland, for example, who had started adopting the practices of their Dutch neighbors, then he focused on foreigners living in England, who had been allowed to maintain their own forms of worship.
在1630年代，劳德逐渐确立了一个更严格的原则，即所有人必须遵守同一套宗教实践，没有例外。他主要关注一些小鱼虾，例如在荷兰生活的移民团体，他们开始采用荷兰邻居的宗教实践，接着他转向生活在英国的外国人，这些人被允许保持自己的崇拜形式。
In a flurry of letters, he demanded that both follow the liturgy of the Church of England or face prosecution. This process then extended out to the various English counties where Puritan-leaning congregations faced demands that altars be placed on the East end of the Church and that they be railed in, that parishioners approached the minister for communion rather than taking it at their seats. Basically, a slew of ceremonial tweaks that the more Puritan congregations had ditched a long time ago because it all smacked of popery.
他匆忙写信，要求两方遵循英格兰教会的礼拜仪式，否则将面临起诉。这个过程随后扩展到各个英格兰县，具有清教徒倾向的教堂面临要求在教堂东端放置祭坛并设置栏杆，教区居民必须前往牧师那里领圣餐，而不是在座位上自取。基本上，一系列仪式性的调整被更多的清教徒教区抛弃了很久，因为它们都带有天主教徒的痕迹。
The idea, like I said, was to bring some uniformity to religious worship in the King's domains. But to an awful lot of people, it came across as an attempt to undermine the Reformation and pave the way for a return to Catholicism.
就像我所说的那样，这个想法是要在国王的领土上统一宗教崇拜。但对很多人来说，这似乎是试图削弱宗教改革并为恢复天主教铺平道路的企图。
And it did not help at all that through this same period, Charles was busy indulging the Catholicism of his French-born wife, Queen Henry at a Maria. So on the one hand, you have godly Protestants being prosecuted for resisting Lod's popish innovations, and on the other, you have Catholics now practicing right out in the open.
并没有帮上忙的是，同时期Charles忙于宠爱他的法国出生的妻子——Maria女王的天主教信仰。一方面，你可以看到拥有敬神的新教徒因为抵制洛德的天主教创新而被起诉，而另一方面，你看到的是天主教徒如今公开地信仰。
It did not look good, especially to the Puritan-leaning lords who were also getting pretty ticked off at Charles' batch of illegal fundraising schemes, and who would form the core of opposition when Charles was forced to call a new parliament in 1640 after trying to extend his policy of religious uniformity up to Scotland, which, yeah, he should not have done that.
这看起来不太好，特别是对那些偏向清教徒的领主们来说更是如此，他们对查尔斯的一系列非法筹款计划也感到相当恼火。当查尔斯试图将其宗教一致性政策扩展到苏格兰时，这些领主们成为反对派的核心，1640年查尔斯被迫召开新议会时，这种反对派就变得非常明显，对，他不应该那样做。
So who were these Puritan-leaning lords who formed the opposition? And is it even fair at this point to call them an opposition?
那么，这些倾向清教主义的贵族反对派究竟是谁？而且现在称他们为反对派还公正吗？
Historian Conrad Russell, who knows of which he speaks, makes the point repeatedly that right now we should think of these guys as forming a faction within the ruling party rather than a distinct opposition party, which is to say that they may have personally opposed the King's policies but still dutifully carried them out back in the home counties.
历史学家康拉德·拉塞尔清楚地知道他在说什么，他一再强调，现在我们应该将这些人视为执政党内部的一个派系，而不是一个明确的反对派，也就是说，他们可能个人反对国王的政策，但在本土依然忠诚地执行着。
But subtleties of tension aside, in a few years, there is going to be a civil war. So who formed the core of what became the parliamentary cause?
但是暂且不谈紧张局势的微妙之处，几年后将会爆发一场内战。那么，到底是谁组成了最初的议会派核心？
In no particular order, we have, first of all, the Earl of Warck, who was one of the largest landowners in England, and whose great grandfather had been one of the key figures in the English Reformation. After being raised to the period in 1619, Warck had focused a great deal of his time and money on privateering expeditions against the hated Spanish and colonization projects in the New World.
我们首先介绍的是沃里克伯爵，他是英格兰最大的地主之一，其曾祖父是英格兰改革运动的关键人物之一。沃里克于1619年被封为贵族后，花费大量时间和财力进行私掠远征打击憎恨的西班牙，并在新大陆进行殖民计划。以上信息并无特定顺序。
Then there was the Earl of Bedford, who had been a strong supporter of the petition of right and stood as one of the main centers of gravity around which this network of dissenting Puritan swirled. Warck, for example, an up-and-coming young Puritan peer, married Bedford's daughter in 1631 and began working closely with his father-in-law on various commercial projects.
然后还有贝德福伯爵，他曾是《请愿权利法》的坚定支持者，以及这个持不同意见的清教徒网络的主要重心之一。比如，1631年，一个崭露头角的年轻清教徒贵族沃克娶了贝德福伯爵的女儿，并开始与岳父密切合作进行各种商业项目。
Viscount Say and Seely formed another center of gravity, and that's one guy, his name is Viscount Say and Seely. He was a staunch Puritan and clever politician whose home at Broughton Castle became something of a home base for the godly dissidents. Say and Brook were also both heavy investors in New World colonization, and if you've ever been to Old Saberite Connecticut, well, that's where the name comes from.
Viscount Say and Seely成为另一个重心，他就是那个叫做Viscount Say and Seely的人。他是坚定的清教徒和聪明的政治家，他在Broughton Castle的家中成为了虔诚异端的重要基地。Say和Brook也都是新世界殖民的重要投资者，如果你去过Old Saberite Connecticut，那么这个地名就来自他们的名字。
Finally, I'll mention Young Lord Mandavill, who married one of Warck's daughters in 1626, and who we will get to know much better after he inherits his father's title in 1642 and becomes the second Earl of Manchester.
最后，我要提到曼达维尔年轻勋爵，他在1626年娶了沃克的一位女儿，当他在1642年继承了父亲的头衔并成为第二任曼彻斯特伯爵后，我们将更加了解他。
As depressed as these lords were about the state of true religion in England, you'll notice that most of them looked to the Americas as a place where the godly could build communities untainted by heresy.
这些贵族对英国真正宗教状况感到沮丧，但你会发现，他们大多数人都认为美洲是一个没有异端污染的虔诚者可以建立社区的地方。
And there was one colonization project in particular that kept them all tied together during the long years of personal rule, the Providence Island Company. The point of the company was to set up a community in the West Indies that would be run on strict godly principles and maybe engage in a little anti-Spanish piracy on the side.
有一个殖民计划特别让他们在个人统治的漫长岁月中紧密联系在一起，那就是普罗维登斯岛公司。该公司的目的是在西印度群岛建立一个社区，遵循严格的信仰原则，也许还可以在旁边进行一些反西班牙海盗活动。
Most of the Puritan lords I've just mentioned were shareholders, and company business was, if not necessarily an excuse, then certainly a reason for them and their men of business to stay in regular contact. And if talks strayed into larger matters from time to time, well, you know, things happen.
我刚提到的大多数清教徒领主都是股东，公司业务是他们及其商人联系的一个原因，即使不是借口。如果到时不时谈论到更大的问题，那么你懂的，有时候事情就会发生。
Of the men of business who were brought into the distant godly circle by the Providence Island Company, two deserve special attention. The first is Oliver Sinjin, whose name when you read it is clearly Oliver St. John, but apparently it was pronounced Oliver Sinjin. Sinjin was brought in by Bedford to serve as a lawyer for the Providence Island Company, and he distinguished himself as a brilliant, if humorous attorney. Sinjin is about to catapult to national fame when we get into the ship money case at the end of this episode.
有两个商人被强行引入普罗维登斯岛公司的远离世俗的圈子中，其中有两人特别值得一提。第一个人是奥利弗·辛津（Oliver Sinjin）。当你看到这个名字时，你可能会很清楚地知道它实际上是奥利弗·圣约翰（Oliver St. John），但显然它的发音是奥利弗·辛津。由贝德福德引进的辛津作为普罗维登斯岛公司的律师，以其出色的幽默才能和能力脱颖而出。在接下来的任务中，我们将看到辛津在反对征税上的出色表现，将带领它一鸣惊人，名扬全国。
The other man of business we need to introduce is of course John Pym. John Pym, he is a really important. Pym was born in 1584, so he's actually a little bit older than most of the guys have just rattle off. He had been a member of all three of Charles's first parliaments, which would distinguish him from most of his colleagues in the short and long parliaments, the vast majority of whom were sitting for the first time.
我们需要介绍的另一位商人当然是约翰·庇姆。约翰·庇姆非常重要。庇姆出生于1584年，所以他比刚刚提到的大多数人都年长一些。他曾是查理一世的三届议会的成员，这使他与许多来自短期和长期议会的同事有所区别，绝大部分人都是第一次参议。
The Earl of Warwick took notice of Pym and hired him to serve his treasure for the Providence Island Company through the 1630s, where he earned the trust and loyalty of the godly peers. So even though the attempt to establish a Puritan Commonwealth in the Caribbean wound up a dismal failure, the company formed a critical link between the men who would emerge as the leaders of the parliamentary opposition in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords in the 1640s.
沃里克伯爵注意到皮姆并雇用他为普罗维登斯岛公司服务，直到1630年代，他在那里赢得了虔诚贵族的信任和忠诚。尽管试图在加勒比海建立清教徒公国最终以惨败告终，但该公司在1640年代成为国会反对派领袖的关键纽带，这些领袖分别在下议院和上议院中崭露头角。
So broadly speaking, when we talk about the opposition, what we're talking about is an informal network of like-minded men connected by marriage, religion, and commerce, who complained bitterly about the direction Charles was taking the country. Besides their obvious beef with Archbishop Laud for giving Satan the keys to the Church of England, the other thing these men complained about when they got together at Broughton Castle or wherever was the obnoxious schemes Charles and his royal treasures had dreamed up to fund the monarchy without Parliament.
总的来说，当我们谈论反对派时，我们指的是一个由婚姻、宗教和商业联系在一起的志同道合的非正式网络，他们为查尔斯引领国家前进的方向而痛苦地抱怨。除了因大主教劳德将钥匙交给撒旦而引起的显然不满，当这些人在布劳敦城堡或其他地方聚集在一起时，他们抱怨的另一件事情是，查尔斯和他的皇家财宝们梦想出了哪些讨厌的计划来为君主制提供资金，而不需要议会的参与。
Because if there were some small technical royal prerogative that could be exploited for profit, the king was all for exploiting it. And while Charles slept peacefully at night, satisfied that he was well within his rights as king, his subjects grew deeply annoyed by what they considered a batch of unjust and illegal money grabs. So for example, there were things like monopolies.
因为如果有一些可以利用的小技术，用来牟利，国王就会全力利用它。而当查尔斯在晚上安然入睡，满意地认为他作为国王的权利是无可置疑的时候，他的臣民却对这些被视为不公正和非法的赚钱手段深感厌烦。例如，存在垄断之类的事情。
Monopolies were royal grants giving a corporation exclusive rights to trade or manufacture something. You know, a monopoly. These monopolies could apply to practically anything. Salt, coal, wine. There was a particularly hated one on soap that was particularly hated because of the monopoly soap was vastly inferior to the soap made by independent craftsman and Bristol. Macarles made money, both selling the monopolies and then collecting portions of the profit. The soap monopoly alone brought in something like 30,000 pounds a year, which was big money in those days. It also ticked off every merchant cut out of the loop because they didn't have the right connections at court.
垄断是皇家授予公司特权，使其独家拥有某种商品或制造业的权利。你知道的，就是垄断。这些垄断几乎可以应用于任何东西。盐、煤、葡萄酒等等。有一个特别受人憎恶的垄断是肥皂垄断，人们特别憎恨它，因为垄断的肥皂远远不如布里斯托尔的独立工匠制作的肥皂好。马卡尔斯在垄断的销售中赚了钱，然后收取利润的部分。仅肥皂垄断一项每年带来了大约30,000英镑的收入，在那个时代是一笔巨款。这也激怒了每一个被排除在循环之外的商人，因为他们没有在法庭上建立正确的关系。
Besides the monopolies, Charles also revived long dormant medieval laws and started applying them in pretty twisted ways. For example, once upon a time, gentry worth more than 40 shillings annually were supposed to be knighted so that they would be ready for service if, you know, the Vikings invaded. If they skipped knighthood, the king levy to fine. The fine was supposed to prod the unwilling in the direction of doing their duty to the king. But when Charles revived the fine, it was not too prod meant in the direction of their duty because the king didn't want the men to get knighted, he wanted them to stay unknighted so he could collect the fine every year. It was clever, but it was also annoying.
除了垄断外，查尔斯还复兴了长期陷于沉睡的中世纪法律，并以相当扭曲的方式开始实施这些法律。例如，曾经有一段时间，年薪超过40先令的绅士们应该被称为骑士，以便他们在维京人入侵时能够准备好。如果他们跳过爵位，国王要征收罚款。罚款应该是为了刺激不愿履行职责的人向国王效忠。但是当查尔斯重新实施罚款时，并不是为了刺激人们履行职责，因为国王并不希望这些人被封为骑士，他只想让他们保持未爵位的状态，这样每年他就能收取罚款。这很聪明，但也很烦人。
Another example were fines levied for living in royal forests and building outside designated zones in London. With the demographic blow to the previous century, restless squatters had taken root in various forests in the country and urban dwellers had thrown up houses beyond the walls in the city. The king's advisors found ancient finds still on the books for both activities. These finds were meant to keep families from squatting in the forests or living outside the city walls. But Charles didn't want these people to move, you see, he wanted them to stay so he could find them for staying. The spirit of the law was being upended to service the lucrative letter of the law. It may have been technically legal, but it felt petty and unjust.
另一个例子是对居住在皇家森林里或在伦敦指定区域外建筑的罚款。在上一个世纪的人口大量下降后，不安分的流浪汉在全国各地的森林扎了根，城市居民在城墙之外建造了房屋。国王的顾问们发现古老的规定仍然适用于这两个活动。这些规定旨在防止家庭在森林里扎营或者在城墙之外居住。但查尔斯不想让这些人搬走，因为他希望他们留下来，这样他就能对他们开罚单。法律的精神被颠倒了，为了追求赚钱的法律字面。尽管这在技术上是合法的，但它感觉不切实际，不公正。
Another major feudal holdover was the despised court of wards. In the sub-tidium of English property law, some states were held by families through a grant from the king. But this grant had long sent seas to mean anything, except that if a family held one of these properties in the head of the household died and left only a minority heir, the land technically reverted to the crown, from whom the family then had to repurchase it.
另一个重要的封建制度遗留物就是备受鄙视的监护法庭。在英格兰财产法的子领域中，一些领地是由国王授予给家族的。但是这个授予已经很久以前就不再有什么意义了，除非家族中的家长去世了，只留下未成年继承人，那么这块土地在技术上就会归还给王室，家族则必须重新购买它。
So Charles sent out royal agents to hunt around in county records, digging up properties that were technically royal grants, despite the fact that no one, not even the king, was actually aware of it anymore. Again, Charles was acting within the technical bounds of the law, and he was putting his regime on sound financial footing, but he was endearing himself to exactly no one.
所以，查尔斯派遣皇家特工去搜索县记录，挖掘那些在技术上是皇家授权的资产，尽管实际上没有人，甚至国王也不再知道它的存在。再一次，查尔斯在法律的技术边界内行动，并使他的政权在财务上站稳了脚跟，但他却没有得到任何人的欣赏。
But of course, the most infamous of Charles's financial expedience was a thing called ship money. In theory, ship money worked like this. There was a national security crisis. The Spanish are on their way, that sort of thing. The king goes to the coastal counties and says, okay, we need to build a navy in a hurry, and there's no time to call a parliament. So you each owe me one ship. If you don't have the facilities to build a ship, then you owe me enough money to build one ship. And please do hurry, the Spanish are on their way.
当然，查尔斯财政上最臭名昭著的行为是一件被称为船只税的事情。理论上，船只税的运作方式是这样的。有一个国家安全危机。西班牙人正在赶来之类的事情。国王去沿海县城并说道，好了，我们需要迅速建立一支海军，没有时间召开国会。所以你们每个人都欠我一艘船。如果你没有建造一艘船的设施，那么你就欠我足够建造一艘船的钱。请尽快行动，西班牙人在路上。
So the two key points here are one, it's an emergency, and two, it applies to the coastal counties. In 1634, Charles revived ship money, and then in 1635, he started applying it to all counties, which struck everyone is a little crazy because one, there's no emergency, and two, I don't live anywhere near the coast, why am I paying ship money.
这里的两个关键点是紧急情况和适用于沿海县。1634年，查尔斯重启了船税，随后在1635年，他开始将其应用于所有县，这让大家觉得有点疯狂，因为一，没有紧急情况，二，我并不住在海岸附近，为什么要交船税。
But Charles was developing a pretty modern notion of the national interest, and reason that there was no difference between coastal counties and inland counties were all in this together. Which yeah, okay, that's very progressive of you, but still, there's no emergency. We're not at war. Whereupon Charles, or more accurately Charles's lawyers, produced a nice body of precedence establishing that it was the king and the king alone who decided what did and did not constitute an emergency. So if he set emergency, it was an emergency, and that was that.
但是查尔斯正在形成一个相当现代的国家利益观，认为沿海县和内陆县之间没有区别，大家都是为了同样的事情而奋斗。是的，好吧，你很进步，但是我们没有处于紧急状态。我们没有在打仗。于是，查尔斯，或者更准确地说，查尔斯的律师，列出了一大堆先例，证明决定什么构成紧急情况的是国王，且只有国王。因此，如果他宣布紧急情况，那就是紧急情况，就是这样。
So now everyone is rolling their eyes, but wow, okay, neat trek, here's your stupid ship money. But then ship money came back the next year, and now we have a problem, because, as you'll recall, legally, only parliament can levy attacks. So you can have your fines and your monopolies, you can even have your emergency ship money, but if you try to make it a regular annual thing, I'm sorry, it's attacks. I don't care how you dress it up, it's attacks, and it's illegal, and we're not going to pay it.
现在大家都在翻白眼，但是，好吧，这是一次很棒的旅行，这是你的愚蠢的船费。但是，船费于下一年又回来了，现在我们有了问题，因为你会记得，合法来说，只有议会可以征收税。所以你可以有你的罚款和垄断，你甚至可以有你的紧急船费，但是如果你试图把它变成一个常规的年度事情，对不起了，这是一种税收。我不在乎你如何打扮它，这是税收，这是非法的，我们不会支付它。
In 1637, the two main sources of tension during personal rule came to a head. The religious tensions burst out into the open in June 1637, with the very public punishment of three radical Puritans who had been found guilty by the Archbishop-Lawd-controlled star chamber.
在1637年，独断政治期间的两个主要紧张来源达到了高潮。宗教紧张局势在1637年6月公开爆发，三名激进清教徒在大主教劳德控制的星室受到公开惩罚。
The particular beliefs and crimes of William Prin, Henry Burton, and John Bastick are not nearly as important as the sentence that was handed down on them. They were marched through the streets of London, surrounded by a large sympathetic crowds, tossed into the stocks with pilleries thrown across their necks. Then, after a couple of hours, the executioner came along and cut their ears off. In Prin, who had raised Lod's particular eye, had the letters SL for seditious libeler burnt into his cheeks.
威廉·普林、亨利·伯顿和约翰·巴斯蒂克的特定信仰和罪行并不像他们被判刑的那样重要。他们被押送穿过伦敦的街道，被一群同情的人包围，然后被扔进枷锁，脖子上挂着枷锁和耳石。然后，过了几个小时，行刑人员就来了，割下了他们的耳朵。在普林身上，他因为宣扬煽动性言论而在脸颊上被烙上了“SL”的字母。
Then, the three broken men were exiled to distant castles, the idea being that they would never be heard from again. The crowd roared at sympathy for the suffering of the three men, and underground circular started getting passed around, wondering aloud what kind of kingdom England was becoming when Catholics walked free while godly men suffered such gruesome punishment.
然后，这三个破碎的人被流放到遥远的城堡，其想法是他们永远不会再被听到。人群对这三个人的苦难感到同情，并开始传递地下文传，疑惑地谈论着英格兰正在变成什么样的王国，当天主教徒自由地行走时，虔诚的人们却要承受这样可怕的惩罚。
The political tensions burst into the open when John Hamden was brought to trial in November 1637 for refusing to pay ship money. Hamden was the son of a Puritan landowner, and he had inherited the family of states at the tender age of two when his father died. He, like Pym, served in all of Charles's initial parliaments and had garnered a reputation as a man of both strong will and strong principle.
当约翰·哈姆登因拒绝缴纳船税而于1637年11月被审判时，政治紧张局势爆发了。哈姆登是一位清教徒地主之子，在父亲去世时年仅两岁，继承了家族的房产。他像彭姆一样参加了查理一世最初的所有议会，并赢得了一个既有坚强意志也有坚定原则的人的好名声。由于必要，此处有所修改。
He refused to pay the forced loans and was imprisoned, but was released on the eve of Charles's third parliament. He kept his head down through the 1630s, but when Charles rolled out ship money, Hamden decided to take a stand. Even though his share of ship money was one measly pound, he refused to pay.
他拒绝支付强制性的借款，因此被监禁，但在查尔斯三次议会前夕被释放。他在 1630 年代保持低调，但当查尔斯推出船税时，哈姆登决定站出来。尽管他要支付的船税只有一英镑，但他拒绝支付。
But this was not just some random point of pride. The network of dissonant Puritans had been looking for someone to run a test case through, and Hamden, blameless, well regarded, well spoken John Hamden seemed like the right guy for the job.
但这不仅仅是一个随意的自豪感觉。这个不和谐清教徒网络一直在寻找一个人来进行测试案例，而Hamden——无可非议、备受尊敬、善于言辞的John Hamden似乎是这项工作的合适人选。
Now, Hamden was not the only one refusing. If I count saying Cele, for example, was also refusing in the hopes that the king would prosecute him, but Charles let it go because he didn't want to give lord say the spotlight, much to say is great annoyance.
现在，汉姆登不是唯一一个拒绝了的人。比如，我认为塞勒也是拒绝的，他希望国王起诉他，但是查理不想把注意力放在领主身上，这让塞勒很不满。
So in November 1637, John Hamden was brought before the court of ex-Jekker and tried for his refusal to pay. The case was a bonafide national sensation, and crowds in London thronged to hear the arguments of both sides and then waited impatiently for the verdict.
所以在1637年11月，约翰·汉姆登被带到伊克斯-杰克尔法庭，因为他拒绝付款而被审判。这个案子是真正的全国轰动事件，伦敦的人群涌入听取双方的争论，然后不耐烦地等待裁决。
Hamden was represented by a group of lawyers, but the most famous of them was Oliver Singen, whose eloquent and let's face a damn convincing argument that ship money was attacks and therefore illegal without parliamentary approval, made the pirate and lawyer a legal rock star. On the other side, Hamden was prosecuted by the attorney general himself. This case was a big deal.
Hamden被一组律师代表，其中最著名的是Oliver Singen。他的雄辩并且让我们承认，令人信服的论点是，未经议会批准的船只税是攻击并且非法的。这使得这位海盗和律师成为了法律界的明星。另一方面，Hamden受到了检察长本人的起诉。这个案子非常重要。
The 12 judges of the ex-Jekker listened carefully to both sides and then retired to consider how they would rule. In the weeks that followed, their decisions began to be published one by one, with the crowds of London hanging on every yea or nay. In the end, the court found seven to five against Hamden, which was, yes, a win for the king, but only by the narrowest margin possible.
前巨贾的12名法官仔细听取了双方的意见，然后退下来考虑他们要如何裁定。接下来的几周，他们的决定开始一个一个地公布，伦敦的人们都在关注着每一个赞成或反对的结果。最终，法庭以7:5的投票结果裁定不利于汉姆登，这对国王来说是一场胜利，但只是以最小的优势取胜。
It was another of Charles's purec victories, and despite the legal triumph, the court of public opinion found decisively for Hamden. So just as the king was reveling in the legal sanctioning of ship money, the number of men refusing to pay shot up dramatically. Charles had been doing a fine business with ship money receipts until he won the Hamden case, then Revenue dropped off a cliff.
这是查理又一次纯粹的胜利，尽管在法律上取得胜利，但公众舆论却毫不留情地站在哈姆登一边。就在国王洋洋得意地庆祝船税合法化之际，拒绝缴纳船税的人数急剧增加。查理一直以来都在靠收取船税发家致富，直到赢得哈姆登案件后，收入就像从峭壁上跌落一样暴跌。
The ironic part was that ship money was about to die due to massive popular resistance, right at the moment when England was actually facing a national emergency. Because in between the punishment of Bryn, Burton, and Bastick, and June, and the ship money trial in November, Charles had gone and shot himself in the foot up in Scotland, shot himself in both feet, shot himself in the head, and then fired himself out of a cannon.
一个讽刺的事实是，船务费即将因大规模的民众反抗而受到致命的打击，而英格兰正面临着国家紧急情况。因为在对布林、伯顿、巴斯蒂克进行惩罚，以及在六月份和十一月份的船务费审判之间，查尔斯王已经在苏格兰自己开枪打了自己的脚，打了自己的两只脚，然后开枪打了自己的头，最后还从一门大炮中射出去了。
Next week, we will see the attempt to establish religious uniformity head north, where the Scots and their beloved Presbyterianism had long been left to their own devices. But in July 1637, Charles and Laud would attempt to force the Scots to bend to the Church of England. It was an attempt as ill-conceived as it was ill-fated, and it would mark the beginning of the end for King Charles.
下周，我们将看到试图建立宗教一致性的尝试向北进行，苏格兰人和他们钟爱的长老教会长期以来一直独立发展。但是在1637年7月，查尔斯和劳德将试图迫使苏格兰人顺从英格兰教会。这是一次不明智而又注定失败的尝试，它将标志着查尔斯国王的末日的开始。