1.3- The Bishops' Wars
发布时间 2013-09-30 00:54:00 来源
摘要
The Scots revolted after Charles tried to impose the Book of Common Prayer, forcing the King to recall Parliament.
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Hello and welcome to Revolutions. Episode 3 The Bishop's Wars. We left off last time with the growing resistance in England to the personal rule of King Charles, especially in matters of taxation and religion. This week we are going to find out what happens when Charles and Archbishop Lod tried to extend their dream of religious unity up to Scotland and it is not going to be pretty.
大家好，欢迎来到“革命”节目第三集，主题是“主教战争”。上次我们讲述了在英格兰，由于国王查尔斯个人统治下税务和宗教等问题引起的抵制日益加剧。本周我们将了解查尔斯和枢机主教洛德试图将宗教统一之梦推向苏格兰时发生了什么，结果不太乐观。
As I mentioned in the first episode, Scottish Presbyterianism was laced with a healthy distrust of the state, so even the most benign reforms were going to be met with some resistance. The kind of wholesale revisions that Charles and Lod had in mind? Well, let's just say that the Scots went from zero to open rebellion in just about six months.
就像我在第一集中提到的那样，苏格兰长老会流淌着对国家的健康不信任，因此即使是最温和的改革也会遭到一些抵制。而查尔斯和洛德所设想的全面修订呢？我们可以说，苏格兰人在大约六个月内从零到彻底反抗。
The trigger for that open rebellion was the decision to introduce the Anglican Book of Common Prayer into the Scottish Churches. The Book of Common Prayer was, well, it still is, the central collection of services and prayers for the Church of England. In theory, every parish is supposed to be using it and using it in the same way, although in reality, fights over how to use the Book of Common Prayer played a huge role in the running battles between Archbishop Lod and, well, practically everyone else.
那场公开反叛的导火索是决定将英国国教会的《普通祷告书》引入苏格兰教堂。《普通祷告书》是英国国教会的核心服务和祷告集合，理论上每个教区都应该使用它，并以同样的方式使用，尽管实际上，关于如何使用《普通祷告书》的争执在总主教洛德与其他人之间的激烈战斗中发挥了重要作用。
The Scots, of course, had their own version, called the Book of Common Order, and they were pretty attached to it. But as we discussed last week, Charles and Lod were convinced that the people of Britain should adhere to one uniform religion and that one uniform religion was going to be based on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.
苏格兰人当然有他们自己的版本，称为《普通祈祷书》，并且他们非常钟爱它。但正如上周我们讨论过的，查尔斯和洛德坚信英国人民应遵从一个统一的宗教，并且这个统一的宗教将基于英国国教普通祈祷书。
On Sunday, July 23, 1637, by order of the King, the Dean of St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh began to read from the Book of Common Prayer. As soon as he started to speak, the place went crazy.
在1637年7月23日星期天，根据国王的命令，爱丁堡圣吉尔斯大教堂的院长开始阅读《普通祈祷书》。他刚开始讲话，场面就混乱起来了。
The ladies of the congregation took the lead, pelting the assembled nobles in the front row with anything that wasn't nailed down, someone threw a chair at the Dean's head, Bible studded against the wall, there was pushing, shoving, shouting, the crowd gathered in the streets, then joined in the fun, beating on the doors of the church, chucking rocks at the windows, hurling insults at no one in particular. The Bishop of Edinburgh made a break for it, and he was stoned as he ran off.
教友中许多女士带头行动，用一切非固定物向前排的贵族投掷，有人朝主教正中间扔椅子，圣经撞在墙上，人们推挤喊叫，围观的人群聚集在街上，然后加入了这场好玩的游戏，砸教堂的大门，往窗户扔石头，对着没有特定目标的人谩骂。爱丁堡主教趁机逃跑，被人丢石头攻击。
The terrified Dean locked himself in the steeple. It is possible that King Charles underestimated how fiercely the Scots planned to defend their native religion. The riot at St. Giles was by no means an isolated incident. All across Scotland, parishioners were up in arms about the new services.
那个受惊的院长把自己锁在了教堂尖顶上。有可能国王查尔斯低估了苏格兰人为保卫他们的本土宗教会坚定地战斗的决心。圣吉尔斯教堂的骚乱绝非孤立事件。苏格兰各地的教区居民都为新教式的礼拜感到愤怒。
Through the rest of the summer, petitions flooded in demanding the King leave the Scottish church alone, to please not destroy the only true religion in all of Christendom. The King's own allies in Scotland begged him to reconsider what he was doing, but Charles refused to listen, and only did to modify the Scots, was send back messages telling everyone to get on board.
在整个夏天，一系列请愿书湧入，要求国王不要干预苏格兰教会，不要毁坏基督教世界唯一真正的信仰。国王在苏格兰的盟友恳请他重新考虑自己的做法，但查尔斯拒绝倾听，唯一做的只是向苏格兰人发送信息，告诉他们要加入这一行动。
But the Scots were really not going to get on board with this. Riots periodically hit Edinburgh to the point where Charles ordered his ruling council out of the city, taking with them one of the key economic pillars of the capital, which led to yet another riot. By the winter, the Scots began to organize a formal nationwide resistance.
不过苏格兰人真的不会参与这个计划。爱丁堡时不时地爆发骚乱，以至于查尔斯被迫下令他的统治委员会离开这座城市，并带走了首都的一个关键经济支柱，这引发了又一次骚乱。到了冬天，苏格兰人开始组织正式的全国性反抗。
In February 1638, the King's Lord-Hide Treasure for Scotland, the Earl of Tricuire, told the King that if he wanted to persist in this policy, that it was going to take 40,000 soldiers to do it. This was probably supposed to mean, so give it up, sir. But Charles heard, okay, well, let's raise an army of 40,000 soldiers. Never mind that this was basically impossible, which was Tricuire's point.
在1638年2月，苏格兰的国王领地财富大臣——特里库尔伯爵告诉国王，如果他想要坚持这项政策，那就需要四万名士兵来实现。这可能意味着，“请放弃，陛下。”但查尔斯听到了，好的，那我们就募集四万名士兵。不管特里库尔的意图是什么，事实上这是不可能实现的。
Just as the King was being told that it would require military occupation to impose the Book of Common Prayer, the Scots were busy organizing to prevent just such a military occupation. On February 28, 1638, the first batch of angry Scottish Lord signed a document called the National Covenant, which was a pledge to uphold true religion in Scotland at all cost.
就在国王被告知，要强制实施《普通祈祷书》就需要进行军事占领时，苏格兰人正在忙于组织，以防止这种军事占领。1638年2月28日，第一批愤怒的苏格兰贵族签署了一份名为“国家盟约”的文件，承诺不惜一切代价维护苏格兰的真正宗教信仰。
The men who signed the covenant went out of their way to swear loyalty to the King, but it was pretty clear that the pledge promised a national rebellion if Charles persisted in his religious innovations. Not the spring of 1638, the covenant then circulated Scotland, and everyone, Lord's, Gentry, Laborers, signed it.
那些签署契约的人们非常刻意地向国王发誓忠诚，但很明显，如果查尔斯坚持他的宗教创新，这个承诺就预示着全国起义。在1638年春天，这个契约在苏格兰流传开来，所有人，贵族、中产阶级、工人都签署了它。
Most because they believed in the cause, but a few because men who refused were targets of harassment, so best to just make your mark. Charles, as I mentioned, responded to all of this not by rethinking his strategy, but by following Tricuire's advice and raising an army. So building an army takes time, especially if you're living in 17th century England and you don't have a standing army yet.
大多数人因为相信这个事业，但有几个人是因为那些拒绝的男性成为了骚扰的目标，所以最好只是做个记号。正如我之前提到的，查尔斯没有通过重新考虑他的策略来回应这一切，而是听从了Tricuire的建议，筹集起一支军队。建立一支军队需要时间，特别是如果你生活在17世纪的英格兰，而且你还没有一支常备军。
So in May, Charles sent the markless of Hamilton up to Scotland to open negotiations with the Covenanters, which is what we now call these rebellious Scots. Not in the hopes of actually negotiating a settlement mind you, just in the hopes that Hamilton would be able to buy the King some time.
五月份，查尔斯派遣哈密尔顿的无记名人前往苏格兰与《立约书》派谈判，这就是我们现在所称的那些叛逆的苏格兰人。但这并非实际谈判解决的希望，只是希望哈密尔顿能为国王争取一些时间。
Hamilton was a Scottish Lord who had been raised in England alongside Charles. He was absolutely loyal to the King, but as soon as he arrived, he got the sense that 40,000 soldiers might not be enough. A hundred thousand might not be enough. So hopping back and forth between Edinburgh and London, Hamilton convinced the King to call a church assembly, to try to work through the issues peacefully.
哈密尔顿是一个苏格兰领主，在和查尔斯一起在英格兰长大。他对国王绝对忠诚，但他一到达时，就有了一种40,000名士兵可能不够的感觉。可能连十万也不够。于是在爱丁堡和伦敦之间跳跃着，哈密尔顿说服国王召开教会大会，试图和平解决问题。
Calling an assembly served Charles's goal of keeping the Scots occupied until he was ready to deal with them, but Hamilton was hoping that maybe he could control the assembly and defuse the situation before it got out of hand. In late November 1638, the Glasgow Assembly, so called because it met in Glasgow, opened for business, but it immediately slipped out of Hamilton's control.
打开一场议会是为了让查尔斯能够控制苏格兰人，直到他准备好处理他们，但汉密尔顿希望可能能够控制这个议会，在事态失控之前化解局面。 1638年11月末，格拉斯哥议会因在格拉斯哥举行而得名，开始运作，但它立即失去了汉密尔顿的控制。
First of all, the leading Covenanters, through a mixture of coercion and genuine popularity, secured practically every seat in the assembly for themselves. Then they barred the Scottish bishops, the one major group who actually supported Charles from entering the hall. So Hamilton walked into the room and found himself facing a mob of overheated Scotsman whipped into a frenzy by a mixture of national pride and religious zeal with an Aryan ally in sight.
首先，主导的盟约派通过一种混合了胁迫和真正的流行，基本上为自己赢得了所有的席位。然后他们禁止苏格兰主教进入大厅，而主教是唯一一大集团实际上支持查尔斯的。所以汉密尔顿走进房间，发现自己面对着一群被民族自豪感和宗教狂热激起狂热的苏格兰人，其中还有一个雅利安盟友。
Ignoring Hamilton's attempts to guide the proceedings, the Covenanters went far beyond simply repudiating Charles's recent innovations and started stripping out every reform made to their church since King James had emerged from his minority back in the 1580s, and that included tossing out the entire Episcopal hierarchy. Hamilton had no choice but to admit that he had totally lost control, and after a week he marched in and announced that the Glasgow Assembly was hereby dissolved, which is when he found out just how totally he had lost control.
忽略哈密尔顿试图引导议事的努力，长老会派走得远远超出了仅仅否定查尔斯最近的创新，而是开始剥离自1580年代国王詹姆斯退出未成年后所做的每一项 教会改革，其中包括扔掉整个主教制度。哈密尔顿别无选择，只能承认自己已经完全失去了控制，一周后他走进来宣布格拉斯哥大会已经被解散，那时他才发现自己已经完全失去了控制。
The assembly ignored the order and sat for another three weeks in express violation of a royal command to disperse, which was basically treason. When they finally adjourned in late December, everyone knew that come the spring, it was going to be war. Meanwhile, down in England, Charles was busy preparing for that war, but he was having a bit of trouble turning his royal decrees into a functional army.
议会无视了命令，违抗皇家指令而继续开会了三周，这实际上是叛国行为，因为皇家指令要求他们解散。直到十二月底他们才最终闭会，所有人都知道春天来临时，战争就要爆发了。同时，在英格兰，查尔斯忙着准备战争，但是他在将皇家法令转化为有效军队方面遇到了一些困难。
He had already settled for well short of the 40,000 required had suggested, and the plan now called for an army of 20,000 to march north and meet the Covenanters head on, while another 5,000 flanked them by sea. But Charles was discovering that just because a plan is written on paper, that doesn't mean it's going to just magically appear in reality.
他已经决定接受低于所需的40,000人的建议，并且计划现在要求一支由20,000人组成的军队向北行军，与盟约者正面交锋，而另外5,000人则从海上包抄他们。但查尔斯正在发现，仅仅因为一个计划被写在纸上，这并不意味着它会在现实中神奇地出现。
As it turned out, the English were pretty ambivalent about what Charles was doing in Scotland, and they weren't super eager to risk their lives for something they basically didn't care about. And that is to say nothing of the English Puritans, who were not merely ambivalent, they actively sympathized with the Scots.
事实证明，英格兰人对查尔斯在苏格兰所做的事情持有相当矛盾的态度，对于他们基本上不关心的事情，他们并不是非常渴望冒着生命危险去冒险。更不用说英格兰清教徒了，他们不仅持有矛盾态度，而且还积极同情苏格兰人。
So while the Scots had spent the winter raising a passionate army absolutely ready to risk their lives, Charles spent the winter raising a sullen collection of vagabonds who were ready to desert the first chance they got. Despite all of these problems, however, Charles was still convinced in the spring of 1639 that victory would be his.
因此，苏格兰人在冬季组建了一个充满激情、愿意冒生命危险的军队，而查尔斯在冬季组建了一支郁郁寡欢、随时准备逃跑的无名小军。尽管有这些问题，查尔斯仍然坚信在1639年春季胜利将属于他。
And he wasn't totally crazy. The Scots had managed to put together an army of about 12,000 men, which meant that, despite their zeal, they were still outnumbered. Something their general, a career soldier named Alexander Leslie, who had risen to the rank of Field Marshal in the legendary army of King Gustaf of Sweden, could plainly see.
他并不完全疯狂。苏格兰人设法组建了一支大约有12,000人的军队，这意味着尽管他们很热情，但仍然人数不足。他们的将军，名叫亚历山大·莱斯利的职业士兵在瑞典国王古斯塔夫传奇军队中晋升为元帅，他能清楚地看到这一点。
It was clear that invading England was out of the question, and that fighting period was probably a bad idea. Best to just use the saber rattling as a negotiating tactic, rather than actually pulling the saber out and fighting, but King Charles had other ideas.
很明显，入侵英格兰是不可行的，而打仗很可能是个坏主意。最好只使用威胁行动作为谈判策略，而不是真的拔出刀剑打仗，但查尔斯国王有其他想法。
The first bishops war, as it is now called because it was sort of about whether the abolition of a piscopacy pushed through by the Glasgow assembly was going to stick, got started in May 1639 when the Mark was of the Hamilton, attempted to land that English flanking force of 5,000 men.
现在被称为第一次主教战争的战争，实际上是因为格拉斯哥会议推动废除主教制度的决议引发了争议。它始于1639年5月，当时哈密尔顿家族的马克一世试图登陆一支5000人的英军侧翼部队。
But as it turned out, a. Hamilton's men were untrained and unequipped, and b. While trained and well-equipped coveninters were sitting there at the Firth of Fourth, ready to meet them. Famously, Hamilton's own mother came out with a pistol and promised to shoot her son dead if he tried to land.
然而事实证明，a. 汉密尔顿的士兵没有接受过训练，没有装备，b. 而训练有素、装备精良的盟友正坐在福斯湾等着他们。值得一提的是，汉密尔顿的母亲拿着一支手枪出来，威胁说要杀了他的儿子，如果他试图登陆。
So Hamilton did not try to land, which threw the whole English strategy into disarray. Charles decided that maybe now wasn't actually the best time for a fight, so he and the Scots got together at Burke upon Tweed in June 1639 to talk truce.
汉密尔顿没有试图着陆，这使整个英国战略陷入了混乱。查尔斯决定也许现在并不是打仗的最佳时机，所以他和苏格兰人在1639年6月在特威德河畔博克会面商讨停战。
The resulting pacification of Barrick was no one's idea of a treaty. The Scottish commissioners made the unmeetable demand that the acts of the Glasgow assembly be ratified, while Charles was once again negotiating not to negotiate, but to play for time.
结果，对Barrick的平定并不是任何人想要的条约。苏格兰专员提出了无法实现的要求，即批准格拉斯哥大会的行为，而查尔斯再次谈判不是为了谈判，而是为了争取时间。
He agreed in principle that church assemblies ought to be the conduit for church reform, and said nothing about ratifying the specific decisions of the Glasgow assembly. Instead, the king called for another church assembly to meet in August, and then a Scottish Parliament to meet in September.
他原则上同意教会大会应该成为教会改革的渠道，没有关于批准格拉斯哥大会具体决定的言论。相反，国王呼吁另一个教会大会在八月举行，然后在九月召开苏格兰议会。
If he could control those bodies and get them to repeal the work of the Glasgow assembly, so much the better. But if not, well, this was about stringing the Scots along until he was strong enough to crush them in battle anyway, so whatever.
如果他能控制那些人并让他们废除格拉斯哥大会的工作，那就更好了。但如果不能，那么这只是为了把苏格兰人拖延下去，直到他有能力在战斗中粉碎他们，所以无论如何。
The pacification of Barrick was signed June 18, and everyone got to work making sure that they were better prepared when the war inevitably started up again the next year. Ironically, the first bloodshed of the Bishop's Wars, and thus the first bloodshed of the whole series of revolts and civil wars, and engulfed the British Isles over the next 20 years, took place the day after the pacification of Barrick was signed.
六月十八日，Barrick的平定协议签署了，每个人都开始工作，确保当明年战争不可避免地再次开始时，他们会更加准备充分。具有讽刺意味的是，主教战争的第一次流血事件，因此整个一系列起义和内战在接下来的二十年里席卷了不列颠群岛，发生在签署Barrick的平定协议的第二天。
Up in Aberdeen, a force of Scottish royalists, yes, they did exist, pushed the local covenants out of town for a little while, but on June 19, the covenants came back, and in a bloody skirmish, seized the nearby bridge of D, paving the way for the retaking of Aberdeen.
在阿伯丁，苏格兰王党派的力量，是的，他们确实存在，把当地的盟约派迫出城外一段时间，但在6月19日，盟约派回来了，在一次血腥的小冲突中，夺取了附近的D桥，为夺回阿伯丁铺平了道路。
The skirmish at the bridge of D is also notable because the covenants of force was led by the Markis of Muntros, a popular and eminently crafty Scottish lord who was about to become the king's best friend in Scotland. Eventually, we'll see him string together a series of victories in the Scottish theatre of the First Civil War that very nearly tipped the whole balance of the fight in the king's favour.
在D桥的小规模战斗中，令人注意的是由蒙特罗斯的马卡斯领导的力量公约团，他是苏格兰一个备受欢迎和极为狡猾的领主，即将成为国王在苏格兰的最好朋友。最终，我们会看到他在第一次内战的苏格兰剧院中接连取得一系列胜利，几乎将整个战斗的平衡倒向国王的一方。
But for now he remained, like almost every patriotic Scotsman, a staunch covenant term. Charles returned to London in July and set to work trying to raise, equip, and finance a better army. Of these three, his biggest problem now, by far, was financing.
但暂时，他仍然像几乎所有爱国的苏格兰人一样，是一个坚定的盟约支持者。查尔斯在七月回到伦敦，开始努力筹集、装备和资助更好的军队。在这三个问题中，他现在最大的问题远远是资金。
The king had been barely scraping by for the last decade or so, and he was only able to keep his head above water because he studiously avoided getting sucked into a war, but now he had gotten sucked into a war.
国王在过去的十年中勉强度日，只能通过不断避免卷入战争来保持生存，但现在他已经被卷入了一场战争。
Charles had managed to get through the skirmishes of 1639 by pushing his credit to the breaking point, and securing loans from sympathetic nobles. Unfortunately, most of those willing to give also happened to be Catholics, which did nothing to ease anyone's fears that Charles was intent on undoing the Reformation in Britain.
查尔斯通过将他的信用推到极限，从有同情心的贵族那里获得贷款，成功地度过了1639年的冲突。不幸的是，大多数愿意提供援助的人也恰好都是天主教徒，这并没有缓解任何人对查尔斯意图推翻英国宗教改革的担忧。
But with his first run at the Scots having gone nowhere, the money was all dried up. So if he wanted to keep the conflict going, he was going to have to call on other parliament. There was no other way to get the money he needed.
但是他第一次在苏格兰的尝试没有取得任何进展，所以钱已经用尽了。如果他想继续这场冲突，他必须向其他议会寻求帮助。没有其他方法可以获得他所需要的资金。
Back up in Scotland, events played out predictably enough over the summer and fall of 1639. The new church assembly met in August and simply ratified everything the Glasgow assembly had ever done. The Scottish parliament met shortly thereafter, and they started pushing through constitutional reforms to go with the religious reforms.
在苏格兰，事件在1639年夏季和秋季按照预期发生了。新教堂会议于8月份召开，只是批准了格拉斯哥会议曾经做过的所有事情。苏格兰议会随后也召开了会议，开始推动宪法改革以配合宗教改革。
They somehow managed to keep themselves in session through September and October, but were finally broken up by the king in November. However, thin hope remained that the war would not start again in the spring, died when the Scottish parliament disbanded.
他们设法在九月和十月期间保持议会的开放，但最终在十一月被国王解散。然而，当苏格兰议会解散时，战争不会在春季重新开始的希望变得渺茫。
And so, after 11 years, Charles had to call an English parliament. One of the primary advocates for calling a parliament was Sir Thomas Wentworth. It might seem odd that Wentworth would be begging the king to call a parliament, but it appears that he saw one thing very clearly and believed one other thing very much.
因此，经过11年，查尔斯不得不召集英国议会。召开议会的主要倡导者之一是托马斯·温特沃斯爵士。温特沃斯曾恳求国王召开议会可能似乎有些奇怪，但他显然非常清楚地看到了一件事情，并且非常相信另一件事情。
The thing he saw clearly was that there was no way to fund an aggressive war against the Scots without parliamentary subsidies. It just couldn't be done. The thing he believed very much was that parliament could be controlled. Wentworth, who is about to become the Earl of Straford just to confuse everyone, had mastered the art of controlling the Irish parliament, and he didn't see why an English parliament couldn't be just as easily manipulated.
他清楚地看到的事情是，如果没有议会的资助，就无法对苏格兰进行进攻性战争。这是不可能的。他非常相信的事情是议会可以被控制。即将成为斯特拉福德伯爵的温特沃斯德，已经掌握了控制爱尔兰议会的艺术，他不明白为什么英国议会不能被轻松地操纵。
But he underestimated the anger that had grown up during the 11 years of personal rule, and that he overestimated Charles' willingness to even pretend like that anger was legitimate. But the king decided that he wanted a war with the Scots more than he didn't want to call another parliament, so call another parliament he did.
但他低估了这11年个人统治期间积攒起来的愤怒，同时高估了查尔斯甚至假装这种愤怒是合法的意愿。但国王决定他更想要与苏格兰人开战，而不是不想再召开议会，因此他召开了另一个议会。
On April 13, 1640, the first English parliament in 11 years met in Westminster. The attending MPs were filled with a mixture of excitement and suspicion. They were eager for the opportunity to get back in the game, but wary of the intentions of the king. But Charles needed money, and they had some issues they wanted addressed, so there was no reason they couldn't come to some sort of agreement, right? Right.
1640年4月13日，时隔11年后第一届英国议会在威斯敏斯特举行。出席的议员们充满了兴奋和怀疑。他们热切期待重新参与政治，但对国王的意图持谨慎态度。然而，查尔斯国王需要资金，他们也有一些问题希望得到解决，所以他们之间没有什么不能达成某种协议的原因，对吧？没错。
From day one, literally, from the first day of parliament, the two sides were at loggerheads. The opening session began with a speech delivered by the king's messenger, Lord Finch, which was a provocative enough act on its own, given that he had been the speaker of the last parliament. Remember, the guy who had been held down in his chair?
从最早开始，也就是议会的第一天起，两个阵营就开始互相对立了。首次会议开始时，国王的信使Finch勋爵发表了一份讲话，这就充分说明了他的挑衅行为，毕竟他曾经是上一届议会的发言人。也要记得，这个人曾经被按在椅子上吗？
Well he bluntly informed the members that they had been called to vote the king money to prosecute a war against rebels in Scotland. Once they had voted that money, the king would hear their complaints. That is how this was going to run. But anyone with half a brain knew that as soon as they voted the money, Charles would be free to ignore those complaints. So the emerging parliamentary leadership responded that, no, first we deal with our complaints, and then we vote the money.
他直截了当地告诉成员们，他们被召集议会投票为国王筹集资金，以用于对付苏格兰的叛乱。一旦投票，国王将听取他们的抱怨。这就是这场投票的进程。但是，任何有一点头脑的人都知道，一旦投票，查尔斯就可以自由地忽视那些抱怨。因此，崛起的国会领导层回应说，首先我们解决自己的抱怨，然后再投票筹集资金。
They backed this up by launching into a series of speeches, headlined by John Pym, who as I said was one of the few veteran parliamentarians returning from the sessions of the 1620s. He ticked off a laundry list of grievances, illegal taxation, unjust imprisonment, creeping popery, and demanded action. Because the members simply could not be expected to return home and say that after 11 years they had dealt with exactly none of the things their constituents had sent them to deal with.
他们进行了一系列演讲来支持这一点，其中最重要的是约翰·皮姆的演讲。如我所说，他是从1620年代的会议中回来的少数老牌议员之一。他列举了一长串的不满事项，包括非法征税、不公正的监禁、慢慢蔓延的天主教教义，要求采取行动。因为议员们不能简单地回到家中，告诉选民在11年后，他们仍然没有解决他们要解决的任何问题。
While the House of Commons was getting revved up, rumors trickled down from Scotland that shots had been fired and that the war on the north was starting back up. All seized on the news to press parliament to give him the money he needed and will deal with your petty business after the rebels had been subdued. But Pym and his colleagues remained unpersuaded by the King's arm waving and held their ground.
当下议院正在准备时，来自苏格兰的流言不绝传来，说有枪声响起，北方的战争再次打响。所有人都利用这个消息向议会施压，让他提供所需的资金，并在叛乱被平定后处理您的小事。但彭姆和他的同事们不被国王挥舞手臂所说服，他们坚守立场。
And not only were they unpersuaded, but harder-line elements in both the Commons and the House of Lords were actually engaged in some pretty treasonous correspondence with the Coveninters. They wanted the Scots to win, and so they were happy to deny Charles the means to fight them. But those hardliners were not a majority, and finally the Commons told the King that they would drop a few of their bigger complaints if the King would agree to drop his illegal taxes, most especially the hated ship money. The King, after much cajoling, agreed to the terms.
他们不仅不被说服，而且两院里更强硬的派别实际上与盟友们交流了一些相当叛国的信函。他们希望苏格兰人能赢，所以很乐意拒绝查尔斯对抗他们的手段。但这些强硬派不占多数，最终下议院告诉国王，如果国王同意放弃非法税收，特别是那个被憎恨的船舶税，他们将放弃其中的部分大诉求。在大量游说之后，国王同意了这些条款。
Now, it is likely that had Charles open with this offer, I'll drop ship money in exchange for subsidies, everything would have worked out. But his initial high-handedness had rubbed a lot of the members the wrong way. And so when the King told them how much money he required, and unprecedented 12 subsidies, they balked, even with the ship money deal in place.
现在可能是这样，如果查尔斯一开始提出这个要求：我会通过寄售来换取津贴，一切都会很顺利。但是他最初的高傲态度让很多成员感到不舒服。因此，当国王告诉他们需要多少钱，以前所未有的12个补贴时，即使有寄售的交易在进行中，他们仍然犹豫不决。
So instead of just voting Charles the money, as had been privately arranged, the Commons and said started debating whether or not to give him the money on May 4th, and they wound up talking all day and adjourning for the night without coming to a decision. Charles outraged at Parliament's dilly-dallying, apparently snapped at this point, called his Prevy Council together on May 5th, and told them that he planned to dissolve Parliament.
因此，不仅仅是像私下商定的那样直接给查尔斯发钱，下议院开始辩论是否在五月四日给他资金，最终他们一整天讨论而没有做出决定，晚上休会。查尔斯对议会的拖延感到愤怒，显然在这一点上发飙，并在五月五日召集他的预备议会，告诉他们他计划解散议会。
The only pushback to this decision came from the Earl of Northumberland, who was about to have to leave the Army the King was apparently giving up on funding properly, and the Earl of Straford, who just a minute ago was comments went worth, but now he's the Earl of Straford because those are the confusing naming conventions of British history, he thought the King was being short-sighted. I should mention at this point too, that Straford also said something at this meeting.. There's pretty innocuous, but that really came back to haunt him, and we will get into that next week.
唯一对这个决定提出反对的是北伯爵，他即将离开军队，国王显然对资金的支持不足，并且斯特拉福德伯爵刚刚一分钟前评论过，但现在他成为了因为这些令人困惑的命名惯例而成为斯特拉福德伯爵，他认为国王的视野很短浅。此时我应该提到，斯特拉福德在此次会议上也说了一些话，这些话很无意义，但那真的让他后悔不已，我们下周会详细探讨。
Charles, though, had made up his mind. On May 5th, 1640, Parliament was dissolved after a session lasting just three weeks, and that's why we call this Parliament the short Parliament. Having given up on parliamentary subsidies, Charles went right back to the illegal taxes he had so recently promised to abandon. Ship money was pursued with a New Zeal, and thus resisted with an equally New Zeal. Then the King compounded his PR problems by trying to arrange loans from the hated Spanish, while simultaneously ordering Straford to organize an army in Ireland, composed mostly of Catholic levies. So here we have the King trying to take Catholic money, to pay Catholic troops, to go fight good honest Protestants.
查尔斯已经下定决心。1640年5月5日，议会开了为期仅三周的会议后就被解散了，因此我们称这个议会为短会议。查尔斯不再寄希望于议会的资助，而是立刻回到了他最近承诺要放弃的非法税收。船税被急切追求，并以同等热情的方式被抵制。然后，国王通过试图从令人憎恶的西班牙人那里安排贷款，而同时命令斯特拉福德组织一个主要由天主教民兵组成的军队在爱尔兰，因此我们看到国王试图用天主教的钱来支付天主教的部队，去打好诚实的新教徒。因此，我们将国王陷入了公关问题。
More and more people were coming to believe that the greatest threat to England was not the Scottish rebels, but the King himself. In August, the English army mustered in York, but like last time, it was hardly a functional army. The soldiers weren't being paid, there was no equipment, something like a third of the men didn't even have weapons. There were desertions and mutinies, it was a mess.
越来越多的人开始相信，对英格兰最大的威胁不是苏格兰反叛者，而是国王本身。八月份，英格兰军队在约克集结，但像上次一样，它几乎不是一个有效的军队。士兵们没有得到支付，也没有装备，大约三分之一的人甚至没有武器。有士兵逃亡和发生了叛乱，情况一片混乱。
And yet, happy in his bubble, Charles set off on August 20th somehow convinced that he was about to win this thing. That same day, the Scottish general Alexander Leslie, a far more confident now that his army had swelled to 20,000 men, crossed the river Tweed and entered England, starting the second Bishop's War. Leslie maintained strict discipline after the crossing, because he knew that in the end this was going to come down to a political settlement, so he strictly forbade any sacking or looting that might sour potential English allies.
然而，心满意足地生活在自己的泡泡中，查尔斯在8月20日出发了，某种程度上相信自己即将赢得这场竞争。就在那一天，苏格兰将军亚历山大·莱斯利（Alexander Leslie）的军队增至20,000人，跨越特威德河进入英格兰，开始了第二次主教战争。过河后，莱斯利严格维持纪律，因为他知道最终成败将取决于政治和解，因此严格禁止了任何可能破坏潜在英国盟友团结的抢劫或掠夺行为。
The English army that attempted to stop the Scots, as I said, was pretty hopeless. They had spent their limited time, energy and resources fortifying Barrick, which they assumed the Scots were headed to first. But, get this, Leslie simply bypassed Barrick and headed straight for the relatively undefended Newcastle upon time, which no one had bothered to fortify because who needs to worry about the critical Newcastle call supply. It is not like Leslie making for Newcastle is that big of a deal.
我说过，试图阻止苏格兰人的英军非常无助。他们花费了有限的时间、精力和资源来加固巴里克，因为他们认为苏格兰人首先会前往那里。但是，切记，莱斯利只是绕过了巴里克，直接前往相对薄弱的纽卡斯尔，因为谁需要担心重要的纽卡斯尔煤供应。莱斯利前往纽卡斯尔并不是什么大不了的事情。
The only spot he can cross the river Tine is at a bridge that is in fact pretty well defended. I mean sure there's a fort just a few miles up from Newcastle at Newburn, but it's not like he's going to, oh crap, he's crossing at Newburn. There were only a couple thousand English troops available to try to stave off the crossing, but the fort at Newburn was something of a natural barrier, so the first push of Scottish cavalry was repulsed.
他唯一能够越过Tine河的地方是一个相当防守严密的桥梁。我是说，在纽卡斯尔以北几英里处的纽伯恩有一个要塞，但他不可能去那里，哎呀，他正在纽伯恩渡河。只有几千英国士兵可用于试图抵挡越河，但纽伯恩的要塞是一种天然屏障，所以第一波苏格兰骑兵的进攻被击退了。
As soon as Leslie got his gun set up, though, it was all over. He and his officers had mastered artillery while serving in the continental wars and knew what was what when it came to shelling the enemy. Meanwhile, the raw English troop had probably never seen a cannon fired, let alone fired at them, so they did what comes natural when a cannon is fired at you, and they ran off as fast as they could. There were a few moments of valor for the English, for example a certain colonel monk, who will play a huge role at the end of our series, kept his men together long enough to withdraw the English artillery pieces, but other than that, it was pretty much a route. The Battle of Newburn was the first Scottish military victory on English soil since 1388. Leslie occupied Newcastle and its coal supply two days later.
莱斯利一安装完他的枪，一切就结束了。他和他的部下在大陆战争中掌握了炮兵技巧，当轰击敌人时，他们知道该怎么做。与此同时，那些缺乏经验的英国士兵可能从未见过放炮，更别说有过被轰击的经历。因此，当一门炮轰向他们时，他们会做出本能反应，尽其所能地逃走。虽然在这场战斗中，英国人有一些表现英勇的时刻，例如某位修士团的团长，这位团长在我们这个系列的最后扮演着巨大的角色，他成功地团结了他的部队，让英国炮兵退却。然而除此之外，战斗几乎被彻底摧毁了。纽伯恩战役是1388年以来苏格兰在英格兰境内的第一次军事胜利。两天后，莱斯利占领了纽卡斯尔及其煤炭供应。
Just as Charles was being dealt this blow from without, he was being undermined from within by dissension in his own ranks. Specifically, dissension among the Puritan lords, Bedford, Warwick, Saiyan Seal, the guys we met last week. They were still ticked off the short parliament being cancelled, and had dug up a precedent from the Middle Ages that said if the king refused to call a parliament, that 12 peers of the realm could get together and call one on their own authority.
就在查尔斯正在遭受外部的打击时，他内部的队伍也在由于矛盾而受到破坏。具体而言，就是清教徒领主之间的矛盾，包括贝德福德、沃里克、赛扬希尔，就是我们上周见过的人。他们对于短暂的议会被取消仍然恼火，并且找到了一个中世纪的先例，说如果国王拒绝召集议会，那么领国的12个贵族可以自行召集一个。
So they drew up a statement pointing this out to Charles, signed by, yep, 12 peers of the realm. They're all to made and was simple. Call another parliament, or we will call one under our own authority, which will precipitate a constitutional crisis and destroy any hope you have of winning this war.
于是，他们撰写了一份声明，向查尔斯指出这一点，并由领域内12位同行签署。这份声明非常明确，内容简单。要么召开另一个议会，要么我们将自己授权召开一个，这将引发宪政危机，摧毁你赢得这场战争的任何希望。
It looked like Charles was boxed in, until he pulled out an arcane medieval precedent of his own. Instead of calling a parliament, he could call a great council that long dead precursor to parliament, because Charles really, really, really didn't want to call another parliament.
看起来查尔斯被困境中了，直到他拿出了自己的一个古老的中世纪先例。他不会召集议会，而是可以召集伟大的大议会，这是议会的很久以前的先驱，因为查尔斯真的、真的、真的不想再召开一次议会。
But of course, when that great council gathered in your Conceptember 1640, they advised the king to, you guessed it, call a parliament. Well, first make a truth with the scott, and then call a parliament. Charles could put off the inevitable no longer.
当然，当伟大的议会在你们的Conceptember 1640年集合时，他们建议国王，你猜对了，召开议会。嗯，首先与苏格兰人达成真相，然后召开议会。查尔斯再也无法推迟不可避免的事情了。
In October, unable to do a damn thing about the Scottish army occupying Northern England, the king and covenators agreed to the Treaty of Rippen. It stipulated that the king would pay for the Scottish occupation, calculated at £850 per day, the Scots in return would not plunder the countryside.
十月份，由于无法对苏格兰军队占领英格兰北部采取任何实际行动，国王和盟约者们同意签署里彭条约。依据该条约，国王需要支付苏格兰占领的费用，以每天850英镑的标准计算，而苏格兰人则不得对乡村进行掠夺。
To meet this demand, and as a precondition to every other demand the Scots might make, Charles had to immediately call a parliament. Next week, that parliament will indeed be summoned and hold its first session on November the 3rd 1640.
为了满足这个需求，并作为苏格兰人可能提出的其他任何要求的先决条件，查尔斯必须立即召开一个议会。下周，这个议会将确实被召集，并在1640年11月3日举行其第一次会议。
It would not be officially dissolved until March of 1660, which is why we call this parliament the long parliament. The Parliament will be summoned and hold its first session on November the 3rd 1640. The Parliament will be summoned and hold its first session on November the 3rd 1640.
直到1660年3月，它才正式解散，因此我们称之为长议会。议会将于1640年11月3日召集并举行首次会议。