Meet the companies disrupting the world’s biggest killer

Hello and welcome to Shortbree Things on Long-term Thinking. Thanks for joining us. I'm Mark and Bortwick, Managing Editor at Bayley Gifford. These are exciting times for cardiac medicine. Technology is transforming the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of heart attacks, strokes and other blood circulation problems. It's just as well because the challenge is huge. These are the leading colours of our age, but the time you finish listening to this podcast about eight people in the UK will have died of these ailments. That's a rate of one person every three minutes.

大家好，欢迎来到“长远思考中的Shortbree”！感谢大家的加入。我是马克·博特威克，巴利·吉福德的编辑主管。对于心脏疾病医学来说，现在是非常令人兴奋的时期。技术正在改变心脏病发作、中风以及其他血液循环问题的治疗、诊断和预防方式。这非常必要，因为我们面临的挑战是巨大的。这些是我们这个时代的主要健康问题，但当你听完这个播客时，英国每分钟就会有一人死于这些疾病，平均每三分钟就有一人。

To discuss why the figure is set to fall and some of the firms making that possible, I'm joined by Rose Rien, an investment manager in the Health Innovation Fund. Before we start the conversation, some important information. Please remember that as with all investments, your capsules at risk and your income is not guaranteed.

我现在邀请健康创新基金投资经理Rose Rien加入我们讨论这个数字为什么会下降以及一些可能造成这种情况的公司。在我们开始讨论之前，请注意一些重要信息，就像所有投资一样，您的胶囊面临风险，并且您的收入不受保证。

Rose, great to have you with us on Shortbree Things on Long-term Thinking. Thanks for joining us. Thank you, Mark, and for having me and thank you everyone who is tuning into this podcast.

罗斯，很高兴你能加入我们的“长期思维短语”节目。感谢你的加入。谢谢，马克，也感谢邀请我，并感谢所有收听这个播客的人。

Let's start with why cardiovascular diseases are so hard to cure. Heart disease is a very common disease, as you mentioned, is the number one killer globally, but it's also a very complex disease. Heart disease is an umbrella term that includes many different conditions that affect the heart and the blood vessels.

让我们先从心血管疾病为何难以治愈说起。心脏疾病是一种非常普遍的疾病，正如您所提到的，是全球第一大杀手，但它也是一种非常复杂的疾病。心脏疾病是一个包含许多不同情况涉及心脏和血管的总称。

The most common condition is a build-up of plarks and fatty deposits inside of the arteries and the blood vessels, and this will restrict blood flow and can lead to heart attack, strokes, organ failures and so on. Unlike many other diseases, like rare diseases that are caused by single gene mutations, heart diseases have been very difficult to cure and eradicate because of the complexity of its biology. It is the result of the interaction of many genes in our body and on so many other environmental factors like lifestyle, diet, smoking, habits and so on.

最常见的情况是动脉和血管内积累斑块和脂肪沉积，这会限制血液流动并导致心脏病发作、中风、器官衰竭等。与许多其他疾病不同，如由单基因突变引起的罕见疾病，心脏疾病由于其生物学的复杂性而很难治愈和消除。它是我们身体中许多基因的互动结果，也受到生活方式、饮食、吸烟、习惯等许多其他环境因素的影响。

How the disease manifests itself and how it progresses differs vastly from one person to another. That's why it has been very difficult to treat with the types of medicines that we have today, which are mostly generic medicines that are one size fits all and they don't take into a cow the differences between the individuals. If medicines don't work, then the other option that we have is surgeries, but surgeries have been typically very invasive and risky up until recent years. So that is the scale of the challenge that we face, but I believe that with the pace of innovation that we are seeing in the field, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future.

疾病在不同人身上显示和进展方式迥异。这正是我们今天使用的药物治疗非常困难的原因，这些药物基本都是通用药物，适用范围很广，却无法考虑到个体间差异。如果药物无效，我们另一种选择是手术，但手术通常是非常侵入性和危险的，直到近年来为止。这就是我们面临的挑战的大小，但我相信随着该领域创新速度的不断加快，将来具有乐观的理由。

And tell me why you're optimistic about the future. So the reasons why I'm optimistic about the future is because there is this great convergence happening among many different fields of sciences and technologies and they are all coming together to transform life sciences and potentially transform how we diagnose, treat and prevent heart diseases in the future.

告诉我为什么你对未来持乐观态度。我对未来持乐观态度的原因是因为许多不同领域的科学技术正在发生伟大的汇聚，它们正在共同转变生命科学，并有可能在未来改变我们诊断、治疗和预防心脏病的方式。

Over the past five to ten years, we have seen massive advances in some areas of technologies like gene sequencing, material sciences, biomedical engineering, imaging and so on. Maybe just take gene sequencing as an example. The first human genome cost three billion dollars and thirteen years to complete back in 2000. But now we can routinely sequence the whole human genome for under 700 dollars and under an hour.

在过去的五到十年中，我们看到了一些技术领域的巨大进步，例如基因测序、材料科学、生物医学工程、成像等等。以基因测序为例，早在2000年，首次发布人类基因组序列的成本高达三十亿美元，耗时十三年。但现在，我们可以常规测序整个人类基因组，成本少于700美元，时间不到一小时。

And that massive decline in cost and time over the years have been made possible due to advances in chemistry, optics, software, data analytics and so on. And I think gene sequencing is probably the one technology that has really revolutionized life sciences. Thanks to gene sequencing now, we understand much more about the biology of heart diseases, the genes that are involved in contributing to higher likelihood of getting heart attacks in humans. And such insight can help us develop much more precise medicines to cater for the individuals.

多年来成本和时间的大幅下降得以实现，这要归功于化学、光学、软件、数据分析等方面的进步。我认为基因测序可能是真正革命化生命科学的技术之一。得益于基因测序，我们现在更多地了解心脏疾病的生物学，以及影响人类发生心脏病的基因。这样的洞见可以帮助我们开发更精确的药物以适应个体需求。

To give you an example of some of the insight that we have derived from genetics. So scientists have performed many population genome studies over the years and they have discovered many risk genes that contribute to higher risk of getting heart diseases. One of them is called PCSK9. This is a gene that regulates the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream.

让我们举个例子来展示我们从基因学中获得的一些洞见。多年来，科学家进行了许多人群基因组研究，发现了许多与患心脏病风险较高相关的风险基因。其中之一被称为PCSK9。它是一个调节血液中胆固醇含量的基因。

But some individuals who are unlucky to inherit two copies of mutated PCSK9 gene can develop heart attacks in their childhood. And if you inherit one copy of this mutated gene, you can develop heart attacks in your 40s or 50s. So these are incredible insight, really important knowledge that has just been unraveled recently. Thanks to new tools like gene sequencing.

但是，一些不幸继承了两份变异的PCSK9基因的个体可能会在童年时期发展出心脏病发作。如果你继承了一份这种变异基因，你可能会在40或50岁时发生心脏病发作。因此，这些是非常重要的见解，最近才通过基因测序等新工具得出。

So let's explore the three broad areas of progress in more detail, treatment, diagnosis and prevention. Where would you like to start? Let's start with diagnosis, because I actually think this is one of the biggest challenges that we face in our battle against heart diseases.

所以让我们更详细地探讨三个广泛的进步领域——治疗、诊断和预防。你想从哪里开始呢？让我们从诊断开始吧，因为我个人认为这是我们在与心脏疾病作斗争中面临的最大挑战之一。

The challenge here is that heart disease is very difficult to diagnose. It is often mistaken as size of old age, you know, with symptoms like shot a breath, fatigue, chest pain and so on. And so it's often even ignored by the patients themselves. And then the second part is even when you go to get your health checkup, the current methods for diagnosing heart diseases is not very accurate at all.

这里的挑战在于心脏疾病很难诊断。往往会被误认为是老年大小的问题，具有气短、疲劳、胸痛等症状。因此，甚至常常被患者本身忽视。而且，即使进行健康检查，目前诊断心脏疾病的方法也不是很准确。

One of the most common tasks at the moment to diagnose heart disease is stress tests. So you basically put a patient on a treadmill to make them do some exercises. And then you can see how their heart performs under stress and see if there is any area of the heart that is deprived of blood. But stress test is highly inaccurate. About 20 to 30 percent of patients who are sent home actually have undetected heart disease heart problems.

目前诊断心脏疾病最常见的任务之一是进行应激测试。简单来说，就是让患者在跑步机上做运动，并观察他们的心脏在应激下的表现，以确定是否有心脏一些区域缺氧。但是，应激测试的准确性非常低，约有20%至30%的患者会被漏诊。因此，需要寻找更加准确的诊断方法。

So there's a very innovative US company aiming to transform this paradigm of diagnosis by using a combination of advanced imaging and AI algorithms. It uses CT scans which capture the image of a patient's heart. And then it uses AI to reconstruct a 3D computer model of the heart and calculate exactly the blood volume that flows through each artery. So this helps the doctors diagnose patients much more accurately. And they can also pinpoint exactly which artery has some blockage within the heart. And this technology has already been approved in many countries including the UK and the US. It has been studied in more than 10,000 people. So very hopeful that technologies like this can potentially transform the way we diagnose heart diseases and live no one behind.

有一家非常创新的美国公司旨在通过使用先进的影像技术和人工智能算法来改变诊断的范式。它使用CT扫描捕捉患者心脏的影像。然后，它使用人工智能重建心脏的三维计算机模型，并计算出每个动脉流经的血液容量。这有助于医生更准确地诊断患者，他们还可以精确地确定心脏内哪条动脉存在堵塞。这项技术已经在包括英国和美国在内的许多国家获得批准，并已研究了超过10,000人。非常希望这样的技术有可能改变我们诊断心脏疾病的方式，使每个人都不被遗忘在外。

It's fascinating and it's a common theme in short briefings actually about how companies are using AI to crunch data and make progress. Another company that we're very excited about at Billy Gifford is Shockwave Medical. And we spoke to the company's CEO to ask him what problem his company is trying to solve.

这是一个很有趣的话题，常常在简短的介绍中涉及到，就是企业使用人工智能来分析数据并取得进展。 Billy Gifford非常兴奋的另一家公司是Shockwave Medical。我们与该公司的首席执行官交谈，询问他的公司试图解决什么问题。

Hi, this is Doug Gouchel, CEO of Shockwave Medical. At Shockwave we're in the business of improving outcomes in patients suffering from severe cardiovascular calcification. And at Shockwave we introduced this revolutionary new technology that delivers shock waves, little sound waves in a catheter just next to the arteries inside the artery actually. Those sound waves crack the calcium and once the calcium is cracked the vessel opens up very benignly, that trauma and blood flows restored to the heart muscle or to the legs or the feet or wherever the blood is flowing to.

大家好，我是Shockwave Medical的CEO Doug Gouchel。在Shockwave，我们从事改善严重心血管钙化患者结果的业务。我们引入了一种革命性的新技术，可以在动脉内部的导管中传递震波（小声波）。这些声波可以破裂钙化物，一旦钙化物破裂，血管会非常平稳地打开，血流就能恢复到心肌、腿部、脚部或任何其他需要的地方。

And Shockwave has a fascinating backstory, doesn't it Rose? Yes, it has a very unique, but also a very humble beginning actually. So the story was that the company was founded in 2009 by three co-founders, one engineer, one business man and one physician. And they had this crazy idea which was disregarded by many people at the time which was to use little tripsy which is the technology that is used to break kidney stones.

震波（Shockwave）有一个非常吸引人的背景故事，对吗，罗斯？是的，它的起源非常独特，但也非常谦虚。这个公司是由三个联合创始人在2009年创立的，其中一个是工程师，另一个是商人，第三个是医生。他们当时提出了一个疯狂的想法，也被很多人忽视了，就是使用“小旅行”技术来打碎肾结石。

And the idea was to use little tripsy but somehow modify it so that it can break calcium inside the blood arteries and the blood vessels. Now if you have ever seen the machine that breaks kidney stones you will probably understand why many people laughed at this idea in the past because the machine is huge, it's very bulky. And so their challenge was to figure out a way to make this machine somehow fit into a catheter that can go inside our artery and then break the calcium inside the artery wall. But they managed to achieve just that.

这个主意是使用一个小小的设备Tripsy，但是对其进行修改，以便它能够破坏血管和血管内的钙质。如果你曾经看过破碎肾结石的机器，你可能会理解为什么许多人过去对这个想法感到好笑，因为机器很大，非常笨重。他们的挑战是找到一种方法，使这台机器能够适应进入我们的动脉的导管中，然后破坏动脉壁内的钙质。但他们成功地做到了。

But without any funding in the beginning they had to produce their prototype machines inside the garage and do you know how they prove the technology with the proof of concept? They collected egg shells from their own chicken farms and they used the technology and they could show that it broke the outer shell of the egg without damaging the membranes inside the heart shell. That is their proof of concept and the rest is history. Yeah I'd love to tell you stories about them buying ultrasound equipment on eBay and various other things as well.

但一开始他们没有任何资金，不得不在车库里制造原型机。你知道他们如何用概念证明技术吗？他们从自己的鸡农场收集鸡蛋壳，使用该技术，并展示它能在不损坏内部薄膜的情况下打破蛋壳。这是他们的概念证明，剩下的就是历史了。是的，我很乐意告诉你他们在eBay上购买超声设备以及其他各种事情的故事。

Fascinating. And you've been seeing them as well in California.

有趣啊。你也在加利福尼亚看到了它们。

Yes I went to visit their headquarters in 2019 in San Francisco and I had a great meeting with the CEO of Duc Gosho. He also demonstrated the technology to me and I was very impressed by how simple it is to use and yet how effective it is. I also talked to many physicians and cardiologists in the field as part of our due diligence work and their feedback was overwhelmingly positive. They have never seen a technology like this.

是的，我在2019年去了三拓公司在旧金山的总部，并与首席执行官德克·戈什（Duc Gosho）进行了一次非常棒的会议。他还向我展示了该技术，我对使用起来非常简单但却非常有效的表现印象深刻。我们也与许多医生和心脏病专家进行了交流作为我们的尽职调查工作的一部分，他们的反馈是极其积极的。他们从未见过这样的技术。

It's very rare in medical technology to have this combination of novelty, safety, effectiveness and ease of use. Usually it takes a long time to train doctors on a new medical technology but with shockwaves approach it takes less than one patient for them to get very familiar and up to date with the technology. So yeah we invested in the company in 2019 after visiting them and after my route of work. So let's go back to Doug for the last word on shockwave.

在医疗技术领域中，很少出现新颖、安全、有效和易于使用的组合。通常，需要花费很长时间来培训医生使用新的医疗技术，但采用冲击波的方法，医生只需要一个病人就能非常熟悉并了解最新的技术。所以，我们在2019年拜访了这家公司，并通过我的工作路径对其进行了投资。因此，让我们回到Doug，听听他对冲击波的最后评价。

We also asked him what would the world look like if his company was successful. We would envision that all the patients who have the calcification which is a growing problem would have access to our therapy. They would not have to go to surgery. Patients who have calcified valves in the heart could be treated with our lithotrypsy system and they wouldn't have to have their valve replaced or wouldn't have to have their valve replaced as quickly. So better outcomes, lower costs, fewer implants required for the patients suffering from these diseases and that should all accrue to the benefit of both patient but also the healthcare system by reducing complications, reducing complexity. It conjures up images of what the Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman talked about in the late 50s in terms of swallowing the surgeon.

我们还问他，如果他的公司成功了，世界会变成什么样子。我们可以想象，所有患有钙化问题的患者都可以接受我们的治疗而无需手术。心脏瓣膜钙化的患者可以使用我们的碎石疗法系统接受治疗，而不需要更换瓣膜，或者不需要更快地更换瓣膜。因此，患这些疾病的患者可以获得更好的治疗结果，降低医疗成本，并减少需要植入的医疗器械，这些都会对患者和医疗系统产生好处，降低并发症和复杂性。这让人想起上世纪50年代诺贝尔奖得主理查德·费曼所说的将外科医生“吞下去”的场景。

So companies like shockwave, they still require some degrees of invasiveness to put external catheters into the body. But the future could be surgeries that are totally non-invasive. The idea may sound science fiction but there are actually research teams already working on that concept of developing nano robots that can march through our bloodstream and break up calcium inside our blood arteries guided by MRI imaging. So you could imagine, you know, one day in the future you could actually swallow these nano particles, these nano robots that can basically do the surgeries inside of our body for us.

像Shockwave这样的公司仍需要一定程度的入侵性才能将外部导管插入身体。但未来可能会出现完全非侵入性的手术。这个想法听起来像是科幻小说，但实际上已经有研究团队在开发纳米机器人的概念，它们可以在我们的血液中行进，并通过MRI成像引导，破坏我们血管内的钙化。因此，您可以想象，在将来的某一天，您实际上可以吞下这些纳米颗粒，这些纳米机器人可以为我们在身体内进行手术。

So we talked about treatment and diagnosis. Let's move on to the third part which is prevention. Tell me about a company that you're excited about in this area, Rose.

我们已经谈论了治疗和诊断。现在让我们继续谈论第三部分，预防。告诉我一个让你感到兴奋的公司，Rose在这个领域里。

So with prevention, we all know that lifestyles and diet are one of the most effective way to reduce your risk of getting heart disease and heart attacks. So leading a healthy lifestyle is the number one defense against heart diseases. And there are companies like Beyond Meat and Peloton and so on that are encouraging people to do that in a more effective way. However, for the individuals who are unlucky to inherit some serious risk genes, lifestyles alone may not be enough. So we might need some medical intervention to prevent heart attacks in those individuals.

因此，预防心脏病和心脏病发作，我们都知道生活方式和饮食是最有效的方法之一。因此，过上健康的生活方式是预防心脏病的首要防线。有一些公司，如Beyond Meat和Peloton等，正在鼓励人们更有效地实现这一点。然而，对于那些不幸遗传了一些严重风险基因的人来说，单靠生活方式可能不足以防止心脏病发作。因此，我们可能需要一些医学干预来预防这些人的心脏病发作。

And there is a really interesting company called WERF Therapeutics. In the US, it is developing gene editing treatments to edit out the very serious risk genes like PCSK9 that I mentioned earlier to lower the chance of heart attacks in humans. This approach is revolutionary and this is the first time that gene editing treatment is being tested in humans. And the data that the company has shown in non-human primates is very impressive. They are able to show that after taking out the PCSK9 gene, the non-human primates are perfectly healthy and the level of bad cholesterol in their bloodstream has been reduced by more than 70%. And the impact of that is persistent for up to two years now. So I am very impressed by such results and hopefully those results will translate into humans as well.

有一家非常有趣的公司叫WERF Therapeutics。在美国，该公司正在开发基因编辑治疗，以编辑掉像我之前提到的PCSK9这样的非常严重的风险基因，以降低人类发生心脏病的风险。这种方法是革命性的，这是基因编辑治疗首次在人类身上测试。该公司所展示的非人灵长类动物的数据非常印象深刻。他们能够表明，在去除PCSK9基因后，非人灵长类动物身体完好，并且他们体内的坏胆固醇水平已经降低了70%以上。这样的影响在持续了两年之久。所以我对这样的结果非常印象深刻，希望这些结果也能在人类身上得到同样的效果。

Another any ethical considerations with gene editing? This is a question that is asked by a lot of people and specifically in this case where you permanently turn off a gene in the human body, it's fair that some people may feel uncomfortable about that. However, again through human genome studies, we actually have discovered that there are many people around the world who are born without the PCSK9 gene and they are perfectly healthy and they actually have much lower chance of heart attacks compared to the average population. There are already drugs approved on the market that also targets the same gene. So as far as we know with all of the data that we have, editing out this gene seems to be perfectly safe for humans.

基因编辑是否涉及任何伦理考虑？许多人都会问这个问题，特别是在人类身体中永久性关闭一种基因的情况下，有些人可能会感到不舒服。但是，通过人类基因组研究，我们实际上已经发现，世界各地有许多人出生时缺少PCSK9基因，他们非常健康，事实上他们患心脏病的风险比普通人低得多。市场上已经有许多已批准的药物也是针对相同的基因。因此，就我们拥有的所有数据而言，剔除这种基因对人类来说似乎是完全安全的。

Now you may ask why does nature give us a gene that does not serve any purpose? And I asked this question to the management team of Verve Therapeutics actually and they said that one hypothesis that the scientists have is that this gene might have played some roles in the past in the very early days of human evolution when food resource was scarce so it might have played a role during periods of starvation. But now we have the exact opposite problem of excess food and not enough energy bone. So it could be that this gene, even if we allow nature to take its cause, this gene might be edited out by nature after many years. So what Verve is doing is basically speed up the natural cause of evolution in a way.

现在你可能会问，为什么自然会给我们一种没有服务于任何目的的基因？实际上，我向Verve Therapeutics的管理团队提出了这个问题，他们说科学家们的一个假设是，在人类进化的早期阶段，当食物资源匮乏时，这个基因可能在某些方面发挥了作用，可能在饥饿期间起过作用。但现在我们面临的问题是食物过剩，能量不足。因此，即使我们允许自然采取其结果，这个基因也可能在许多年后被自然所编辑掉。因此，Verve所做的就是加速自然进化的本质。

And what companies are you researching right now? So I just finished a report on a company called Star Searcher Co. It's also really cool. So instead of laser eye surgery for people with short sightedness problems, it develops these lens that you can insert on top of your natural lens in the eye and it will correct for, you know, short sightedness, fast sightedness and so on. And compared to laser eye surgery, this has much better outcomes especially for people who have very serious short sightedness problems like above minus six. It also has fewer sight effects and no dry eye syndrome and things like that. I didn't know about this company until very recently.

你现在在研究哪些公司呢？我刚刚完成了一份关于Star Searcher Co.公司的报告。这个公司非常酷。所以，它不是为了解决近视问题而进行激光眼手术，而是开发了这些透镜，可以插入到眼中自然晶状体上方，来纠正近视、远视等。与激光眼手术相比，这种方法具有更好的效果，特别是对于那些近视度数严重的人，如超过6度以上的人。它也具有更少的副作用，没有干眼综合症等问题。我直到最近才知道这家公司。

But when I was chatting with my parents, my family back in Vietnam and they were saying, oh, your brother is considering an eye treatment because he has quite bad eyesight, like minus nine. And so I was asking them, oh, is he doing laser surgery? And my parents were like, no, no, no, no. Like nowadays there's a much more innovative, much better treatment and it turns out to be the one offered by Star. And so I thought, okay, if my parents know about this, before me, it's probably quite a strong signal that this is reaching some sort of critical tipping point in terms of his adoption curve. So yeah, I did the research and I got quite excited about about it.

当我和我的家人聊天时，我的越南家人告诉我，我的兄弟正在考虑进行眼部治疗，因为他的视力相当糟糕，达到了-9度。我问他们，他是做激光手术吗？我的父母说，不是，现在有一种更创新、更好的治疗方法，这个方法是由Star提供的。所以我想，如果我家人比我更早知道这个方法，那么这很可能是达到了某种关键转折点，已经趋近于广泛采用了。所以，我进行了研究，我对此感到非常兴奋。

Is your brother in Vietnam? Yeah, he's in Vietnam. And he knows about it because his colleague got the treatment. So he sort of now he's got to a point where what the mouth sort of becomes them, you know, a way to educate people.

你的兄弟在越南吗？是的，他在越南。他知道这件事是因为他的同事得到了治疗。所以他现在已经到了一个程度，口口相传的方式成为了他们教育人们的方式。

Yeah. So tell me a little about your own journey, Rose, because you're clearly enthusiastic about the topic. How did you become interested in health innovation? So I joined Billi Gafford as part of the training program for graduates. And so I've been rotating through several teams before coming to health innovation. But even when I was in my previous teams, I have always been drawn to healthcare companies. And I think part of the reasons might be because I was brought up in a family with two parents who are a pharmacist. So our dinner conversations always touch on health topics and medicines and so on. So it is something that is very close to my heart. But I would say that sort of the critical moment that makes me decide to join health innovation was when I did a research project in my previous team looking into the history and the future of medicines. And through this research project, I realized the pace of innovation in healthcare and life sciences is accelerating at a very rapid rate. And things that seemed like science fiction ideas a couple of years ago are now turning into reality.

你对话题明显非常热情。那么，Rose，请告诉我们一下你自己的经历吧。你是如何对健康创新产生兴趣的呢？我是作为毕业生培训计划的一部分加入了比利·加福德团队的。在加入健康创新团队之前，我在几个团队轮岗过。但即使在之前的团队里，我也一直被医疗保健公司吸引。我想其中的原因之一可能是因为我成长在一个父母都是药剂师的家庭中，我们的晚餐谈话经常涉及健康话题和药品等等。因此，它是我非常关注的问题。但我想说，让我决定加入健康创新团队的关键时刻是我在之前的团队中进行的一项研究项目，研究药物的历史和未来。通过这个研究项目，我意识到医疗保健和生命科学领域的创新速度正在以非常快的速度加速。一些几年前似乎是科幻想法的事情现在正在变成现实。

So as an investor, I think there is no better hunting ground for great investment ideas than healthcare. So that's why I decided to join health innovation. And that's a great way to end the podcast Rose. Thanks so much for joining us on short briefings on long term thinking. Thank you Malcolm. And thanks to you the listeners for investing your time in short briefings on long term thinking. You can find our podcast at BayleyGifford.com forward slash podcasts or subscribe at Apple Podcasts Spotify or on Juneon. And if you enjoyed the conversation, you can check out previous discussions we've had on the podcast, such as why private companies matter more to exploring the innovative Scandinavian country that does an earth global giants such as Ericsson Spotify and Ikea. What's its secret? Find out by listening to the podcast and there are 27 other episodes so planted to choose from. And if you're listening at home, you're listening in the car wherever you're listening, stay well. We're going to bring you more insights in our next podcast.

作为一位投资者，我认为医疗保健是寻找优秀投资机会的最佳领域。因此我决定加入医疗创新产业。这是一个很好的结尾，感谢您在“长期思考的简短简报”中与我们分享。谢谢Malcolm，也感谢各位听众在“长期思考的简短简报”上投资了您的时间。您可以在BayleyGifford.com/podcasts上找到我们的播客，或者在Apple Podcasts、Spotify或Juneon上订阅。如果您喜欢这个对话，可以查看我们以前在播客中的一些讨论，例如为什么私营公司对于探索彩虹国家至关重要，这个彩虹国家是如何培养全球巨头如爱立信、Spotify和宜家的。找出它的秘密，听我们的播客就可以了，我们还有27集其他的内容供您选择。无论您在家里、在车里还是在其他地方听，保持健康，我们将在下一期播客中为您带来更多的见解。