Episode 10 - Constantinople
发布时间 2012-09-27 16:03:00 来源
摘要
We explore the capital of the Byzantine Empire: Constantinople. We look at the origins of the city and trace its development from Greek city to Imperial centre. Then we see why it had such a strategically valuable location. After that we visit the city itself in the 6th century from the Great Palace to the streets. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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中英文字稿 
A cast recommends. Hi, I'm Lee Williamson, host of Crazy Smart Asia. If you want to hear the Crazy Smart, I don't really take advice from people that haven't done what I'm trying to do. And sometimes just playing Crazy Stories. It's a doggy dog world out there, so don't be a sausage dog. Of how Asia's boldest changemakers get it done, we made this show for you. New episodes dropping every Wednesday morning. Crazy Smart Asia, we're back baby. A cast is a home of podcasting. A cast recommends.
大家好，我是李威廉姆斯，疯狂的智慧亚洲的主持人。如果你想听到疯狂的智慧，我真的不会听那些还没有做过我想做的事情的人的建议。有时候只是讲疯狂的故事。现在这个世界是一个狗咬狗的世界，所以不要成为一只香肠狗。为了展示亚洲最勇敢的变革者是如何做到的，我们制作了这个节目。每个星期三早上都会播出新的剧集。疯狂的智慧亚洲，我们回归啦。Acast是播客的家。Acast推荐。
Hello everyone. And welcome to the history of Byzantium. Episode 10. Constantinople. If you noticed that the podcasts were unavailable for a couple of days this week, that's because you guys overloaded the servers that the podcasts were sitting on. I was forced to get my own dedicated server to handle the demand, so it should all be working fine now. And it's great to have so many of you listening.
大家好，欢迎来到拜占庭帝国历史的第十集：“君士坦丁堡”。如果你们最近几天发现播客无法正常使用了，那是因为你们的访问量太大了，超过了服务器的承载能力。我不得不弄了一台专用服务器来照顾大家的需求，现在应该能正常播放了。非常感谢你们的听众支持，真是太好了！
Our walking tour of the Empire, which began in France and has moved east over the last couple of episodes, now arrives in the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. As you know, the word Byzantine was a later construction by historians to denote the difference between the classical empire based on Rome and the medieval empire based on Constantinople. To some extent, Constantinople is more important to the history of Byzantium than Rome was a history of Rome.
我们步行的帝国之旅始于法国，上几集往东行，现在抵达拜占庭帝国的首都君士坦丁堡。正如您所知，拜占庭这个词是历史学家后来构建出来的，用以区别基于罗马的古典帝国和基于君士坦丁堡的中世纪帝国之间的差别。在某种程度上，君士坦丁堡对拜占庭历史的重要性超过了罗马对罗马历史的重要性。
Now, of course, that statement doesn't make sense in so far as the Roman Republic was very much a city state, and there would have been no Roman Empire without the eternal city. However, once the Empire was born, Rome slowly lost its importance within that empire. Nothing demonstrated this more clearly than Constantin's decision to build a new Rome on top of the old city of Byzantium. The history of Byzantium will essentially see the history of Rome played out in reverse. It begins with an empire spanning the European continent, followed by a slow contraction before ending when there is only one city left, Constantinople. But let's not get too sad about that right now. Boy, do we have a long way to go before we get there?
当然，这个陈述在某种程度上是不合理的，因为罗马共和国非常是一个城邦，如果没有永恒之城，就不会有罗马帝国。然而，一旦帝国诞生，罗马在帝国内逐渐失去了重要性。没有任何东西比康斯坦丁决定在古拜占庭城上建造一个新罗马更能清楚地表明这一点。拜占庭的历史本质上将展现罗马历史相反的走向。它始于一个横跨欧洲大陆的帝国，然后逐渐萎缩，直到只剩下一个城市——君士坦丁堡。但现在我们不要太难过。哇，我们还有很长的路要走才能到那里！
However, the point should be obvious. Constantinople is going to be absolutely central to our story, and so we'd better get to know the place. The origins of the original city of Byzantium are well known. So well known that historians agree they probably aren't true. The traditional legend has it that a certain bizaz from Maghara, a town near Athens, founded by Byzantium in 657 BC. Bizaz had consulted the Oracle at Delphi to ask where to build his new city, and the Oracle told him to find it, opposite the blind. As with most of the Oracle's instructions, this was vague and open to interpretation. When Bizaz sailed into the boss for us, he figured it out though. On the east, in shore, was the Greek city of Chalcedon. The founders of Chalcedon were clearly blind because they had overlooked the far superior location of Bizantium only two miles away. Bizaz, of course, founded his city on the western shore and named it Bizantium after himself. That's the legend anyway. We know there was a Greek city present from around the 7th century BC, but whether Bizaz was responsible for its founding, we just don't know.
然而，这一点应该是显而易见的。君士坦丁堡将在我们的故事中占据绝对的核心位置，因此我们最好了解这个地方。原始拜占庭城市的起源是众所周知的。如此众所周知，以至于历史学家们认为它们可能不是真实的。传统传说称，在公元前657年，来自雅典附近的马加拉镇的一个叫比扎兹的人创建了拜占庭城。比扎兹咨询了德尔斐的神谕，询问如何建造他的新城市，神谕告诉他在盲目对面建造它。与大多数神谕的指令一样，这是模糊的，可以解释。当比扎兹航行进入我们的“老板”时，他想通了。在东岸，是希腊城市卡尔基东。卡尔基东的创建者显然是盲目的，因为他们忽视了比扎兹仅两英里外更优越的位置。当然，比扎兹将他的城市建在西岸，并以他自己的名字Bizantium命名。这就是传说。我们知道有希腊城市在公元前7世纪左右存在，但关于比扎兹是否负责创立它，我们不知道。
The city had been pulled into the Roman orbit as the Empire had taken shape, but didn't really play a role in the history of Rome podcast until the year of the five emperors in 193 AD. During the ensuing civil war, the garrison at Bizantium supported the bid of Pesgenius Niger, which, as you know, meant that they were on the wrong side of a war which was to be won by Septimius Severus. Severus' men spent three years besieging Bizantium because the city was so hard to take by siege. When they finally got in, they sacked the place, and Severus had the walls torn down. However, before his time as Emperor was over, he had realised the strategic importance of the city and refounded it. This was the city that Constantine began to transform in the 320 AD.
城市在罗马帝国形成后被拉入罗马轨道，但直到公元193年的五名皇帝年出现之前，它并没有真正在罗马历史播客中发挥作用。在随后的内战中，拜占庭的驻军支持了Pesgenius Niger的竞争，这就意味着他们站在了战争的错误一边，而这场战争最终由Septimius Severus获胜。Severus的部队花了三年时间围攻拜占庭，因为这座城市很难被攻破。当他们最终进入城市时，他们洗劫了这个地方，Severus拆了城墙。然而，在他担任皇帝期间结束之前，他意识到这座城市的战略重要性，重新建立了城市。这是Constantine在公元320年开始改造的城市。
As you probably know, Constantine made the decision to build a new Rome for three main reasons. One, because it would suit his massive ego, and to be fair, many emperors built new cities and named them after themselves, E.G. Adrianople. Two, because the strategic importance of Rome had dwindled to a relevance, and if Constantine was going to base himself somewhere, it needed to be closer to the frontiers than the Palatine Hill was. And three, because Rome was a pagan city, with a strong republican tradition, and seemed to Constantine old and dirty, with an elite whose ideas were very out of step with those in the East. In the East, many were more accepting of the divine monarchy and monotheistic ideas that were appealing strongly to the Emperor Constantine.
你可能已经知道，康斯坦丁做出决定建造一座新的罗马，有三个主要原因。第一，因为这可以满足他那庞大的自我，公平的说，许多皇帝都建造了新城，以自己的名字命名，例如阿德里亚诺堡。第二，由于罗马的战略重要性已经大幅下降，并且如果康斯坦丁打算选一个基地，那么它需要比帕拉提努山更靠近边境。第三，罗马是一个异教徒的城市，拥有强烈的共和传统，康斯坦丁认为这座城市旧且肮脏，并且有一个精英阶层的想法与东方非常不协调。在东方，许多人更愿意接受神圣君主制和一神论的思想，这些思想对康斯坦丁皇帝非常有吸引力。
I suspect that geographic and strategic position of Constantineople is something most of you are familiar with. However, as it is so key to why the Byzantine Empire lasted for hundreds of years, I can't really pass it over. So I will try to keep this brief, but I need to make sure my ducks are all in a row.
我猜想各位都很熟悉君士坦丁堡的地理和战略位置，这对于拜占庭帝国长存数百年非常关键。虽然我会尽量简洁，但我需要确保我的思路清晰有序。
In case any of you are still in doubt as to where Constantineople was, then just take a glance at last episode's map of the Balkans. The city was the last piece of European land on the shore looking over to Asia. I'm sure you can all appreciate the basic strategic advantage of this geographic position.
如果你们中有人仍然对君士坦丁堡的位置感到疑惑，那就看一眼上一集巴尔干地图吧。这座城市是欧洲沿海俯瞰亚洲的最后一块土地。我相信你们都能理解这种地理位置的基本战略优势。
The city lies between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and a sensible distance from both the Danube and Persian borders of the Empire. It's slap bang in the middle of a number of important trade routes, and allows easy access to the two most vulnerable frontiers. Even without the city's unique geography, it would be well placed as a central location within the Byzantine world.
这座城市位于黑海和地中海之间，距帝国的多瑙河和波斯边界都是合理的距离。它位于许多重要贸易路线的正中心，便于进入两个最脆弱的边界。即使没有城市独特的地理位置，在拜占庭世界中，它也是一个中心位置很合适的地方。
However, the city does have some unique geography, which turns this central location into an impregnable fortress, and Constantine was definitely looking to build a fortress. His own time in office may have been relatively secure, but he had come to power after the crisis of the third century when marauding Germans had regularly plundered their way across the Empire. The new Rome needed to be somewhere that future Amperers could wait securely in until a storm had passed.
然而，这座城市确实拥有独特的地理位置，使这个中心地带变成了一座坚不可摧的堡垒，康斯坦丁明显是想要建造一座堡垒。他在位时期可能相对安全，但他是在第三世纪危机之后上位的，那个时期游荡的日耳曼人经常在帝国内掠夺。新罗马需要是一个未来帝王可以在其中安全等待风暴过去的地方。
The amazing advantage which Constantineople was able to offer was that it was surrounded on three sides by water. Now any city in the corner of a peninsula would be surrounded on two sides by the sea, but where would this third side come from?
君士坦丁堡所能提供的惊人优势是它被三面环水所包围。现在，任何位于半岛角落的城市都会被海洋两侧所环绕，但这第三侧的环境从何而来呢？
If you turn to the first image on this week's post at the history of Byzantium.wordpress.com or on the Facebook page, you will see a modern satellite image of the bossferus with a stand-ball visible as the southernmost piece of land on the European side. And as you can see, this side of the bossferus is just solid land running north to south, and then out of nowhere a small inlet of sea means that the very southernmost tip is now surrounded by water on three sides. This narrow inlet only four miles long is called the Golden Horn.
如果你去这周在history of Byzantium.wordpress.com或Facebook页面上的第一张图片，你会看到博斯普鲁斯海峡的现代卫星图像，其可见独立球台作为欧洲南端的一块土地。正如你所看到的，这一部分的博斯普鲁斯海峡只是从南向北延伸的坚实土地，然而，突然之间出现了一个小海湾，这意味着最南端的尖端现在被三面包围着水。这个只有四英里长的狭窄入口被称为金角湾。
The Horn is what turned Constantineople into such a uniquely placed city because now only one side of it needed defensive walls. This would give a besieging army very little room for maneuver and allow the city to be defended more easily by fewer troops. We will come back to those walls later, for now though you need to know something else about the Golden Horn.
那个号角是让君士坦丁堡成为如此独特城市的关键，因为现在只有一侧需要防御墙。这将给包围的军队很少的机动空间，使城市可以轻松地被少量士兵防御。我们稍后会回到那些城墙，不过现在你需要知道关于金角湾的另一件事情。
Either side of the Horn, the land goes up steeply into hills. The northern side in particular was quite sharp, which meant that the Horn was protected from the wind. Its waters were therefore calm in all weather. The Horn was the greatest natural harbor known to antiquity. The city's oldest harbours, the Neorion and Prosphorion, were naturally built on this side, allowing the smoothest possible travel in and out of Byzantium. This allowed the Byzantine navy to always have a safe port from which to move out to attack any hostile fleet.
“角”两侧的陆地陡峭地向山丘上升。特别是北侧非常陡峭，这意味着“角”得到了风的保护。因此，无论什么天气，“角”的水域都十分平静。 “角”是古代所知最伟大的天然港口。该城市最古老的港口——Neorion和Prosphorion自然而然地建在这一侧，使得从拜占庭出行最为平稳。这使得拜占庭海军总能有一个安全的港口，从中出发攻击任何敌对舰队。
With this in mind, the other features of geography just continue to pile on in favor of the city's strategic location. As you can see from the satellite image, the boss for us is the narrow straight between Europe and Asia, running from the Black Sea down to the Sea of Marmara. The width of the straight varies between 3000 and only 700 meters, meaning the citizens of Byzantium could make life very difficult for any ships trying to pass through. This small distance also meant that the Byzantines could fairly easily hop over to Asia in no time at all.
考虑到这一点，地理上的其他特点只会继续增加城市战略位置的优势。从卫星图像中可以看出，对我们来说最重要的是欧洲和亚洲之间狭窄的海峡，从黑海一直延伸到马尔马拉海。海峡的宽度在3000到700米之间变化，这意味着拜占庭市民可以让任何试图通过的船只生活非常艰难。这个距离也意味着拜占庭人可以很容易地在很短的时间内进入亚洲。
You may remember back when Zeno was nearly overthrown, his general Islas was able to gather troops in Chalcedon, slip them over the waters at night and enter Constantinople to crush the rebellion. The Sea of Marmara is the small sea to the south of the city, which then has its own narrow straight, the Dardanelles, or the Helospont, which lead into the Aegean, check your map of the Balkans from last episode if in any doubt. This second straight provided an extra line of defense, another narrow channel where enemy ships would be vulnerable to attack. Once through the Dardanelles you would be in the Aegean and then finally out into the Mediterranean, so just getting to Constantinople in the first place could be a headache for an enemy navy.
你可能还记得，当泽诺几乎被推翻时，他的将军伊斯拉斯能够在卡尔基多尼亚集合部队，夜间越过海面并进入君士坦丁堡镇压叛乱。马尔马拉海是城市以南的小海，然后有它自己的窄海峡，達達尼尔海峡或赫羅斯波恩特海峡，通向爱琴海，如果有任何疑问，请查看上一集巴尔干地区的地图。这第二个海峡提供了额外的防线，另一个狭窄的通道，敌舰会更容易受到攻击。一旦通过達達尼尔海峡，你将进入爱琴海，最终进入地中海，所以首先到达君士坦丁堡可能成为敌方海军的一个头痛。
Back to the city's immediate surroundings though, and once an enemy navy were near, the currents were hard to navigate without local expertise. You see the Black Sea is fed far more by rivers than the Mediterranean, and so has a greater surface current. This means the current running down through the Bosphorus could be quite fast and made it difficult for ships heading down that route to successfully land at Constantinople.
回到城市周围的环境，如果敌人海军靠近，没有当地专业知识的人很难航行水流。你可以看到黑海比地中海更多的由河流汇入，因此具有更大的表面水流。这意味着从博斯普鲁斯海峡流下来的水流可能会很快，使得前往君士坦丁堡的船只难以成功登陆。
Interestingly, as a result of its inflow of rivers, the Black Sea is also less saline than the Mediterranean. So because of osmotic pressure, the current under the surface of the Bosphorus actually runs the other way, with the heavier Mediterranean waters pushing back up. This leads to a great deal of turbulence, which for inexperienced sailors could be a nightmare.
有趣的是，由于不断涌入的河流，黑海的盐度也比地中海低。由于渗透压的影响，博斯普鲁斯海峡表面下的水流实际上是朝相反方向流动的，更重的地中海水体会推回去。这导致了巨大的湍流，对于缺乏经验的水手来说可能是一场噩梦。
So with the Byzantine navy sitting on still waters, while their enemies struggled with the difficult conditions outside, the city was ideally placed to survive a siege. With enemy navy struggling to make an impact, the Byzantine ships could fetch supplies from other parts of the empire to resupply the city, and with access to land to the north through the Black Sea or just across to Asia or South to Greece, the city wasn't short of options. The final little advantage in Constantinople's favour was fish.
因此，拜占庭海军在静水中安坐，而敌人则在外面艰苦地挣扎，这座城市理想地位于生存困境。由于敌方海军难以产生影响，拜占庭船只可以从帝国其他部分获取物资来补给城市，并通过黑海向北通往陆地，或者跨越亚洲或朝南到希腊，这座城市拥有多种选择。君士坦丁堡最后小有优势的是鱼。
The Bosphorus provided large seasonal catches of tuna and macro, and enough sturgeon to make caviar a common food. And this meant that fish were plentiful and were a cheap source of food for the population, which was just another advantage, if an army were to cut off the supplies coming in land from Thrace.
伊斯坦布尔海峡提供了丰富的金枪鱼和鲭鱼季节性捕获，并有足够的鲟鱼制成鱼子酱成为一种常见食物。这意味着鱼类丰富，是人口廉价的食物来源，如果军队切断来自色雷斯的陆地补给线，这只是另一个优势。
So with all that in place, all Constantinople needed to become a fortress was large, imposing land walls, and man did they have them. As you may remember from episode 163 of the history of Rome, the Theodosian walls were built by the prefect Anthemius in fall 13, and hastily rebuilt after an earthquake in fall 47. First there was a moat 20 meters wide and 7 meters deep, then came the outer wall with 96 small towers, before you got to the inner wall with 92 large towers. Any attempt to storm these walls would leave an attacking army with a lot of climbing to do, all the while being fired on from above. In 439, walls were also built facing out to sea. Now even if the Byzantine navy was unable to stop an attack, yet another layer of wall was standing guard.
所以，有了这一切的准备，君士坦丁堡要成为一座堡垒，只需要有庞大、威严的陆地城墙，他们也确实有这样的城墙。你可能还记得历史上罗马第163集提到的，修建西奥多斯城墙的行政长官安赫米乌斯在公元13年秋天开始施工，并在公元47年秋天地震后匆忙重建。首先是一条宽20米、深7米的护城河，然后是外墙，有96个小塔楼，在内墙之前，有92个大塔楼。任何试图攻破这堵城墙的尝试，都会让攻击军队需要爬很高很高，同时受到上面的火力压制。在439年，还建造了面向海洋的城墙。现在即使拜占庭海军无法阻止一次攻击，还有一个堡垒层面来守护城市。
The strategic vision of Constantin was exceptional. He understood the lessons of the third century crisis. The empire's borders were going to be penetrated. The important thing was that the capital should not be able to fall. After his death, he was repeatedly proven correct. First the Goths, after Adrianople, then the Huns in 447, then Theodoric Strabo's Goths during Sino's reign, and finally Vitalian had all been in a position to storm the city. But each had taken a look up, up, up, up at those walls, and decided it really wasn't worth trying.
科斯坦丁的战略愿景是卓越的。他了解了第三世纪危机的教训。帝国的边界即将被突破。重要的是首都不应该被攻陷。他去世后，他被反复证明是正确的。先是哥特人，在阿德里安堡之后，然后是447年的匈奴，然后是西诺统治期间的战争斯特拉博的哥特人，最后是维塔利安都有可能攻向城市。但是每个人都仰望那些墙壁，却决定不值得尝试。
So we've got a picture of Fortress Constantinople. Now let's go in and see what life was actually like for the people living inside. You can now turn to the second image on this week's post. Again we are all in the dead of Constantinus Plaketus for this quite brilliant map. Check out his images on Wikipedia under the username C Plaketus. This map of Constantinople is described as from the Byzantine period, which means some features didn't exist in the sixth century, which we will be talking about today. Don't worry about that though. I will be pointing out what existed in Anastasia's day, and the great thing is, you can return to this map at any time as our story goes forward and find the sites you need. You will need to zoom in though, as it's a very large image. If you can't see the map right now, don't worry. I will paint you a word picture as we go.
所以，我们现在有了君士坦丁堡堡垒的图片。现在让我们进去，看看居住在里面的人们的实际生活是什么样子。您现在可以转到本周帖子的第二张图片。再次感谢Constantinus Plaketus所提供的这张相当出色的地图。您可以在他的Wikipedia页面（用户名C Plaketus）上查看他所创造的图像。这张君士坦丁堡地图被描述为拥有拜占庭时期的特征，这意味着有些特色在六世纪时是不存在的，而我们今天将讨论这些特征。不过不用担心，我将指出阿纳斯塔西娅时期存在的特征。而且最好的一点是，随着我们故事的发展，您可以随时返回这张地图，找到您需要的地点。不过需要缩放才能看清，因为它是一张非常大的图片。如果您现在看不到地图，不用担心。我们会在旅途中向您描述。
When Constantin founded his new Rome, he wanted to make sure it had important similarities with the old one, for both PR and superstitious reasons. So the story was put about that the city had been founded on seven hills, just like Rome. However these hills were less easy to distinguish from one another as those in Rome, and so you required a cooperative imagination to see them. On the map you can see that the fourth, fifth, and sixth hills look essentially like one hill, but with three different peaks.
当君士坦丁建立他的新罗马时，他为了宣传和迷信的原因，想要确保它与旧罗马有重要的相似之处。因此，有传言说这座城市建立在七座山上，就像罗马一样。然而，这些山比罗马的山更难以区分，因此需要有合作的想象力才能看到它们。在地图上，你可以看到第四、五和六座山看起来基本上像一座山，但有三个不同的山峰。
When Septimius Severus refounded the city, he built his major buildings on the same acropolis that the ancient Byzantines had done. This is near the first hill, in the far east of the city, overlooking the sea. When Constantin arrived, parts of the hippodrome and palace were already in place, and the great palace is where we will begin our tour.
当塞普提米乌斯·塞维鲁斯重新建立这座城市时，他在古代拜占庭人建造的同一座卫城上建造了主要建筑。这个地方靠近第一山丘，在城市的远东，俯瞰着海洋。当君士坦丁到达时，马场和宫殿的部分已经建成，大皇宫就是我们旅游的起点。
When the emperors lived in Rome, they resided in the palace on the Palatine Hill. However, the great palace in Constantinople was on a different scale. The structure was huge, covering 100 hectares of land, and not visible on the map as one giant building, but lots of its smaller parts are labeled.
当皇帝们住在罗马时，他们居住在帕拉蒂尼山上的宫殿里。然而，君士坦丁堡的大宫殿规模有所不同。这座建筑巨大，占地100公顷，不会在地图上呈现为一座巨大的建筑，但它的许多小部分都有标识。
The main entrance to the palace was through the Chalque, or Brazen House, a grand entrance vestibule where guards would control access to the hundreds of people going to and from it every day. This made it a high traffic area, and as a result, just outside the gate, prostitutes supplied their trade. Once through the gate, you would see a sprawling collection of buildings and gardens connected by porticoed walkways.
宫殿的主入口是通过Chalque（又称青铜屋）进入的，这是一个宏伟的入口门厅，在那里警卫会控制每天前来和离开的成千上万的人进入。这使它成为了一个高交通区域，因此，在门外，妓女提供他们的行业。一旦穿过门，你会看到一个广阔的建筑和花园集合，通过门廊式的人行道相连。
The guards' quarters would appear first, the Chalarees were the official palace garden, or splendid uniforms to denote their rank. However, they were slowly becoming more of a ceremonial unit, designed to look good. Beyond them were the quarters of the Ex-Cubitors, who were the real Imperial Muscle. The Emperor Leo had founded this new unit and filled it with Isorians to help protect him from the power of Aspar and his German troops.
首先会看到警卫的营房，查拉里斯是官方的皇宫花园，他们穿着华丽的制服以示其等级。然而，他们逐渐变成了更多的礼仪单位，只是为了好看而设计的。在他们之外是前宫卫的营房，他们是真正的帝国力量。皇帝利奥创建了这个新部队，并用伊索里亚人来帮他保护免受阿斯帕和他的德军的威胁。
Beyond the guards lay the Delphax, a large courtyard, and opening onto it was the great dining room known as the Traclinium of the 19 couches, where foreign ambassadors would be entertained. Beyond that were the summer and winter Consistoriums, two adjoining buildings where the Emperor held meetings with the Senate and senior ministers. Although there was a Senate House, just outside the palace, any real decisions would be made here. The meetings in the Consistorium could function like a modern cabinet meeting, with the Emperor gathering key officials and senators to seek their approval or advice for his plans.
守卫的那一边是德尔法克斯，一个宽敞的庭院，通向它的是被称为19张餐床的特拉克林宫，那里会招待外国大使。再往里面是夏季和冬季协商厅，两栋相邻的建筑，皇帝在那里与参议院和高级大臣开会。虽然有一个在宫殿外的参议院大厦，但真正的决策会在这里做出。协商厅的会议可以像现代内阁会议一样，皇帝会召集关键官员和参议员，征求他们对他的计划的批准或建议。
The historian Procopius made a rather brilliant comment about the Senate at this stage, though, saying they sat as if in a painting. Silent, though colourful, and without meaningful influence. During such meetings, the reverent silence outside was enforced by the silentries. You may recall that this was Anastasia's role before Ariadne chose him to become her new husband. Clearly proximity to the Emperor could be hugely valuable to one's career.
历史学家普罗科比乌斯在这个时期对参议院做出了一个相当精彩的评论，说他们坐得像画中人物一样。沉默而色彩鲜艳，却缺乏有意义的影响力。在这样的会议中，严肃的沉默被警卫们强制执行。您可能还记得，这是阿纳斯塔西娅成为阿里亚德涅新婚夫选择他之前的角色。显然，接近皇帝对一个人的职业生涯可能会产生巨大的价值。
Moving further on, you would come to the Daphne Palace. Yes, a palace within a palace. The Daphne was Constantine's original palace complex, which had been rapidly expanded by later emperors. The Daphne was another series of buildings, terraces, porticos and gardens. Several of the 20 churches one could find within the Great Palace were here, along with the passageway which led to the Imperial Box in the Hippodrome. Beyond the Daphne was the Palace of Hormizdas. Yes, another palace. Essentially, this was the place where the emperors and their family would actually live.
往前走，你会来到达芬妮宫殿。是的，这是一个宫殿中的宫殿。达芬妮是君士坦丁的原始宫殿群，由后来的皇帝迅速扩建。达芬妮是另一组建筑物、露台、门廊和花园。伟大宫殿内的二十座教堂中的几座就在这里，还有通往赛马场皇帝包厢的通道。达芬妮宫殿的外面是奥尔米兹达斯宫殿。是的，又是一个宫殿。基本上这是皇帝和他们的家人实际居住的地方。
Now, I've only scratched the surface of describing the Great Palace. I haven't even mentioned the indoor riding school and polo grounds. That's the Zikannisterion on the far east of your map. Huge thanks to listener Demetrios for helping me with the pronunciation. But I hope you're getting an idea of the sheer size and function of the place.
现在，我只是浅谈了伟大皇宫的皮毛。我甚至还没有提到室内马术学校和马球场地。那就是你地图远东的Zikannisterion。非常感谢听众Demetrios帮我发音。但我希望你们可以对这个地方的规模和功能有一个基本概念。
Daily, hundreds of supplicants, applicants, bureaucrats, soldiers, ambassadors, senators, servants, couriers, and suppliers would make their way in and out of the palace. From the Emperor, flowed all decisions and to him flowed all information and requests. The growth in bureaucracy to facilitate all of this is something I will cover in another podcast. It's worth saying now though that most senior officials and their families would move into the palace during their time in office. The Great Palace very much fulfilled Diocletian's aim of turning the emperors from the approachable pringyeps into the inaccessible dominus. The difficulty of reaching such a splendid royal figure clearly added to the prestige of the emperors and placed them above and out of reach of ordinary people.
每天都有数百名请求者、申请人、官僚、士兵、大使、参议员、仆人、信使和供应商进进出出皇宫。所有的决定都是由皇帝做出的，所有的信息和请求也都向他流动。我将在另一个播客中介绍为了方便这一切而增长的官僚机构。现在可以说，大多数高级官员及其家人在担任职务期间会搬进宫殿。大宫殿非常满足了迪克西安的目标，将皇帝从可接触的王子变成了无法接近的主人。接近这样一位辉煌的皇家人物的困难显然增加了皇帝的威望，使他们高高在上，不受普通人的影响。
Let's leave the emperors in their bubble and head out to the Chalk Gate. The gates opened onto the Augustean, a courtyard named after the Augusta, Constantine's mother Helena. You may remember that she became renowned as the first pilgrim to the Holy Land and a large statue of her now dominated the square. Triumphant arches and other statues also surrounded the space.
让我们把帝王留在他们的气泡里，走向白垩门。大门通向奥古斯蒂安广场，这是一个以奥古斯塔命名的庭院，庆祝康斯坦丁的母亲海伦娜。你可能记得她作为第一位朝圣者前往圣地而闻名，她的大型雕像现在主宰了这个广场。凯旋门和其他雕像也环绕着这个空间。
And looking out from the Chalk to the left stood the huge baths of Zooksipus, which had been begun by Severus and embellished by Constantine, who filled it with statues and other art taken from across the empire. To the right was the Church of Hagia Sophia, though not the one which stands today.
从白垩石向左看去，可以看到由塞维鲁斯开始兴建，由君士坦丁装饰的巨大浴场Zooksipus，他从整个帝国带来了雕像和其他艺术品来装饰。向右则是Hagia Sophia教堂，虽然不是今天的那一个。
The first church on that site was built by Constantius II in 360. In 404 it burnt down and was rebuilt by Theodosius II, who gave it a timber roof, which in riot-happy Constantinople was just waiting for disaster. Directly across the square was the Million. This was another of Constantine's replications from Rome. The Million was a golden milestone, the symbolic center of the world, from which all distances would be measured.
那个地点上的第一座教堂是由康斯坦丁二世于公元360年建造的。在404年被烧毁后，修建了由特奥多修二世建造的教堂，他给它加了一层木质屋顶，在暴动频发的君士坦丁堡，这是个灾难等待的地方。直接穿过广场是Million。这是君士坦丁从罗马复制的另一个建筑。Million是一个金标志，也是世界的象征中心，从那里测量所有距离。
If you crossed the Augustaion to the Million and looked left, you would now see the imposing structure of the Hippodrome, enlarged and endowed by Constantine, with as much splendor as he could, the structure would have dominated the skyline. It was said to have Rome for 100,000 people. When the city was dedicated in 330, there were 40 days of festivities, at the end of which the crowds filled the Hippodrome to watch a huge procession, including a massive statue of Constantine, which was carried around by soldiers in full ceremonial dress, carrying lighted tapers.
如果你穿过奥古斯塔大道到百万大道，向左看，你会看到霍普德罗姆的宏伟建筑，这座建筑由康斯坦丁扩建和修缮，尽可能地展现出辉煌，它曾经统治着天际线，据说可以容纳10万人。在城市于330年被献给神的时候，有40天的庆典活动，最终人群涌入霍普德罗姆观看一场盛大的游行，其中还包括一个巨大的康斯坦丁雕像，这个雕像由全副仪仗队的士兵抬着点亮的蜡烛四处走动。
This kind of public emperor worship and interaction between sovereign and people was the key part of the life of the city. The Hippodrome became the only place where ruler and ruled could come face to face and communicate. This communication took different forms, one of which would be the kind of imperial celebrations and acclimations that the people were expected to give their rulers on certain occasions. Another, as we've already seen several times, was the chance for the people to express their disapproval of imperial policy.
这种公共的皇帝崇拜和主权与民众之间的互动是城市生活的关键部分。马戏场成为了统治者和被统治者能够面对面交流的唯一场所。这种交流有不同的形式，其中之一是在特定场合民众应该向统治者表示的帝国庆祝和赞扬。另一个，正如我们已经多次看到的那样，是为了让人们表达他们对帝国政策的不满之处。
This is where the deems came in. They had their own teams of applauders and chant-makers who were organized like any other professional guild. The seating reserved for the greens and blues was directly opposite the imperial box, so that they could make their chanting audible to this set of ears it was intended for. The emperor is also paid for most of the chariot racing and entertainment, which was a mark of imperial legitimacy.
这就是deems登场的地方。他们有自己的掌声团队和口号制作者，像其他专业行会一样组织。为绿色和蓝色保留的座位直接对着皇帝的包厢，这样他们的口号能够被设计给这个集团的耳朵听到。皇帝还支付大部分战车赛和娱乐节目的费用，这是皇权合法性的标志。
It might sound odd that essentially hosting a sporting event could be a sign of your worth in a stirrool. However, the spectacle of 100,000 people gathered to watch something you've provided was a powerful political tool. This giant form of patronage also allowed the imperial staff access to the members of the deems who might represent social discontent and be able to help curb it. The emperors were expected to take sides and support one of the deems at the races. This would lead to much emotional reaction to winners and losers and the awarding of gifts or yet more acclimations of the emperor's greatness. It was a dangerous emotional cocktail as the many riots we've already covered in this podcast can attest. Anastasia's wisely to chose to favour the irrelevant red faction to try and avoid conflict. You'll recall that the red and white teams were essentially just parts of the blues and greens by this point.
可能听起来很奇怪，实际上举办体育赛事可能成为你在政治中的价值象征。然而，100,000人聚集在一起观赛，这一场面是一种强大的政治工具。这种宏大的赞助形式也允许帝国职员接触到可能代表社会不满并能够帮助遏制不满的群众。帝王们应该站队支持其中一个团体在赛事中获胜。这将导致赢家和输家的情感反应及赠予礼物或更多的赞扬帝王的伟大。这是一种危险的情感“鸡尾酒”，正如我们在播客中已经报道的许多暴乱所证明的那样。阿纳斯塔西娅明智地选择了支持不相关的红色团体，以尝试避免冲突。你会想起，到了这个时候，红色和白色团队基本上只是蓝色和绿色的组成部分。
The extent to which chariot racing became associated with imperial legitimacy is pretty interesting. The Samaritans in Palestine had revolted in 484 and declared themselves independent from the empire. Before they were put down, their leaders held chariot races for their people as a sign of their pretensions to sovereignty. Young men were often attracted to life in the deems. Once upon a time in Rome, the focus of a young man's life had been the gymnasium, but with the Christian focus on spiritual rather than athletic pursuits, interest in the gym had declined. Christian attitudes toward nudity and sexuality were influential in this regard.
战车比赛与帝国合法性的联系有多深是相当有趣的。在巴勒斯坦，撒玛利亚人于484年起义，宣布独立于帝国之外。在他们被镇压之前，他们的领袖为人民举办战车比赛，以显示他们对主权的要求。年轻人常常被吸引到这些比赛中去。曾经在罗马，年轻人的生活重心是健身房，但是由于基督教强调精神而非体育追求，对健身房的兴趣逐渐下降。基督教对裸露与性方面的态度对此起到了影响。
The historian Menanda Protector wrote that he used to wrestle naked in the gym when he was young, but now looked back on it with shame. Young men no longer had the kind of public careers that Republican Rome would have offered them either. So the life of those in the deems would have seemed like the cool thing to do. Young blues and greens would galvanate about town wearing expensive and outlandish clothes, often wearing tight tunics to emphasize their muscled physiques, provocatively some would even dress like hunts, or cut their hair like them.
历史学家米南达·普罗特克特写道，他年轻时曾经在体育馆裸摔，但现在回想起来感到羞愧。共和主义罗马不再有像他们那样的年轻男子可以从事的公共职业。因此，那些在贵族圈子里的人的生活似乎就成了一个很酷的选择。年轻的蓝队和绿队成员在城里穿着昂贵和古怪的服装闪耀，常常穿着紧身紧身衣以突出他们的肌肉体魄，有些甚至会穿得像猎人一样，或者像他们一样剪短头发来激起争议。
This apparently meant having the front of the head shaved and growing it longer at the back, which kind of sounds like a mullet, doesn't it? The attraction of the deems was also a result of the contraction of other available entertainments. Gladiotorial fights were gone in a Christian era, and as we've seen, Anastasia wasn't keen on wild beast fights or sensual stage dancing. There were four theatres in the city, but beyond mine and pantomime, tragedies and other plays were becoming rare. Christian theology, not philosophical productions, were the order of the day.
这似乎意味着前面的头部要剃光，后面要留长，有点像鹰头发型，是吧？德姆之所以如此受欢迎，也是因为其他娱乐方式的萎缩。在基督教时代，角斗比赛已经消失了，而正如我们所看到的，阿纳斯塔西娅不喜欢野兽斗或感性舞蹈。城里有四个剧院，但除了我和哑剧之外，悲剧和其他戏剧变得越来越罕见。基督教神学成为当时的主导。
Back to our tour though, and past the million, you would be starting down the Messy, the high street of Constantinople. The road already existed when Constantin arrived, but he transformed it into a magnificent 25-meter wide road, lined with colonnades on either side.
回到我们的旅程吧，过了大门口后，你就会开始走下君士坦丁堡的主街 - 梅西路。这条路在君士坦丁·大帝到来之前就已经存在了，但他将其改造成了一条宽25米、两旁有柱廊的宏伟道路。
The 600 meters or so between the Augusteon and the Forum of Constantin would have looked like a bazaar, with buying and selling going on everywhere. Traders would set up along the colonnades on each side of the road.
大约有600米的距离从奥古斯特昂到君士坦丁广场会像个集市，到处都有买卖活动。商贩会沿路两侧的柱廊摆摊。
Your average shopkeeper might set up a stall or build a small wooden structure to display his wares. However, some became grand indeed, with marble facing, or two stories. We have reports of some structures turning fully into recognisably modern stores with glass windows and lighting.
一般的店主可能会摆一摊或者建一个小木屋来展示他们的商品。然而，有些店主建的非常豪华，用大理石面，有两层楼高。有报道说，一些商铺甚至完全变成了现代化的店铺，有玻璃窗户和照明设施。
The House of Lamps, which sold dyed silks, was so called because its windows were lit at night. The shops closest to the palace were the perfumers and spice merchants, so that the area would have a pleasant smell. Then came the silversmiths and money changes, and in the strictly hierarchical Byzantine world, there was a fairly clear pecking order amongst businessmen.
卖染色丝绸的灯之屋因其夜间亮灯的窗户而得名。 最靠近宫殿的商店是香水商和香料商，以使整个区域闻起来更加宜人。其次是银匠和兑换钱币的商人，在严格等级分明的拜占庭世界中，商人之间有相当清晰的地位排名。
Silversmiths were clearly the aristocrats of this world, with cheese sellers, cobblers and weavers down at the bottom. From the history of Rome, we learnt that Diocletian encouraged every profession to form a guild, so that he could better regulate them, and constant inopal was full of them.
银匠显然是这个世界的贵族，而奶酪卖家、鞋匠和织布工则处于底层。从罗马的历史中，我们学到了迪克莱孟鼓励每个行业成立公会，以便更好地监管他们，而康斯坦丁堡充满了这些公会。
There were guilds of butchers, bakers, dyers, ship owners, tanners, perfume sellers, porters, market gardeners, potters, fishmongers, notaries, bankers, actors, and so on. Even the clackers, or chant makers in the hippodrome. These guilds were not strictly hereditary as they had been in the west, though as you would expect, sons often followed in their father's footsteps.
古代有许多不同的行业协会，包括屠夫、面包师、染料工、船主、制革商、香水商、搬运工、市场菜农、陶工、鱼贩、公证人、银行家、演员等等。甚至还有在马场上负责呐喊声的人。这些协会并不像在西方那样严格按照家族传承，但正如你所预料的，儿子们经常跟随父亲的脚步。
Many small businessmen practice more than one skill. A flute player might also make and repair instruments. A potter might be a weaver of goat hair. Whatever helped make ends meet. Once you'd walked those 600 metres, you would arrive at the Forum of Constantine.
许多小商人都会练习不止一种技能。一个长笛演奏者有可能同时擅长制作和修理乐器。一个陶工可能也会织山羊毛。这些都是为了维持生计。一旦你步行了那600米，你就会来到君士坦丁广场。
Oval shaped and paved with marble, with a double colonnade surrounding it, a huge fountain and many statues, the legacy of the city's founder was not hard to see. In case you'd missed the point, at the centre of the Forum was a huge column, with a statue of Constantine on top. The statue showed the emperor with a metal halo, with sunbeams radiating from it.
这座市中心广场呈卵形，铺满了大理石，被两排古柱围绕着。广场上有一个巨大的喷泉和许多雕像，这些都是城市创始人留下的遗产，非常显眼。如果你还未意识到这一点，广场中心有一根巨大的柱子，上面有一个康斯坦丁的雕像。雕像展示了皇帝穿着金属光环，阳光从中辐射出去。
The columns stood on a plinth which apparently contained the relics of the hatchet that Noah built the ark with, the baskets with which Christ fed the 5,000, Mary Magdalene's jar of ointment, and the figure of Athena brought back from Troy by Enneus. That must have been a big plinth. The stump of this huge structure still stands today, known as the burnt column.
这些柱子矗立在一个基座上，显然里面装有挪亚用来建造方舟的斧头遗物、耶稣喂饱5000人的篮子、抹大拉的玛利亚的油瓶，以及埃涅阿斯从特洛伊带回来的雅典娜塑像。那肯定是一个巨大的基座。这座巨大建筑的残骸仍然矗立着，今天被称为焚毁柱。
The Forum was naturally used for business and commercial deals, and the original senate house was here. It also functioned as the main centre for the fur trade. Past the Forum, with the bakers and slave dealers, and then another few hundred metres on, was the Forum of Theodosius. The last ruler of a united empire, had built a second forum to help provide more public space for a growing city, and to glorify his regime while he was at it.
论坛自然而然地被用于商业和商业交易，原先的参议院大厦就在这里。它还作为皮毛交易的主要中心。在论坛过去，有面包师和奴隶商，再往前几百米，就是西奥多修斯广场。统一帝国的最后一位统治者，建造了第二个广场，以帮助为不断增长的城市提供更多公共空间，并为他的政权增添光彩。
Self-consciously modelled on the forum of Trajan in Rome, there was a spiral column to mark Theodosius' victories over the Goths, and a triumphal arch to do the same. Although that got me thinking, what victories over the Goths? I guess Theodosius did slaughter all those Grahtungai in the Danube after telling them that they were safe to cross, but hey, Imperial propaganda doesn't necessarily have to reflect reality now, does it? Perhaps appropriately, Theodosius' forum was home to the swine market.
这个论坛是以罗马的禄庙为蓝本的，还有一根螺旋柱来标志特奥多修斯对戈特人的胜利，以及一个凯旋门来纪念。虽然这让我想起了什么战胜了戈特人的胜利？我猜想特奥多修斯在达努布河屠杀了那些格拉松盖人，尽管事先告诉他们可以安全通过。但是，帝国宣传不一定要反映现实，对吧？或许合适的是，特奥多修斯的论坛是猪市场的所在地。
Beyond this forum, you come to the Philadelphia, another public square where the University of Constantinople sat. Founded in 425 by Theodosius II, there were 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric, and many others. The professors' salaries were paid for by the state.
从这个论坛之外，你会来到费城，那里有另一个公共广场，那就是君士坦丁堡大学的所在地。该校成立于425年，设有31个讲座，包括法律、哲学、医学、算术、几何、天文学、音乐、修辞等众多领域。教授们的薪水由国家支付。
At the Philadelphia on, the Messy forks. The southern branch would take you past the horse market, through two more forums and southward onto the Golden Gate. This was a triple gateway flanked by two great square towers which was the city's ceremonial entrance. This led to the Via Ignatia, which ran to Thessalonica, then to Derakium, and then to Italy. After 21 days on the road, you would reach Rome.
在费城上，凌乱的叉子。南部支线会经过马市场，穿过另外两个广场，然后向南走向金门。这是一个三重门户，两侧有两座巨大的正方形塔楼，是城市的仪式入口。这通往伊格纳蒂亚大道，沿途经过塞萨洛尼基，然后到达德拉基姆，最终到达意大利。在路上21天后，您会到达罗马。
The northern branch would take you past the Constantiniani, another large public bathhouse. Then to the church of the Holy Apostles, built by Constantius II, besides the Imperial Mozzaleum, where Constantine and his successes were interred. Then you would travel onto the Adrianope, or Taurusius Gate, which led eventually to Singedunum, modern Belgrade.
北部支线会经过Constantiniani，那是另一个大型的公共浴室。接着会到达神圣使徒教堂，这座教堂是由Constantius II建造的，紧邻着帝国陵墓，那里安葬着Constantine和他的继承人。然后你会前往Adrianope，或者Taurusius门，最终通向Singedunum，现代的贝尔格莱德。
Past the Constantinian walls in the west of the city, land was used largely for vineyards, vegetable gardens, and orchards. The most northern point in the city was the Palace of Blacanae, which Anastasia had built to give him an imperial residence on the opposite side of town. Up along this northern branch, you can see the aqueduct of valence, and then much further north, the sistens of Itius and Aspar.
在城市西部的君士坦丁城墙过去，土地主要用于葡萄园、菜园和果园。城市最北端是布莱卡尼宫，安纳斯塔西娅建造该宫殿以在城镇对面拥有帝国住所。沿着这条北支线，您可以看到瓦朗斯古代水道，然后更往北，是伊底斯和阿斯帕尔的水池。
Constantinople was a thirsty city, not just with its thousands of inhabitants, but also its baths and fountains. Bathing was not seen as a Christian virtue, even when the sexes stopped bathing together. The church taught that spiritual cleanliness was more important. Yet the bath-happy Byzantines continued to enjoy their bathing, and by the mid-fifth century there were eight public baths and 153 private ones in the city. For comparison though, Rome was said to have 11 public and 830 private baths at its height.
君士坦丁堡是一座口渴的城市，不仅是因为它数千居民的口渴，还因为其浴池和喷泉。即使使男女停止一起沐浴，洗澡也不被视作基督教美德。教堂教导灵魂的洁净更为重要。然而，酷爱沐浴的拜占庭人继续享受他们的沐浴，到了公元五世纪中期，全城有八个公共浴池和153个私人浴池。与之相比，据说罗马在其巅峰时期有11个公共浴池和830个私人浴池。
Unlike Rome, Constantinople was not blessed with good local sources of water. The city's river The Likus actually flows underground as it heads out to the sea. Hadrian had built an aqueduct to bring water to the city from the forest bordering the black sea to the north, but valence had needed something better. His aqueduct brought water from over 150 miles away in the mountains of Thrace. The water was stored in three open reservoirs and over a hundred underground systems, which eventually reached a capacity of over 1 million cubic meters. A complex underground drainage system helped channel wastewater out of the city. The long walls of Thrace were presumably intended to help defend this water supply. Some of the wealthiest houses actually had water piped in, and of course the Great Palace had its own water tanks, fed by Hadrian's aqueduct.
不同于罗马，君士坦丁堡没有幸运地拥有良好的本地水源。该城的河流立库斯实际上在流向海洋时地下流动。哈德良修建了一条输水渠道，将来自北部黑海边缘的森林的水引入城市，但瓦伦斯需要更好的解决方案。他的输水渠道将水从色雷斯山脉150多英里外输送来。水储存在三个开放性水库和一百多个地下系统中，最终达到了超过1百万立方米的容量。一个复杂的地下排水系统帮助将废水排出城市。色雷斯长城可能旨在保卫这一供水。一些最富有的房屋实际上有供水管道，当然伟大的宫殿也有自己的水箱，由哈德良的输水渠道供水。
In order to help the city withstand siege, open-air systems were built to catch rainwater. One of the largest was the system of Itius, built in 421 on top of the 5th hill, and could hold around 250,000 cubic meters of water. The citizens of the capital still received the doll of bread, wine and oil as had been the custom in Rome. The number of recipients was set at 80,000, and we don't hear of calls for this to be increased. Usually at crossroads or other designated spots, there were high counters with steps leading up to them. There the rations were collected, although each recipient had to produce a bread ticket to prove that they were eligible. To avoid fraud, the person's name was checked against a list on a bronze tablet at each distribution point. The tickets could be sold though, or donated or inherited. A large portion of them ended up in the hands of the church, who would then help feed the poor.
为了帮助城市抵御围攻，建造了露天系统来收集雨水。其中最大的系统是伊提乌斯系统，建于公元421年，在第五座山的山顶上，可容纳约250,000立方米的水。首都居民仍然按照罗马的传统获得面包、葡萄酒和橄榄油等物品。接收人数定为80,000人，我们没有听到有要求增加这个数字的呼声。通常在十字路口或其他指定地点，有高柜台并有楼梯通往其上。在那里，粮食配给被收集，尽管每个接收者都必须出示一张面包票以证明他们有资格。为了防止欺诈，每个配给站都会在铜质牌匾上核对该人的姓名是否列在名单上。票据可以出售、捐赠或继承。其中很大一部分最终落到了教堂的手中，他们会为穷人提供食物帮助。
The city's grain came from Egypt of course. About 1300 transport ships were docked back and forth to Alexandria, as often as they could between March and November. Both Julian and Theodosius had added harbours on the Sea of Marmara to facilitate this trade, and many grain stores were built to house it all, along with multiple bakeries to bake it.
这座城市的粮食当然来自埃及。每年3月至11月期间，大约有1300艘运输船来回驶往亚历山大港口。朱利安和提奥多修斯都在马尔马拉海建造了港口以促进这项贸易，并建造了许多粮仓来储存粮食，还建了多家面包店来烘焙它。
If lack of fresh water was the first weakness of the city's position, then earthquakes were definitely the second. The city lies close to the boundary between the African and Eurasian plates, and so suffers frequent tremors. In an ancient world filled with superstition and some substandard construction work, this was not an ideal situation. Across the Golden Horn, you can see the suburb of Sikai, which Vatelian occupied during his attempt to take the capital in 515.
如果缺乏淡水是该城市位置的第一个弱点，那么地震肯定是第二个。该城市靠近非洲板块和欧亚板块的分界线，因此经常发生地震。在一个迷信和一些不太优质的建筑工程充斥的古代世界里，这不是一个理想的情况。穿过金角湾，你可以看到515年发生的瓦特利安企图攻占首都时所占领的西凯郊区。
If you include Sikai and Chalsanon just across the boss for us as suburbs, it's possible that Constantinople housed half a million people around the time of Anastasia's rule. The population had been growing for some time, and showed no sign of stopping. It was said that all 72 languages known to man were represented in the capital. And while that may not be true, it was certainly a cosmopolitan place, which attracted the talented, the rich, and the poor from across the empire.
如果你把Sikai和Chalsanon算作伊斯坦布尔的郊区，那么在Anastasia当政时期，伊斯坦布尔可能居住了50万人。人口已经增长了一段时间，并没有停止的迹象。据说在首都代表了人类所知的72种语言。虽然这可能不完全正确，但伊斯坦布尔确实是一个国际化的地方，吸引了来自帝国各地的有才华、有钱或贫穷的人们。
The common language and culture was of course Greek and Christian. There were still pagans living in the city, and Latin was still important in legal circles as it was required to debate Roman law. However Greek was spoken by all, and in anti-Christian stance wasn't likely to make you popular. There is of course so much more to say about Constantinople, but I've tried to stick to the important facts and hopefully made it clear how the new Rome differed from the old.
当然，共同的语言和文化是希腊语和基督教。城市内仍有异教徒居住，拉丁语在法律领域仍然很重要，因为讨论罗马法律需要用到它。然而，所有人都说希腊语，而反基督教态度不太可能使您受欢迎。当然，对于君士坦丁堡还有很多要说的，但我试着坚持重要事实，希望清楚地表明新罗马与旧罗马的不同之处。
I will be talking more about the city soon. In two episodes time, I plan on surveying the church, the state, and the army, and this will naturally bring us back to the capital. It might make sense to handle that in the next episode, seeing us how we're here now, but I want to stick to a geographical tour. So in two weeks time, we hop across the boss for us and head into the eastern provinces and their neighbours. I think it makes sense to get a feel for every part of the empire before we talk about the institutions that governed and guarded them.
很快我会更深入地谈论这座城市。在两集后，我计划调查教堂、州政府和军队，这自然会将我们带回首都。虽然我们现在就在这里，但考虑到我想进行地理巡回，可能在下一集处理会更合适。因此，两周后，我们将跨越为我们服务的老板，并进入东部省份及其邻居。在谈论治理和保护它们的机构之前，我认为先体验帝国的每个部分很有意义。
Before I go, I have a few housekeeping items. I recently found an email from a listener that I hadn't replied to, and I felt bad, as I try to reply to everything that comes my way. I just want to reassure you all that I do read every Facebook comment and message that comes in, and I really appreciate them. One message included a new iTunes image for the podcast. Someone kindly upgraded the image of Justinian that I use, and put the title of the podcast over it, which I really like. But now, I can't find that person's name. I assumed it had come in on email, but I can't locate it. So I'm so sorry to you, kind listener. Please remind me of your name, so you can get your proper thanks. And all of you, enjoy the new picture.
在我离开之前，我有几个事情需要处理。我最近发现有一封来自听众的电子邮件还没有回复，让我感到非常难受，因为我一向尽力回复所有的来信。我只是想向大家保证，我确实会阅读每一条在Facebook上的评论和私信，而且我非常感谢你们。其中一条信息包括了一个新的iTunes图片，是一位好心的听众将我之前用的Justinian的图片升级，加上了播客的标题，我非常喜欢。但是现在，我找不到那个人的名字了。我以为是通过电子邮件收到的，但我找不到了。所以对你，善良的听众，我非常抱歉。请提醒我你的名字，好让我能够给你适当的感谢。而且，祝愿大家喜欢新的图片。
Finally, if you enjoy other history podcasts, then you might be interested in a Facebook group called History Podcasts, where podcast hosts and listeners are all now interacting about all things history and podcast. There are about 20 podcasts represented, so it's worth checking out. In fact, several fellow history podcasters recently got together and recorded a roundtable discussion of who the most influential figure in history was. So there's plenty going on. Thank you all so much for listening, and if you know anyone who enjoyed the history of Rome, do tell them about the history of Byzantium.
最后，如果你喜欢其他历史播客，那么你可能会对一个叫做“历史播客”的Facebook小组感兴趣，那里的播客主持人和听众都在交流关于历史和播客的所有东西。大约有20个播客代表，所以值得一看。事实上，几位亲切的历史播客最近聚在一起，进行了一个谈论谁是最有影响力的历史人物圆桌讨论。所以有很多事情正在发生。非常感谢你们的聆听，如果你认识任何喜欢罗马历史的人，请告诉他们有关拜占庭历史的信息。