I Watched Ancient Apocalypse So You Don't Have To (Part 1)

发布时间 2023-02-28 22:00:09 来源

米洛，一位考古学家和环境科学家，发起了一项多部分系列节目，剖析格雷厄姆·汉考克在其Netflix系列节目《古文明遗址》中的论断，重点关注是否有证据支持在上次冰河时代末期存在一个失落的、先进的、遍布全球的文明。米洛首先介绍汉考克，重点介绍了他的著作《上帝的指纹》，以及其核心理论，即所有已知文明都受到一个失落的、先进的社会启发，这个社会统治到上次冰河时代末期。尽管汉考克拥有社会学背景，并自称是“伪科学家”，米洛承诺采取平衡且尊重的态度，强调科学探究需要批判性地评估所有假设，即使是那些被认为是“荒谬”的假设。他定义了证明汉考克主张所必需的标准，包括来自文化层的可靠年代、不同地点之间相似的物质文化、诸如地基和墙壁之类的结构性证据，以及最重要的是，将全球人口联系起来的DNA证据。米洛认为，由于汉考克声称这个文明“征服了世界”，那么证据应该比比皆是。该系列节目将逐集审查《古文明遗址》，首先简要介绍新仙女木事件撞击假说，这是汉考克用来构建其理论的一个想法。结论将评估收集到的证据，并讨论该节目对科学和事实报道的影响。米洛迅速回顾了新仙女木事件，这是上次冰河时代末期附近的一次突发性降温期。他强调了关键点，即海平面在此期间急剧上升。汉考克将这种海平面的快速上升作为其假设的核心要素。第一集聚焦于印度尼西亚的古农巴当。米洛赞赏该节目关注了这个美丽的遗址，但批评了汉考克的呈现方式。汉考克惊叹于石头的巨大尺寸，每块重达三分之一吨。米洛补充了背景信息，解释说三分之一吨大约是600磅，这很重要，但对于那个时期来说并非前所未有，也并不一定需要奇迹般的解释。米洛还指出，古农巴当由柱状玄武岩构成，玄武岩自然会裂解成这些柱状结构，因此无需切割。汉考克将“金字塔”定义为一系列上升到顶峰的阶梯，这使他可以将古农巴当归类为金字塔。汉考克还提到了遗址下方的一个秘密室，但米洛认为它可能是一条熔岩管，因为该遗址位于一座火山上。本集以密克罗尼西亚的南马都尔遗址结束。汉考克的理论是，该遗址大约有12800年的历史，这是由于新仙女木事件撞击导致海平面上升，但考古年代大约是900年。米洛在本集结尾抱怨考古学家在对这些遗址进行研究时缺乏资金。第二集将米洛带到墨西哥的乔卢拉大金字塔，麦克弗林博士提供了专业知识，详细介绍了其可追溯到公元前500年的居住历史。她驳斥了汉考克关于更古老历史的说法，同时承认大约12000年前该地区就有人类存在，但并没有汉考克所暗示的纪念性建筑。随后，本集批评了汉考克对金字塔的概括，认为他忽略了与世界各地不同金字塔相关的独特精神信仰和文化背景。例如，一些金字塔被设计用于仪式活动，而另一些则被设计为墓葬结构。汉考克还认为，特斯科辛戈泳池建筑群比大多数考古学家估计的要古老，并利用这座寺庙来作为支持其假设的证据。米洛在视频结尾感到沮丧。

Milo, an archaeologist and environmental scientist, launches a multi-part series dissecting Graham Hancock's claims in his Netflix series "Ancient Apocalypse," focusing on whether evidence supports the existence of a lost, advanced, globe-spanning civilization at the end of the last ice age. Milo begins by introducing Hancock, highlighting his book "Fingerprints of the Gods" and the central theory that all known civilizations were inspired by a lost, advanced society that ruled until the end of the last ice age. Despite Hancock’s sociological background and self-proclaimed "pseudoscientist" status, Milo pledges a balanced and respectful approach, emphasizing that scientific inquiry requires critical evaluation of all hypotheses, even those considered "ridiculous." He defines the criteria necessary to prove Hancock’s claim, including reliable dates from cultural layers, similar material culture across different locations, structural evidence like foundations and walls, and most importantly, DNA evidence linking populations across the globe. Milo argues that since Hancock claims this civilization "conquered the world," the evidence should be abundant. The series will proceed by examining each episode of "Ancient Apocalypse" individually, after a brief background on the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, an idea Hancock uses to build his theory. The conclusion will assess the collected evidence and discuss the implications of the show for science and factual reporting. Milo quickly recaps the Younger Dryas, an abrupt cooling period near the end of the last ice age. He emphasizes the key point that the sea levels dramatically rose during this period. Hancock uses this rapid sea level rise as a core element of his hypothesis. Episode 1 focuses on Gunung Padang in Indonesia. Milo appreciates the spotlight on this beautiful site but criticizes Hancock's presentation. Hancock marvels at the large size of the stones, each weighing a third of a ton. Milo adds context by explaining that a third of a ton is about 600 pounds, which is significant but not unprecedented for the period and doesn't necessarily require miraculous explanation. Milo also points out that columnar basalt, from which Gunung Padang is made, naturally cracks into these pillar-like structures, so they did not need to be cut. Hancock defines a "pyramid" as a series of terraces rising to a summit, which allows him to categorize Gunung Padang as one. Hancock also mentions a secret chamber beneath the ruins, but Milo suggests it could be a lava tube, given that the site is on a volcano. The episode ends with Nan Madol, a site in Micronesia. Hancock's theory is that the site is about 12,800 years old, due to the sea level rose from the Younger Dryas Impact, but the archaeological date is about 900 years old. Milo ends the episode complaining about the lack of funding that archaeologists have in order to conduct research on any of these sites. Episode 2 takes Milo to the Great Pyramid of Cholula in Mexico, where Dr. McAfrin lends expertise, detailing its occupation history dating back to 500 BC. She disputes Hancock's claims of a far older history, while acknowledging human presence in the region around 12,000 years ago, without the monumental structures that Hancock implies. The episode then critiques Hancock's generalization of pyramids, arguing that he ignores the distinct spiritual beliefs and cultural contexts associated with different pyramids worldwide. For example, some were designed for ceremonial practices while others were designed to be burial structures. Hancock also argues that the Tezcozingo pool complex is older than most archaeologists estimate, and also uses this temple to act as evidence to support his hypothesis. Milo ends the video frustrated.

中英文字稿

Was there a lost advanced globe spanning civilization at the end of the last ice age? This is the question the gram- hold on a second. Hmm, yeah no that doesn't look very good does it? Ah, there we go, how do you like that? I figure this has this is my first full year of having this as my actual full-time job I should invest in a real big boy camera and at least pretend that I'm a professional. And another one over there, what's going on? Wow. Yeah look at this, it's all coming together. Anyway, let's get to it. There was a lost globe spanning advanced civilization at the end of the last ice age. This is the claim the gram-handcock makes in his most recent Netflix series ancient apocalypse.

在上个冰河时期结束时，是否存在一个失落的先进全球文明？这是个引人深思的问题。等一下，这样看起来不太好，是不是？啊，对了，你觉得这样怎么样？这是我第一次全职从事这个工作，所以觉得该投资一个真正的专业级摄像机，至少要表现得像一位专业人士那样。再看看那边，发生了什么？哇，看看这些，一切都在慢慢成形了。好了，回到主题。在上个冰河时期结束时，确实存在一个失落的、遍布全球的先进文明。这是格雷厄姆·汉考克在他最新的Netflix系列《远古末日灾难》中提出的观点。

Now, now I love this claim. It makes us think of the lost civilizations that we dreamed of as kids, the things that we thought of when we watched Indiana Jones or played uncharted. And it's a compelling hypothesis, one that we need a lot of evidence to support it, but I'm sure if there was a dedicated researcher they'd be able to put in the legwork. Now if this hypothesis were proven true, the implications of it would be enormous. Not only for the archaeological world, which would have to reckon with the fact that it has a entire chapter that has just been left out of the books.

现在，现在我非常喜欢这个说法。它让我们想起儿时梦想的失落文明，想起我们在看《夺宝奇兵》或玩《神秘海域》时的那些幻想。这是一个引人入胜的假设，一个需要大量证据来支持的假设，但我相信，如果有一位专注的研究人员，他们一定能够付出努力。如果这个假设被证明是真的，其影响将是巨大的。不仅对于考古界来说，因为那将意味着有整整一章历史被遗落在书本之外。

But also for our modern world, as we could look to the past to find ways to cope with the present, as we struggle under the weight of globalization. So what is the evidence for this incredibly bold claim? Well, luckily for us, Graham Hancock spends eight episodes of 30 minutes each telling us all of his evidence for this claim. And luckily for you, I watched all eight of those episodes more times that I care to admit. I took a lot of notes, I got a lot of headaches, and I drank a lot, like this.

但同样地，在我们现代社会中，我们可以通过回顾过去，寻找应对全球化压力的方法。那么，有什么证据支持这个大胆的论断呢？幸运的是，格雷厄姆·汉考克用了八集，每集30分钟的时间来告诉我们他所有的证据。而对你们来说幸运的是，我看了这八集，比我想承认的次数还多。过程中，我做了很多笔记，头疼了不少，还喝了很多，就像这样。

And so today, ladies and gentlemen, you and I are going to analyze every single one of Graham Hancock's claims. We are going to assess which ones hold water and which ones don't. And at the end, be able to determine whether or not there truly is enough evidence to support the theory that there was a lost, advanced, globe-spanning civilization at the end of the last ice age. Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Milo, and God damn it feels good to be back.

女士们，先生们，今天你我将一起分析 Graham Hancock 的每一个主张。我们会评估哪些主张站得住脚，哪些不成立。最后我们将能判断是否有足够的证据支持这样一个理论：在上一个冰河时代末期，是否存在一个失落的、先进的、全球范围的文明。女士们，先生们，我是 Milo，太高兴又回来了。

Who is Graham Hancock? Oh wait. If you're asking this question, I envy you. Graham Hancock is a person. He is a person who some may call a researcher. I am one of those people. But more predominantly than that, Graham Hancock is a writer. His foundational text is called Fingerprints of the Gods. You may have heard of it. It was published in 1995, and it sets the stage for the theory, which he will propose in many of his later works. In Fingerprints of the Gods, Graham Hancock proposes that there was a lost, advanced, civilization that existed in Antarctica.

格雷厄姆·汉考克是谁？哦，等等，如果你在问这个问题，我真的很羡慕你。格雷厄姆·汉考克是一个人。有人可能称他为研究者，我就是其中之一。但更重要的是，他是一名作家。他的基础著作《神的指纹》或许你听说过。这本书于1995年出版，奠定了他在之后许多作品中提出的理论基础。在《神的指纹》中，格雷厄姆·汉考克提出存在一个消失已久的先进文明，这个文明可能曾位于南极洲。

The Graham Hancock, apparently, really loved this theory because he went on to publish a lot more books. His most recent text America before is one that he ties in a lot with this ancient apocalypse show. And now all of these books have one thing in common. It's a theorized that every civilization that we know of was inspired or started by a lost, advanced, civilization that ruled the world until the end of the last ice age. It's a big claim. So you might be thinking, well, Graham Hancock must be an archaeologist, right?

格雷厄姆·汉考克显然非常喜欢这个理论，因为他继续出版了更多的书。他最近的一本书《美洲之前》也与这个古代末日节目有很多联系。这些书都有一个共同点：它们假设我们所知道的每个文明都受到一个失落的高级文明的启发或由其开创，该文明曾统治世界直到上一个冰河时期结束。这是一个大胆的主张。所以你可能会想，格雷厄姆·汉考克一定是个考古学家，对吧？

Well, Graham Hancock does hold a degree in sociology. That is the most important qualification an archaeologist can have. Now, I wouldn't write this one if Graham Hancock didn't bring it up himself multiple times throughout the course of his show. But he frequently likes to remind us that his Wikipedia page lists him as a pseudoscientist. Behold, Graham Hancock's resume. Now, I do put this one in here a little bit facetiously because I want to try and take a balanced and respectful view of the things that Graham Hancock claims, because he does genuinely take his theories very seriously.

嗯，格雷厄姆·汉考克确实拥有社会学学位。这可是一个考古学家能有的最重要的资质了。我之所以提到这一点，是因为汉考克在他的节目中多次提到这个学位。不过，他也常提醒大家，他的维基百科页面上把他列为"伪科学家"。这就是格雷厄姆·汉考克的履历。我稍微讽刺地提到这一点，是希望能用平衡和尊重的态度看待他的观点，因为他确实很认真地看待自己的理论。

And whether or not I personally agree with them, it would be bad science for me to ignore them altogether, or to treat them as though his evidence would be any worse than any other person's. Now, you know who Graham Hancock is. But who is me? Hi, my name's Milo. I'm an archaeologist, an environmental scientist. What else am I? Archaeologists. An archaeologist. That's an excellent idea, Brit. Is it an archaeologist? An archaeologist? And an asshole. And a racon term. My job is to tell stories. My job is to tell facts. And that is what I do.

无论我个人是否同意他们的观点，完全忽视他们或者认为他们的证据比其他人的差是很不科学的。你们知道 Graham Hancock 是谁。但我是谁呢？你好，我叫 Milo。我是一名考古学家和环境科学家。我还是个什么呢？考古学家。一个考古学家。Brit，这真是个好主意。是个考古学家吗？一个考古学家？还有个混蛋，还有个讲故事的达人。我的工作是讲述故事，也是提供事实。而这正是我所做的。

Now, I want to talk about this one for a second. Something that Graham Hancock will talk about repeatedly throughout the course of his series is mainstream archaeology. Now, mainstream archaeology is the kind of people who, you know, they sit in front of a blackboard with a pile of dusty textbooks. Oh, fuck. It's sort of the tweed suit and bow tie archaeology that Graham Hancock wants you to think all archaeologists are. You know, the kind that don't listen to anyone else and are totally set in their ways.

现在，我想谈谈这个话题。格雷厄姆·汉考克在他的系列节目中会反复提到主流考古学。所谓主流考古学，就是那种你知道的，他们坐在黑板前，面前是一堆尘土飞扬的教科书。哦，真是让人无语。其实就是那种穿着粗花呢西装、打着蝴蝶结的考古学家形象，格雷厄姆·汉考克想让你认为所有考古学家都是这样。他们不听取任何其他意见，完全拘泥于自己的思维方式。

Well, lucky for you, I am not a mainstream archaeologist. My job is making YouTube videos and I'm still completely jacked full of early 20s hormones that make me completely incapable of working with other people. So mainstream is something you do not have to worry about me doing. So you might be wondering, Milo, why are you even bothering to do this? Couldn't you be doing something more productive with your life? Absolutely. But I'm going to do this anyway. At the end of the day, I would go as so far as to say that Graham Hancock is a scientist. He has a hypothesis and he is doing experimentation and research in order to see if he can prove that hypothesis. And I would be a bad scientist to ignore that claim outright.

幸运的是，我不是一个主流考古学家。我的工作是制作YouTube视频，我依然充满了20多岁年轻人荷尔蒙的影响，让我完全无法和别人一起工作。所以你不必担心我会做什么主流的事情。你可能会想，米洛，你为什么还要做这些呢？你难道不应该做一些更有意义的事情吗？确实如此。但我还是会继续做这件事。说到底，我甚至会说格雷厄姆·汉考克也是位科学家。他有一个假设，并正在进行实验和研究，以验证这个假设。如果我完全无视他的观点，那我就是一个不合格的科学家。

Now, the purpose of science is to ask questions. So I cannot blame Graham Hancock for asking a question like was there a global earth conquering civilization at the end of the last ice age, even if the question is a little bit ridiculous. It is through these kind of ridiculous questions that so many of the most important fundamental ideas of science have been discovered, which is why I want to take a critical lens to what Graham Hancock has to say. Like it or not, you are watching this video because you're participating in science. You want to further understand a topic and develop your own opinions on it, a process which is at the core of the scientific method. And I hope to be able to facilitate that by applying some of my knowledge so that you can better inform your decisions. That's my honorable reason for doing this, I guess.

科学的目的是提出问题，所以我不能责怪格雷厄姆·汉考克提出诸如“在上一个冰河时期结束时，是否存在一个征服全球的文明”这样的问题，即使这个问题有些荒谬。正是通过这些看似荒谬的问题，许多最重要的科学基本理念才得以被发现。这也是为什么我想批判性地审视格雷厄姆·汉考克的观点。无论你是否喜欢，你正在观看这个视频，说明你在参与科学。你想更深入地理解一个话题，并发展自己的观点，这个过程正是科学方法的核心所在。我希望能通过运用我的一些知识帮助你更好地做出判断。这大概就是我这样做的光荣理由。

My petty reason for doing this is because Graham Hancock spends this entire series whining about how nobody listens to him. Not only did I take the time to listen to you, but I am going to tell you in explicit detail everything that I think about your theory. Let's get started. How do you prove a lost civilization? That's a big ask, isn't it? As this entire theory is predicated on whether or not Graham Hancock's evidence holds any water, I think it is important that we all understand what criterion we are going to use to judge his evidence. And this is something that is very important that I want us to not lose track of throughout the entire course of this lecture. We need reliable dates.

我之所以这样做有点小心眼，是因为格雷厄姆·汉考克在整个系列中一直在抱怨没有人听他。我不仅花时间听了你的观点，还将详细告诉你我对你理论的所有看法。让我们开始吧。你如何证明一个失落的文明？这可不是个小要求，对吧？因为这个理论完全建立在格雷厄姆·汉考克的证据是否站得住脚上，所以我认为我们都应理解用什么标准来评判他的证据。在整个讲座中，有一件非常重要的事情是我们不能忽视的。我们需要可靠的年代数据。

These would be things like cultural layers. A cultural layer is a stratigraphic layer that contains evidence of human habitation. This can be anything from charred animal bones and fire pits to stone byfaces or other signs of human habitation. It is by these layers that you were actually able to prove that a group of people was there for any period of time. So we need to see cultural layers that all have similar contents to one another that are deposited around 12,800 years ago, which is where Graham Hancock says this ancient civilization falls into our human history timeline.

这指的是像文化层这样的东西。文化层是包含人类居住证据的地层。这可以是烧焦的动物骨头、火堆、石器工具或其他人类居住的迹象。通过这些地层，可以证明某个群体在某个时期曾经存在。所以我们需要看到那些在大约12800年前沉积下来的文化层，这些层的内容互相之间相似。据格雷厄姆·汉考克所说，这个时期正是那个古代文明在我们人类历史时间线中的位置。

Now building off that a little bit, we would also need to see some material culture. Material culture falls under the same categories, cultural layers. This is going to be things like statues, tools, architectural styles, writings, carvings, motifs, etc. You know, if you find the same language in two different places, those two places are probably related to one another. Similarly, if you find evidence of worship of the same God and whatnot, you can probably associate those two sites with one another. Go a little bit off that more.

在此基础上，我们还需要看到一些实物文化。实物文化属于同类的文化层，这将包括雕像、工具、建筑风格、文字、雕刻、主题图案等内容。你知道的，如果你在两个不同的地方发现相同的语言，这两个地方很可能彼此有联系。同样地，如果你找到一个神明的崇拜证据等，你也可以将这两个地点关联起来。再深入一点，这些线索可以帮助我们更好地理解文化之间的联系。

We would need to see structural evidence. Structure evidence would be any actual physical remnants of this lost civilization. You can't just say it existed. You have to actually show it. Foundations, walls, roads, etc. etc. etc. Now, the most important piece of evidence that you could possibly have, the B all end all to prove that your lost civilization exists, is DNA genetic evidence. If you show me a bunch of skeletons from different parts of the world, you sequence their DNA and you're able to prove that they're related to one another, then you have convinced to me that there was a civilization that managed to conquer the globe.

我们需要看到结构上的证据。结构证据可以是这个失落文明的任何实际遗迹。你不能仅仅说它存在过，你必须实际展示出来，比如地基、墙壁、道路等等。现在，最关键的证据是DNA的遗传证据。假如你能展示来自世界各地的大量骨骼，分析它们的DNA序列，并证明它们彼此有关联，那么你就说服我相信曾有一个文明征服了全球。

This is the criterion that the world would need to see in order to prove that Graham Hancock's claim is true. Are we all on the same page? I think we're all on the same page. Now, thankfully, this evidence shouldn't be that hard to find. Again, Graham Hancock's claim is that they conquered the world 12,000 years ago. So, clearly, if they had that big of a grip, their evidence should be everywhere. Shouldn't it? Well, let's look for it. Alright, how's this series going to work? Let's go over one last agenda thing before we get this thing started.

这是世界需要看到的标准，以证明格雷厄姆·汉考克的说法是真实的。大家都理解了吗？我想我们都理解了。幸运的是，这个证据不应该太难找到。格雷厄姆·汉考克声称，他们在12,000年前征服了世界。那么，很明显，如果他们真的如此强大，相关的证据应该无处不在，对吗？那么，让我们去寻找这些证据吧。好，现在这系列节目将如何进行？在开始之前，我们来讨论最后一件事。

This is syllabus week. So, because Graham Hancock talks about a lot of stuff throughout the course of this series, I think it's important that we start with some context. Because without context, Graham Hancock will capitalize on the fact that a lot of people don't have a knowledge base in some of the topics he's talking about, and it allows him to, I'll say, strategically mislead.

这是课程大纲周。由于Graham Hancock在这个系列中谈论了很多内容，我认为从一些背景信息开始非常重要。因为没有背景知识，Graham Hancock可能会利用很多人对他所谈论主题缺乏了解的事实，从而达到某种误导的目的。

So, most importantly, the first thing I want to talk about is the younger, driest impact hypothesis. This is something which Graham Hancock uses as a fundamental building block for his theory, and it's something which you deserve to know the truth of before getting into the brunt of this video. And then, after we get that housekeeping out of the way, I am going to go over every single one of the episodes of ancient apocalypse in order and talk about every single point that Graham Hancock makes.

最重要的是，我首先想谈谈的是"新仙女木期撞击假说"。这是格雷厄姆·汉考克用作其理论基石的重要内容，在深入观看这个视频之前，你有必要了解其真相。在解决这些基础内容之后，我将按顺序逐一分析《远古大灾难》中的每一集，并讨论格雷厄姆·汉考克提出的每一点。

I have a 40 page script, and because of that, this video is going to be shot in multiple parts. They might be thinking, Milo, why don't you just make one two and a half hour long video instead of shooting this in multiple parts? A, no, B, it's called getting that bag. If Graham Hancock can make an eight episode series about nothing and get a Netflix deal, I can make a multi-part series on YouTube, and you'll be able to click through the episodes I promise.

我有一个40页的脚本，所以这段视频将分成多个部分拍摄。可能有人会想，Milo，为什么你不干脆拍一个两个半小时的完整视频，而要分成多部分呢？第一，不行；第二，这叫做“赚点钱”。如果Graham Hancock能做一个关于“无聊内容”的八集系列还拿到Netflix的合约，那我也可以在YouTube上做一个多集系列。我保证你可以自由点击观看每集。

Now, at the end of all of this, I'm going to talk about my conclusion. We're going to assess all of the evidence from every single one of these episodes and see if it holds any water. And last but not least, we're going to talk about the implications of this show, because I think that's something that not a lot of people have talked about yet. What does this show mean for the world of science and the world of fact?

现在，在这一切的结尾，我要谈谈我的结论。我们将评估每一集中的所有证据，看看它们是否有说服力。最后但同样重要的是，我们要讨论这个节目的意义，因为我认为到目前为止还没有很多人谈论过这个问题。这个节目对科学界和真实世界意味着什么？

And now, with that ominous intro out of the way, ladies and gentlemen, let's get the semester started with the younger, driest impact hypothesis. All right, we're going to do this quickly so that we can get into the mean potatoes of this quickly as we possibly can. We are in an ice age. Oh, it doesn't look like an ice age out there. I don't see any snow. It'll too bad because it is an ice age.

好的，在那段令人不安的开场白结束后，各位女士们先生们，让我们以稍显干燥的年轻干旱期撞击假说来开始这一学期吧。好了，我们要快速讲解这个话题，以便能尽快进入这个内容的核心。我们正处于一个冰河时代。哦，外面看起来并不像是冰河时代啊，我没有看到任何雪。但无论如何，它确实是一个冰河时代。

We are currently in an interglacial period and an ice age that has lasted for the last two million years. Now, when people say the end of the last ice age, it's sort of a colloquial way of referring to 10,000 years ago, which is the start of this interglacial period. Glaciers do this. Weeeeeee! As the temperature fluctuates during a glacial period, we will get points where there is ice and no ice.

我们当前处于一个间冰期，并且身处一个已经持续了两百万年的冰河时代。当人们提到“上一个冰河时代的结束”时，通常是在讲一万年前，即这个间冰期的开始。冰川就是这样的，它们会跟随气温的波动移动。噢耶！在冰川期，随着气温变化，我们会经历冰川存在和冰川消退的交替时刻。

Now, an important thing to note is that an ice age is defined by whether or not there is ice on the poles. So, yes, just because the climate has fluctuated quite a lot in the last two million years, the fact that we are about to have no more ice on our poles is not a normal thing. I feel the need to say that because every time I talk about the ice age, someone's like, Oh, look, it's been changing for thousands of years. Fuck out of here.

现在，需要注意的是，冰河时代的定义在于两极是否有冰。因此，虽然过去两百万年间气候波动很大，但我们即将失去两极冰层这一事实并不正常。我觉得有必要说这个，因为每次我提到冰河时代，总有人会说，“哦，你看，气候已经变化了几千年了。”拜托，别说这种话。

So anyway, we are currently in an interglacial period. This is when the ice caps have receded to the poles, leaving much of the rest of the world more or less ice free. About 10,000 years ago, the last ice age comes to an end. You can have a look at this sick graph showing the global temperature during the end of the ice age, but you'll notice on this graph that there is a strange dip, a point when the temperature plunges again.

所以，现在我们正处于一个间冰期。这是指冰盖已经退缩到两极，使得世界上大部分地区基本上没有冰。大约1万年前，上一个冰河时代结束。你可以看看这个很棒的图表，上面显示了在冰河时代结束时的全球气温。但你会注意到，这个图表上有一个奇怪的下降，也就是气温再次骤降的一个点。

This is called the Younger Dryas period. Now, I'm not going to go too deep into the Younger Dryas, but if you want to learn more about it, there's a great video by Stefan Milo. I highly recommend you check him out, especially because I'm Milo, and he's the back half of him is Milo as well. But the biggest thing to take away is that while this change looks very abrupt on a graph in the scale of human life spans took a really long time.

这被称为“新仙女木期”。我不会深入讨论这个时期，但如果你想了解更多，可以看看Stefan Milo制作的一个很棒的视频。我强烈推荐你去看看，特别是因为我的名字是Milo，而他的名字后半部分也是Milo。不过，需要记住的最重要一点是，虽然在图表上这个变化看起来很突然，但从人类寿命的尺度来看，这段时间实际上持续了很长时间。

Now, at the end of the last ice age, sea levels were slowly rising. About 14,000 years ago, indicated here, the sea levels, ooh, the sea levels, rising by about that much. That's about 20 millimeters per year or about 0.8 inches per year. Then, by about 11,500 years ago, the rate of sea level rise had dramatically decreased. To about that much, about 4 millimeters or about 0.15 inches.

在上一个冰河时代末期，海平面正在缓慢上升。大约在14,000年前，如此处所示，海平面每年上升大约20毫米，约合0.8英寸。然后，到大约11,500年前，海平面上升的速度明显减缓，每年大约上升4毫米，约合0.15英寸。

Needless to say, this is a amount of sea level rise that would be infinitesimal on the human perception scale. But then, by about 11,450 years ago, something wild happened. It is colloquially referred to as meltwater pulse 1B. Great name. I know. Scientists aren't going to name anything. It all just sounds so lame. They call something cool. It's the big one. Now, the big one was big.

不用说，这个海平面上升的幅度在人类的感知尺度上微乎其微。但在大约11,450年前，发生了一件非常惊人的事情，通常被称为融水脉冲1B。这个名字很酷，对吧？科学家们常常不怎么擅长起名字，总显得很平淡。这一次，他们称之为“大事件”。这次大事件确实很大。

So what happened during meltwater pulse 1B is all of the water, which had been melting off of the Continent-Spanning glaciers, had been pooling in enormous glacial lakes. These things were gigantic. Glacial lake, Missoula, on its own, which took up most of the space between the Rocky Mountains and the Bitterroot Mountains or the Sawtooth Mountains in Idaho and Wyoming held more water than two of the great lakes combined. I can't remember which ones. We'll put it up here. Either way, the amount of water that was suddenly in the middle of North America was absolutely enormous. But as the glaciers receded, these lakes began to drain, and they dumped an enormous amount of cold, fresh water into the ocean. Now, when this happened, it wreaked environmental havoc. One has to look no farther than the climate today to see how small changes can have a massive impact on weather patterns.

在冰川融水脉动1B期间，发生的是这样一个现象：从跨越大陆的冰川上融化的水在巨大的冰川湖泊中汇集。这些湖泊非常庞大。其中一个冰川湖，米苏拉湖，占据了落基山脉与比特鲁特山脉或者爱达荷州和怀俄明州的锯齿山脉之间的大部分空间，单独就容纳了比两个五大湖加起来还多的水。我记不清具体是哪些湖了，稍后会补充进来。无论如何，当时北美中部的水量实在是太大了。但随着冰川的退缩，这些湖泊开始排水，向海洋倾泻了大量的寒冷淡水。这一事件对环境造成了巨大的破坏。看看今天天气的变化，我们就能明白，即使是小的变化也可能对天气模式产生巨大的影响。

So when all this water was dumped into the sea, all of a sudden two things happened. Firstly, the temperatures plunged as these global circulatory systems ground to a halt. And secondly, the sea level skyrocketed. Now, skyrocketed is a little bit of a hyperbole in this case. At its peak during the younger dryest, the sea levels were rising by about 40 millimeters per year, which is about 1.7 inches. You should probably be labeling these. There we go. These ones are so small, they don't matter. And now that is a lot. It's still not enough for people to really notice, but if you lived on a coastal city for 30, 40, 50 years, you'd probably notice that a lot of shit was underwater by that point. If the water continued to rise at that rate, which it didn't, for much of the younger dryest, the sea level rise was around that much. 0.3 inches are around 7 millimeters.

所以，当大量的水被倾入大海时，突然发生了两件事情。首先，随着全球循环系统的停止，气温骤降。其次，海平面急剧上升。需要说明的是，这里的“急剧上升”有些夸张。事实上，在最年轻的大冰期（Younger Dryas）期间，海平面每年上升约40毫米，也就是大约1.7英寸。你可能需要标记这些数据。这样就好了。这里的一些变化极小，所以不太重要。但这个上涨幅度依然不小，人们通常感觉不到，但如果你在沿海城市生活了30、40、50年，你可能会注意到很多地方都被淹了。不过，水位以这样的速度一直上升是不可能的，而且在大冰期的大部分时间里，海平面每年上涨约0.3英寸，也就是大约7毫米。

Now, you might be wondering, Milo, what does all this matter? Why are you telling us this? Because rapid sea level rise is something which Graham Hancock uses as a fundamental building block of his hypothesis. So it's important that you have an understanding of what was actually going on during the younger dryest, essentially. The younger dryest is, I don't know, only the single most studied climatic event in human history. So we have so much data on it that trying to act like it's some great mystery is really just sort of bending the truth. Now, with that being said, it's time for episode 1. Ancient Apocalypse Episode 1 Ghosts of a Drowned World. Where are we? There we go. Lord, give me strength. It's fighting back.

现在，你可能会想，米洛，这一切有什么意义呢？你为什么要告诉我们这些？因为快速的海平面上升是格雷厄姆·汉考克用来构建其假设的一个基础。所以你需要了解在新仙女木事件期间到底发生了什么。本质上，新仙女木事件可能是人类历史上研究得最多的气候事件。我们关于它的数据非常丰富，试图把它表现得像某种巨大谜团，实际上是有点歪曲事实。在这一点上，我们开始第一集吧。《远古启示录》第一集：沉没世界的幽灵。我们在哪里？哦，找到了。上帝，赐予我力量。它在顽强反抗。

Ancient Apocalypse has about the strongest start of any TV show I have ever seen in my life. It quite literally opens with calling Graham Hancock a journalist who is picking a fight with academia. He might be saying, Milo, oh god, I still fucking water in my nose. Give me a second. Now, you might be thinking, Milo, isn't this show about archaeology? What the hell is he doing? Talking about how he's just like a pariah to academia. Now, you'd be right. This is a show that's supposed to be about archaeology, but you will notice right off the bat, the actual content of this show. Is Graham Hancock setting the stage to talk about how much everyone doesn't like him? And this is a theme that you will see play out through almost every running minute of this entire series.

《远古启示录》是我所见过的电视节目中开场最强劲的之一。节目一开场就直截了当地介绍格雷厄姆·汉考克是一位与学术界作对的记者。可能你会想，Milo，天哪，我还在擤鼻子，等一下。现在你可能在想，Milo，这不是一个关于考古的节目吗？他在干什么？为什么在谈论他如何成为学术界的弃儿。你说得对，这本该是一个关于考古的节目，但从一开始你就会注意到，这个节目的实际内容是格雷厄姆·汉考克铺垫他要讨论大家有多不喜欢他。这是一个你会在整个系列几乎每一分钟都能看到的主题。

And the best way to put it is this. Graham Hancock is more concerned with being a martyr than having his beliefs be accepted. Now, right off the bat, he does admit that he is not a scientist or an archaeologist, which I do appreciate him doing. But also, I think it leaves a bad taste in our mouths for when we imagine someone who isn't amateur at anything. I completely agree with him. I don't think that you should need a degree in order to be an archaeologist. Being passionate and conducting your own research is not something that should be synonymous with spitting in the face of professionals.

最好的表达方式是这样的：格雷厄姆·汉考克更关心当个殉道者，而不是让他的观点被接受。他确实承认自己不是科学家或考古学家，这一点我很欣赏。但是，这可能让我们对那些并非业余爱好者的人感到反感。我完全同意他的看法，我认为你不需要一个学位才能成为考古学家。有热情并进行自己的研究不应该被视为对专业人士的不尊重。

Now, pretty quickly into the episode, he gives us his thesis. There was a loss, advanced civilization, at the end of the last ice age. And he immediately tells you how much he really truly believes in this by going on to say that this idea is upsetting to the mainstream archaeologists. The experts who he says insist that only simple hunter gatherers existed at the end of the last ice age. And that because he has these feelings, he is enemy number one to archaeologists. Now, Graham Hancock, I assure you, you are not enemy number one to archaeologists. If you've ever seen any of the Indiana Jones movies, you know who enemy number one is to archaeologists. And I hope you're not one of those guys.

现在，在节目开始不久，他就提出了他的论点：在上一个冰河期结束时，曾存在一个失落的先进文明。他立刻表示他对此深信不疑，并提到这个观点让主流考古学家感到不安。他说，这些专家坚持认为，在上一个冰河期结束时，世上只存在简单的狩猎采集者。因为有这样的观点，他认为自己成了考古学家的头号敌人。不过，格雷厄姆·汉考克，我可以向你保证，你并不是考古学家的头号敌人。如果你看过任何一部《夺宝奇兵》电影，你就知道谁才是考古学家的头号敌人。我希望你不是那种人。

Now, as he gets the ball rolling here, he really wants to set the tone for what his opposition believes. He is trying to press this idea that archaeologists think that hunter gatherers were these simple people who couldn't really do anything. Which is the most foolish thing I have ever heard in my entire life. Throughout the course of this show, it becomes abundantly clear that Graham Hancock has been spoken to an archaeologist in about 30 years. The hunter gatherer period of human history is one of the most complex points in my opinion, and one that no one belittles to that extent. This is a way of thinking that was common in 1965. But if you talk to anyone who actually studies this in the last 40 years, no one would ever tell you that they are simple hunter gatherers.

现在，当他开始推动事情发展时，他确实想为他的对手设定一种信念。他试图强调这样一种观点，即考古学家认为狩猎采集者是一些不能真正做任何事情的简单人。而这是我此生听过的最愚蠢的事情。在这个节目的进程中，非常明显的是，Graham Hancock大约已经30年没有和考古学家交流过了。在我看来，人类历史上的狩猎采集时期是最复杂的阶段之一，没有人会把它轻视到那种程度。这种思维方式在1965年时很常见。但如果你去问过去40年来实际研究过这方面的人，没有人会告诉你他们只是简单的狩猎采集者。

But after complaining about the arrogant and patronizing attitudes of mainstream academia, he finally gets into the episode. For episode one, Graham Hancock takes us to Gunung Padong in Indonesia. Gunung Padong is a terrorist mountaintop made out of columnar basalt slabs, and it's a truly beautiful site. This is one of the first times I've seen it ever actually spotlighted in a real documentary, dare I say. And it's really wonderful to know that this spectacular site is something which is now available to a wider audience. It's just a shame that it's presented like this.

但在抱怨主流学术界的傲慢和居高临下的态度之后，他终于进入了这一集。在第一集中，Graham Hancock 带我们来到了印度尼西亚的Gunung Padong。Gunung Padong 是由柱状玄武岩石板构成的山顶遗址，确实是一个非常美丽的地方。这可能是我第一次在真正的纪录片中看到它被如此详细地展示。我很高兴知道这个壮观的遗址现在可以被更广泛的观众所了解。只不过遗憾的是，它的呈现方式令人失望。

Firstly, Graham Hancock marvels at how large the stones are. He claims that there are about 50,000 stones at Gunung Padong. Each one of them weighing about one third of a ton. That's a lot, right? One third of a ton? It says ton. It's gotta be big. Oh, all right. That camera's offline. You're gonna just have to deal with it. Now, a third of a ton is about 600 pounds. Sounds a lot less impressive when you say it like that, isn't it? Now, don't get me wrong. 600 pounds is still stupidly heavy, but considering the heaviest deadlift ever was like 1100 pounds, you'd probably just need a couple strong dudes to be able to move one of those. If you were really ambitious, you probably wouldn't even need wheels for it or a pulley system.

首先，格雷厄姆·汉考克对这些石头的巨大感到惊叹。他声称在巽他巴东大约有五万块石头。每块石头重约三分之一吨。这真不少，对吧？三分之一吨，听起来很大。哦，好吧，那台摄像头不在线，你只能自己想象了。三分之一吨大约是600磅。用这种方式说出来，听起来好像没有那么令人印象深刻，对吧？不过，别误会，600磅仍然非常重。但考虑到有史以来最重的硬拉重量大约是1100磅，你可能只需要几个力气大的人就能搬动这些石头。如果真有雄心壮志的话，可能甚至都不需要轮子或者滑轮系统。

To put this number into a little bit more perspective, the blocks of the great pyramid of Giza are about two and a half tons each. You like that? That's pretty good, right? The Moai heads on Easter Island weigh about 15 tons each. I don't think I can draw Moai. Wait a second. 15 tons each. And the stones at Stonehenge weigh a absolutely insane 25 tons. No, I promise I'm not just trying to dunk on the people who built Gunung Padong because I'm sure that moving 600 pound pieces of columnar basalt is no small feat. But Graham Hancock is trying to use a tactic here where he makes this sound way more impressive than it actually is so that you're almost grasping for a reason to justify it in your head as if it couldn't have happened unless there's some miraculous conclusion. But no, around this time people were working with enormous stones, these people would have been capable of doing it too. Let's keep going.

为了更容易理解这个数字，我们可以参考一些著名建筑。例如，吉萨大金字塔的石块每块大约重两吨半。你觉得这个怎么样？相当不错，对吧？复活节岛的摩艾石像每个大约重15吨。我觉得画不出来摩艾石像。等一下，每个15吨。而巨石阵的石块重达25吨，简直疯狂。我不是为了贬低建造Gunung Padong的人，毕竟搬运600磅重的柱状玄武岩也绝非小事。但Graham Hancock在这里使用了一种策略，将这件事说得比实际更令人印象深刻，让你几乎在脑海中寻找理由去解释它，仿佛这不可能发生，除非有什么奇迹般的结论。但事实是，那时候的人们已经在使用巨石，他们也有能力做到这一点。让我们继续。

Now, the first layer of this site is dated to around 500 BC. And the second layer dates to around 5200 BC. Now, if this date is proven to be correct, that means that this site would be a staggering 10,000 years old. And you know what? I'm totally here for it. Absolutely. Graham Hancock then goes on to say that there is no evidence that at this time the people of this area were anything other than simple hunter gatherers. Well, I gotta say, if they built that, apparently not. It's ironic that he speaks like he's trying to dismantle the idea that hunter gatherers were simple and primitive, but without that preconception, his idea completely falls apart.

这个遗址的第一层可以追溯到公元前500年，而第二层可以追溯到公元前5200年。如果这些日期被证明正确，那么这个遗址将有令人惊叹的1万年历史。知道吗？我完全支持这个观点。格雷厄姆·汉考克接着说，没有证据表明当时这个地区的人们是除了简单的狩猎采集者之外的其他身份。但是，我想说的是，如果他们能建造这个遗址，他们显然不简单。他的说法很讽刺，因为他试图打破狩猎采集者简单原始的观念，但没有这种先入之见，他的观点就站不住脚。

He wants you to believe that archaeologists think that hunter gatherers weren't capable of doing anything like this because once you accept the reality that they were capable of doing stuff like this, then this isn't a mystery anymore. Hello, Louis. Do you have anything to say to the people? Oh, I know. You're the reason I have to use a lint roller every time I go and set Louis. I hope you're proud of yourself. You get a little cameo in every video. Now, he also says that these columnar basalt stones are cut. It was a little thing, but I felt the need to include it because it's wrong. They didn't cut the columnar basalt; columnar basalt cracks. It comes in these like massive pillars, but now is when we get into my favorite part of this episode.

他想让你相信，考古学家认为狩猎采集者不可能做出这样的事情，因为一旦你接受了他们有能力做这些事情的事实，这就不再是一个谜了。你好，Louis。你有什么话想对大家说吗？哦，我知道。每次我要去坐Louis的时候，都得用粘毛器清理，我希望你为此感到自豪。你在每个视频里都有小小的亮相。他还提到这些柱状玄武岩石是被切割的。虽然这是一件小事，但我觉得有必要指出来，因为这是错误的。柱状玄武岩不是被切割的，而是自然开裂形成的，看起来就像巨大的石柱。现在，我们要进入本集我最喜欢的部分了。

Pyramids, you love them. You hate them. You can film with mummies or you can film with bass pro shops merch. So it's important that we write down what Graham Hancock's definition of a pyramid is because it's very important. A series of terraces that rises to a summit. The Graham Hancock dictionary definition of a pyramid. Now, the reason that I bring up this quote is because this quote is going to be very useful in like two episodes. So please write this one down because it will be on the test. Because of this definition, Graham Hancock qualifies Gunung Padong as being a pyramid.

金字塔，你爱它们，也恨它们。你可以拍摄关于木乃伊的影片，也可以用钓具店的商品来拍摄。因此，写下格雷厄姆·汉考克对金字塔的定义是很重要的，因为这非常重要。根据格雷厄姆·汉考克的字典，对金字塔的定义是：一系列的阶地升到一个顶点。提到这个定义的原因是，它将在大约两集后非常有用。请务必记下来，因为这会在考试中出现。根据这个定义，格雷厄姆·汉考克认为龟龙帕登是一个金字塔。

Now, let's have a look at Gunung Padong. That doesn't look like a pyramid to me. That looks like a terraced hill, but I guess if a series of terraces is part of your definition of a pyramid, then sure, it's a pyramid. It's at this point when Graham Hancock brings up something very mysterious. A secret chamber. This is what the liberal media doesn't want you to know about. Beneath the ruins of Gunung Padong, there is some sort of cavity which can be seen on ground penetrating radar.

现在，让我们来看一下Gunung Padong。在我看来，这并不像一座金字塔，更像是一座阶梯式的山丘。不过，如果你将一系列的阶梯也算作金字塔的一部分，那它确实可以被看作金字塔。在这个时候，Graham Hancock提到了一件非常神秘的事情：一个秘密的房间。这就是自由派媒体不想让你知道的。在Gunung Padong的遗址下面，有一种可以通过地面穿透雷达看到的空洞。

So what is it? Is it a burial chamber? Is it full of treasure? Is it the lost city of Atlantis? I'd be willing to put my money on it is none of those things. And the reason why is a little detail which Graham Hancock conveniently leaves out of his documentary. The astute view can probably already put it together. You know that Gunung Padong is built out of Kalener Basalt. You know the environment in which Kalener Basalt is formed. Gunung Padong is on a volcano. Now, what happens inside of volcanoes? Lava tubes.

那么，这到底是什么呢？是个墓穴吗？里面装满了宝藏吗？是失落的亚特兰蒂斯城吗？我敢打赌都不是。原因在于一个Graham Hancock在他的纪录片中故意忽略的小细节。敏锐的观众可能已经察觉到了。你知道Gunung Padong是由火山玄武岩建成的。你也知道火山玄武岩形成的环境。Gunung Padong就在一座火山上。那么，火山内部会有什么呢？岩浆隧道。

Lava tubo. How did I manage to do that? Lava tubo. Lava tubes, chambers, all this stuff. It all happens inside of volcanoes. And because Gunung Padong is built on top of a volcano, I would be willing to bet that that mysterious chamber, which is far below the level of the pyramid, is probably a lava tube. Now, again, I don't know. I am not going to sit here and claim that I know what it is. Because who knows? Maybe it is the lost city of Atlantis.

熔岩隧道。我是怎么做到的呢？熔岩隧道。熔岩隧道、洞室，这些东西都是在火山内部发生的。因为Gunung Padong是建在一座火山上，我敢打赌，那神秘的洞室，深埋在金字塔之下，很可能是一个熔岩隧道。不过，我并不确定。我不会在这里声称我知道那是什么。因为谁知道呢？也许那是失落的亚特兰蒂斯城。

But my point is you can't try and wrap this thing in mystery when there is a very logical reason that it probably isn't a lost, you know, chamber. There's a little saying that I think is going to be very important throughout this series. If you hear hooves, think horses not zebras. So if you see a chamber underground on a volcano, think lava tube, not secret place where they're hiding the true city that was once there 12,800 years ago by the lost civilization that conquered the entire world.

但我的意思是，当有一个非常合乎逻辑的理由时，你不能试图把这个事情弄得神秘兮兮的，很可能这不是一个失落的密室。有一句小谚语，我认为在整个系列中会非常重要：如果你听到马蹄声，想的是马而不是斑马。所以如果你在火山地下看到一个空腔，考虑一下它可能是熔岩管，而不是他们隐藏着曾经在12,800年前征服了整个世界的失落文明的真正城市的秘密场所。

But I'm looking for evidence for it. You think it goes back and do a rhetoric about how nobody thinks that hunter gatherers would be able to build this, which is stupid. But then we get into the smash hit part of this episode. The part where he claims that in a core sample of drilling, they found evidence that there is a layer of this pyramid which dates back to 24,000 years ago, making it nearly twice as old as the next oldest megalithic structure on earth.

这段话简单来说是：我在寻找证据。你认为回头看看那些关于没人认为狩猎采集者能建造这种东西的说法很荒谬，但那并不重要。接下来到了本集炙手可热的部分。他声称，在一个钻探的岩芯样本中，他们发现了证据，显示金字塔有一层可以追溯到24,000年前，这使其几乎比地球上第二古老的巨石结构要老一倍。

Do I doubt that they found a layer which is dated to 24,000 years? Not in the slightest. Do I know if it's a cultural layer or not where there is anyone actually living? I have no idea because they never talk about it. The wonderful thing about dating material is that at least with radio carbon dating, which I presume is what they did here, you can do with any natural material, meaning that it doesn't need to be something that was modified by people at any point.

我怀疑他们找到了一个距今24,000年的地层吗？一点也不怀疑。我知道这是否是一个有人居住的文化层吗？我不知道，因为他们从未谈论过这个。对材料进行年代测定的好处之一是，至少就放射性碳年代测定法而言（我猜他们用的就是这种方法），你可以对任何天然材料进行测定，这意味着这些材料不需要是曾被人类改造过的东西。

But now let's say that they did honor a cultural layer that was dated to 24,000 years ago. They never tell us what was in this cultural layer which would literally be the most important piece of evidence in proving his point. Let's say you got a mountain, it's Indonesia, the resemblance is uncanny. Then at the top you got some hunter gatherers, you know, they make their little fire, voila.

那么，现在假设他们确实承认了一个可以追溯到24,000年前的文化层。但是，他们从未告诉我们这个文化层中有什么，而这本来应该是证明他观点的最重要的证据。假设有一座山，这座山在印度尼西亚，其相似之处惊人。然后在山顶上有一些狩猎采集者，他们在那里生起小火，瞧，就是这样。

Time goes on, the hunter gatherers go away, they all die and their little cultural pile is left there. Over time vegetation grows, the mountain is covered in more and more dirt and then you get some more people who show up, who start to build with their call nervous salt layers and make their little mound on top. Then you get Graham Hancock standing at the top like that and he asks someone who drilled down and found this layer and then dated it.

随着时间的推移，狩猎采集者渐渐消失，他们都死去了，留下了他们的小文化堆。随着时间的推移，植物开始生长，山上慢慢覆盖了越来越多的泥土。然后又来了新的人，他们开始用他们所谓的“神经盐层”建造，在上面形成了另一个小山丘。然后，格雷厄姆·汉考克站在山顶，就在那里，他找到一个人进行钻探，发现了这个层，并为其进行了年代测定。

I'm going to act in good faith because I know that Graham Hancock didn't get this date because he doesn't actually do archaeology. So this had to be gathered by a real archaeologist and I would assume that they're not going to lie and would actually, you know, check their information before publishing it. So my prediction is that they found a cultural layer at that site dated to 24,000 years ago and Graham Hancock was willing to associate that site with the pyramid that is now built on top of it without realizing the fact that people really like to be on top of mountains.

我会以诚信的态度来处理这件事，因为我知道格雷厄姆·汉考克并没有给出这个日期，因为他实际上并不做考古工作。所以这个日期一定是由真正的考古学家收集的，我想他们不会撒谎，而且在发布之前一定会核实信息。所以我的预测是，他们在那个地点发现了一个距今24,000年的文化层，而格雷厄姆·汉考克愿意将该地点与现在建在上面的金字塔联系起来，而没有意识到人们实际上很喜欢待在山顶上。

Either way, I think this is a very flimsy argument to support the idea that there was a global world conquering civilization at the end of the last ice age moving swiftly along. For my next trick, Graham Hancock will go to, oh look, there he goes, want to read? Okay, sweet. Non-Modol is an archaeological site on Pompeii Island and the reason why it gets lumped into this, you know, lost civilization hypothesis so much is because it is very slightly below the water line. Graham Hancock's theory is that his lost civilization was wiped out during the younger dryest impact, the sea level rose and, you know, drowned them all off the face of the earth. However, non-Modol is a bless you. However, non-Modol is only very slightly below the water line and most of that reason is because it was built to be intentionally in the water. It is made up of a series of locks and canals and places where people were supposed to boat through.

无论如何，我认为这个论点非常脆弱，用来支持在上一次冰期末期存在一个全球征服文明的想法非常勉强。接下来，我要变个戏法看看格雷厄姆·汉考克要去哪里，哦，看，他走了，想读吗？好的，太好了。南马都尔是蓬佩伊岛上的一个考古遗址，它之所以经常被归入失落文明的假说中，是因为它略低于水线。格雷厄姆·汉考克的理论认为，他所谓的失落文明在新仙女木事件中被毁灭，海平面上升，把他们全部淹没。然而，南马都尔只略低于水线，其主要原因是它本来就被建在水中的。这个遗址由一系列水闸、运河和供人划船通过的地方组成。

No archaeologists have been able to date this site to be about 900 years old. They know this because they have gotten uranium series dating and have been able to date it with other cultural layers around the island. You know, science, 900 years old or about 1100 sea. Now, Graham Hancock has an alternative hypothesis. He claims that non-Modol is actually 12,800 years old. Now that's a big claim. We're willing to push back in the date of this construction by 12 times. So you need a lot of evidence to be able to back something like that up. So what is Graham Hancock's evidence that this site is actually 12 times older than the archaeological date? Say it is, his evidence is that it's slightly underwater and that his hypothesis would be supported better if it was older than that. But it isn't. So there's that, I guess.

没有考古学家能够将这个遗址的年代确定为大约900年前。科学家通过铀系定年法以及岛上其他文化层的年代确定了这一点。科学显示这个遗址是大约900年或约1100年建成的。然而，Graham Hancock提出了一个不同的假设。他声称南马杜尔实际上有12,800年的历史。这是一个很大的主张，相当于把这个构造的年代推前了12倍。所以需要大量的证据来支持这样的说法。那么Graham Hancock的证据是什么呢？他说这个遗址稍微在水下，他认为如果这个遗址更古老一些，这个假设会更有力，但事实并非如此。所以，这就是他的证据吧。

Now the thing that I think is the most interesting about non-Modol is, again, it's a site that not a lot of—by Louis, it's a site that not a lot of people talk about. Unless it's associated with conspiracies. The very first time that I heard of non-Modol, it was reviewing some stupid TikTok. And I didn't even know what island it was on until I did research for this video. And it was only after doing research for this video that I was actually able to learn the history of the island and the people that lived on it. Non-Modol was the seat of government for an entire empire. They were called the Souda-Ler. Souda-Ler? I don't know if I spelled that right. S-A-U-D nailed it. The Souda-Ler dynasty. And I believe they were called the Souda-Ler dynasty because the king, the monarch, was the Souda-Ler. If I'm saying any of these words wrong, please feel free to correct me.

现在，我认为关于南马都（non-Modol）最有趣的事情是，它是一个很少有人讨论的网站——除了与阴谋论相关。第一次听说南马都是在看一些无聊的TikTok视频时。当时我甚至不知道它在哪个岛上，直到我为这个视频进行了一些研究。在研究之后，我才真正了解这个岛屿及其居民的历史。南马都是一个完整帝国的政治中心，那个帝国叫做绍德雷尔（Souda-Ler）。我不确定拼写是否正确，是S-A-U-D，没错，是绍德雷尔王朝。我相信他们被称为绍德雷尔王朝是因为国王，君主，被称为绍德雷尔。如果我有任何发音错误，请随时纠正我。

Again, I only know about this site after doing research on it for this video. But anyway, non-Modol was the seat of government for, you know, this entire dynasty. The site dates to about 1180 CE, not only from archaeological data, but from the data and the stories of the people who actually live there. Just because a site was not mentioned in your archaeology textbooks does not mean that it was created by a lost civilization. The people who are descended of those who built this site still live on the island. It's just disrespectful, honestly. And it's such a shame because so many of the people who are watching this series, it's probably the first time they've heard of non-Modol. And I mean, look at it. It's fascinating. It screams to that piece of us that wants to know about the past, but the problem is it's being presented to us in a way that is masked in this pseudo-mystical bullshit.

再说一遍，我是在为这个视频做研究后才知道这个地方的。不过，无论如何，Non-Modol 是整个王朝的政府所在地。这个遗址可以追溯到大约公元1180年，这不仅根据考古数据，还结合了当地居民的故事和记录。仅仅因为一个遗址没有在你的考古教科书中提到，并不意味着它是由失落的文明创造的。那些建造这个遗址的人们的后代仍然生活在这个岛上。老实说，这种忽视是对他们的不尊重。很遗憾的是，观看这个系列节目的许多人可能是第一次听说 Non-Modol。看看它，太迷人了，它激发了我们内心想要了解过去的那一部分，但问题在于它被以一种伪神秘的胡言乱语给展现出来。

And it's so frustrating that the first time people hear about this, it is not being presented factually. It's not being presented by those who are actually responsible for building it and telling their stories and telling the truth and the facts of the site. Okay. Tone it down. We're doing this respectfully. Respectfully. Well on camera. Now Graham Hancock actually ends this episode with a phenomenal point. Goodness knows what has been lost to rising sea levels. And Graham, you are absolutely right. Because for most of human history, the sea level has been drastically lower and being a species that likes to build our nests alongside coastal areas, a lot of those have been lost.

这是如此让人沮丧，人们第一次听到这些事情时，它并没有以真实的方式呈现。那些真正负责建造它并讲述他们的故事、说出事实真相的人没有机会来呈现这些信息。好的，我们要冷静处理。我们是在以尊重的方式进行这个讨论。在镜头前，Graham Hancock在本集的最后提出了一个非常精彩的观点。天晓得有多少东西因为海平面上升而消失。Graham，你完全正确。因为在人类历史的大部分时间里，海平面都低得多，而作为一个喜欢在沿海地区筑巢的物种，许多这样的地方都已经消失了。

Graham Hancock expresses his dismay towards archaeologists no longer doing research and potentially finding more about these underground chambers or other historical aspects of the site. But this is frankly a bit of a foolish thing to say. To blame archaeologists for not continuing this work is like blaming construction workers for not fixing potholes. It's frankly not up to them. Every single one of us has to answer to someone higher up. Every single one of us is at the whim and the mercy of however much funding we get. So Graham, if you truly are frustrated by how little digging archaeologists get to do, welcome to the club. But I do hear that you just came across a pretty penny from a particular Netflix deal. So if you're willing to fund a dig, Graham Hancock, I'd be willing to lead it. I know you already have my email, so feel free to respond when you're ready to launch.

Graham Hancock 对于考古学家不再进行研究，无法更多地了解这些地下室或该遗址的其他历史方面表示失望。然而，这样的说法实在有些不明智。责怪考古学家不继续这项工作，就像责怪建筑工人不去修补路面坑洼一样。这实际上不是他们能决定的。我们每个人都要听命于比自己职位更高的人，我们每个人都受限于所能获得的经费。所以，Graham，如果你真因为考古学家挖掘工作少而感到沮丧，欢迎加入我们的阵营。不过我听说你刚从一项Netflix协议中赚了一笔不小的钱。如果你愿意为一次发掘提供资金，Graham Hancock，我愿意带队。我知道你有我的邮箱地址，所以，当你准备好启动时，请随时联系。

Graham Hancock ends this episode by saying that we are a species with amnesia, referring to the fact that we have lost or forgotten a huge chapter of our history. It's a compelling claim and one that he will spend the next seven episodes working to back up. That is the end of episode one. The ladies and gentlemen believe me when I say that we are just getting started. Whoa, Milo, that jacket is awesome. I can hear you saying from through the computer screen, you know it is awesome. It's awesome and distracting. So distracting, you probably didn't even notice that I'm here to give you an ad read. I want to wear this again. Oh my god, the inside of it is like fully gold. Oh yeah, that's so much better.

Graham Hancock在这一集的结尾说，我们是一个失忆的物种，指的是我们遗失或遗忘了很大一部分历史。这是一个引人注目的说法，也是他在接下来的七集中将努力证明的观点。这是第一集的结束。各位先生女士，相信我，当我说我们才刚刚开始的时候。哇，Milo，那件夹克真是太棒了。我仿佛通过电脑屏幕听到你在说，它真是太棒了。这么棒的夹克让人分心，你可能甚至没有注意到我正在给你介绍一个广告。我想再穿一次。天哪，它的里面竟然全部是金色的。哦，对，这好多了。

Are you kidding me? Because today's bludger is ground news. Are you sick of the news? Are you sick of all the clickbait and the terrible articles and the immense biases everywhere you look? Yeah? Well, welcome to America, baby. The problem with news is that it is manipulative of algorithms. It tries to take advantage of the things that you look at and just tries to feed you more of it. And considering that the whole thing I do here is try and talk about facts. I'm sure you know how I feel about only being fed one opinion. But that is why I like ground news so much. They are the first news comparison platform, meaning that they are providing you with a truly unbiased look at, well, all the news. Ground news will show you multiple news articles on the same topic from different sources.

你在开玩笑吗? 因为今天的Bludger是Ground News。你厌倦新闻了吗? 厌倦了那些诱导点击的标题、糟糕的文章以及无处不在的严重偏见吗? 是吗? 欢迎来到美国，伙计。新闻的问题在于它利用算法进行操控，它试图利用你的浏览偏好，只是不断给你推送更多类似的内容。考虑到我的工作是讨论事实，我相信你明白我对只听到一种观点的感受。这就是为什么我非常喜欢Ground News。他们是第一个新闻对比平台，意味着他们真正为你提供了一个没有偏见的新闻视角。Ground News会展示多个来源关于同一主题的多篇新闻文章。

It will also indicate the biases into which these sources lie, allowing you to be able to understand if you are being fed a bias source, say, balance source or a bias source in the other direction. Now ground news is great because they give you your classic news feed and all that. But one of the things that I personally really love about is looking at a very politically polarizing topic and seeing how all sides of the political spectrum are reporting on it. It never ceases to amaze me how well different political parties can change a news headline to fit their agenda. But ground news isn't only for the US. They offer international news, which is one of my favorite things because I know this is hard to believe, but there are other countries out there.

这段文字的大意是：这也会显示出这些来源中存在的偏见，使你能够理解你是否在接收有偏见的信息，比如是一个平衡的来源还是一个向另一方向偏见的来源。而Ground News的优点在于，它提供了经典新闻推送以及其他内容。我个人非常喜欢的一点是，当遇到一个具有政治争议的话题时，可以观察各个政治立场如何报道它。看到不同政党能够多么巧妙地改变新闻标题以契合其议程，总是让我感到惊讶。但Ground News不仅仅服务于美国，它还提供国际新闻，这是我特别喜欢的，因为虽然难以置信，但确实还有其他国家。

And by allowing its users to customize their feeds, I have customized my feed to have not only United States news, but also international news. Again, I'll cover it from different sides of the political spectrum. I personally found that this allows me to just drop better conclusions as to what's going on in the world around me. And it also allows me to be able to spot when I hear other people whose opinions seem to lean towards one side, even though they say that they're unbiased. And it really goes to show just how much unbiased news really does lean in one direction or another. So if you are looking for a better way to get your news, then look no further than this link. A link that is also in the description.

通过允许用户自定义信息流，我已经将我的信息流设置为不仅包含美国新闻，还包括国际新闻。我会从不同的政治观点来关注这些新闻。我个人发现，这样能让我更好地了解世界上发生的事情。此外，这也让我更容易察觉到，当我听到其他人声称自己没有偏见，但意见似乎偏向一边时的矛盾之处。这确实显示了那些所谓的“无偏见”新闻实际上也会倾向于某个方向。因此，如果你希望找到更好的方式获取新闻，请查看这个链接。链接也在描述中提供。

There is a free version of ground news or you can get the subscription version, which gets you access to all the, you know, fancy frills. But needless to say, ground news has the endorsement of Cool Jacket Milo. Once again, I'd like to thank ground news for sponsoring this video. You can check them out with the link in my description. And now let's get right back into it. All right, open your textbooks to chapter. Where the hell is it? Chapter 2. Let's make this happen. It begins with Graham Hancock saying, could we have forgotten our own story? I am Graham Hancock and archaeologists hate me for trying to find out.

有免费的Ground News版本，你也可以订阅付费版本，这样就能享有所有额外的特权。不过不用说，Ground News得到了Cool Jacket Milo的认可。再次感谢Ground News赞助这个视频。你可以通过我的视频描述中的链接查看他们。现在让我们回到正题。好，打开你们的课本，呃，在哪里来着？第二章。让我们开始吧。它以Graham Hancock的话开头：“我们会不会忘记了自己的故事？”我是Graham Hancock，考古学家们都讨厌我，因为我在试图寻找答案。

No, Graham, archaeologists don't hate you for trying to find out. They hate you because you're a whiny little bitch. No, Graham Hancock, nobody hates you. As I mentioned in episode one, it is interesting that he starts off every single one of his episodes and trying to make himself seem like a pariah. I think he's trying to make it come across in some way that he's some upstanding, you know, presenter of the truth. It doesn't really come across like that, though. It comes across as just being a little bit more childish.

不，Graham，考古学家们并不是因为你想要探索真相而讨厌你。他们讨厌你是因为你总是爱抱怨。其实，没有人真正讨厌你。就像我在第一集中提到的那样，有趣的是，他在每一集开头都试图让自己看起来像个被排斥者。我觉得他是想以某种方式展示自己是个讲述真相的正直主持人。但结果并没有达到这种效果，反而让他显得有些幼稚。

Anyway, that's neither here nor there. In this episode, Graham Hancock is taking us to the great pyramid of Chalua. No, as I was putting together this episode, I was, you know, working on scripting a whole thing to tell you about the great pyramid of Chalua. And then I was like, I am not qualified enough to give you the full rundown of it. But I do know someone who is.

无论如何，这都不太重要。在这一集里，格雷厄姆·汉考克将带我们去了解查卢拉大金字塔。事实上，当我在准备这一集的时候，我本来打算为你们整理一个完整的脚本，来详细介绍查卢拉大金字塔。但我意识到自己并没有足够的资格来全面解说。不过我确实认识一个有资格的人。

Hello, Dr. McAfryty, can you hear me? Oh, there. Well, I'm an emeritus professor from the University of Calgary. I have a Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Binghamton. And much of my career has been focused on questions about the culture history of Chalua, Mexico, about 25 years ago when I followed migration stories about indigenous populations leaving Chalua and going to Nicaragua. And so most of my recent archaeological work has been in the Pacific area of Nicaragua, along the shore of the lakes, looking for evidence of this migration and colonization in Nicaragua by people from Central Mexico, specifically from Chalua.

您好，麦克阿弗里蒂博士，您能听到我吗？哦，在这儿。嗯，我是卡尔加里大学的荣誉教授，拥有纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校的博士学位。我职业生涯的大部分时间都致力于研究有关墨西哥查卢瓦文化历史的问题。大约25年前，我开始研究有关查卢瓦的原住民人口迁移到尼加拉瓜的故事。因此，我最近的大部分考古工作都是在尼加拉瓜的太平洋地区进行的，特别是在湖泊沿岸，寻找来自中部墨西哥，特别是查卢瓦地区的人们迁移和定居的证据。

Well, tell me a little bit more about Chalua. I guess, give me a little bit of your, you know, your history synopsis. Okay. Chalua is continuously occupied for about 3,000 years. The earliest archaeological evidence we have dates to about 1,000 before the common era. Earliest evidence of monumental construction dates to about 500 before the common era. And that pyramid continued to expand with subsequent layers, well, like one over the top of the enough of another, pretty much up until the present. So there is a major Catholic church on top of the pyramid that was built in the 18th century. And it continues to be an important pilgrimage center.

好的，告诉我更多关于Chalua的信息。我想请你简单介绍一下它的历史。Chalua大约有3,000年的连续有人居住的历史。根据考古证据，我们最早可以追溯到公元前1,000年。最早的大型建筑证据可以追溯到公元前500年。而那个金字塔不断扩建，一层层叠加，一直延续到现在。因此，在18世纪，人们在金字塔顶上建了一个主要的天主教教堂。直到现在，这里仍然是一个重要的朝圣中心。

That's amazing. So you say that the oldest evidence of this site, the oldest history goes back to about 500 years. What is the oldest datable material record that you guys have found at the site? Dates to about 500 BC at the common era. Yes, we based that on ceramics that we can use for relative dating as well as radio carbon dating. And the oldest radio carbon date that we have from Chalua currently is about 800 BCE.

太棒了。你说这个遗址的最早证据可以追溯到大约500年前。那么，你们在这个遗址发现的最早可以确切年代的材料是什么呢？可以追溯到公元前约500年。是的，我们是基于陶器进行相对年代测定和放射性碳年代测定的。而目前我们从Chalua遗址得到的最早的放射性碳年代测定结果大约是公元前800年。

Wow, that's amazing. In the ancient apocalypse show, Graham Hancock implies that the history of the site may be far older than is currently agreed upon. What would you have to say to this claim? Well, far older is a rather big term. How old is he talking about? I know he's wanting to push things back to 12,000 BC. The human occupation far back in Chalua itself. There are some remains that have been found in the basin of Mexico. For example, a woolly mammoth butchering site has some pretty early dates. But these are hunter gatherers that were basically hunting big game. And there's limited information about that.

哇，这太神奇了。在《远古末日》节目中，格雷厄姆·汉考克暗示，该遗址的历史可能比目前公认的要古老得多。对此你有什么看法？确实，“古老得多”是个很大的说法。他指的是多古老呢？我知道他想把时间推到公元前12000年。恰卢阿本身人类活动的历史可以追溯到很远。墨西哥盆地确实发现了一些遗迹，比如说一个猛犸象屠宰场的遗址其日期非常早。但这些是以狩猎大型动物为生的狩猎采集者，相关信息也很有限。

Chalua itself was located on the shore of a shallow lake or a lagoon. And it would have been a likely spot for big game to have been there. So is it confirmed that there would have been some sort of human presence in Mexico around that 12,000 years ago date? Because I know that we, you know, recently with discoveries like the White Sands, footprints and whatnot, we've been able to trace the population of North America back, you know, 23,000 years or some odd. So is it correct to assume that there were people in this area at the time? However, they just weren't creating these enormous structures as Graham Hancock sees to imply.

Chalua 位于一个浅湖或泻湖的岸边。这个地方可能曾经是大型野兽活动的地方。那么，是否可以确认大约在12,000年前的那个时间点，墨西哥曾经有人类存在？因为我知道，最近随着像怀特桑兹脚印等发现，我们已经能够追溯北美人口的历史到大约23,000年前左右。那么是否可以合理推断当时在这个地区有人类活动？但他们只是不像格雷厄姆·汉考克所暗示的那样建造巨大的结构。

That's correct. There were certainly people there and now you mentioned that Chalua is built along the remains of an ancient lake shore. Do you believe that that is the reason why Chalua was located where it was or is there some other sort of significance of this site that is theorized why people began to build here? Well, I think that the ecological setting was very important. I think it was an area with an abundance of plants and animals.

没错。那里确实有人居住，现在你提到了Chalua是沿着古代湖岸遗址建造的。你认为这就是Chalua选址在那里的原因吗，还是有人提出其他关于这个地方的重要意义来解释人们为什么开始在这里建造？嗯，我认为生态环境非常重要。我觉得那是一个植物和动物都很丰富的地区。

Why the pyramid was built where it is. We've got a couple of lines of evidence to go with that. The pyramid was built over the top of a spring. And so water bubbles up from its base. Currently, there is a well that has been built going down from the side of the pyramid down into the water table. Also, the pyramid was built on an orientation. So it faces the setting sun at some solstice. So essentially that would be the longest day of the year. And as the pyramid grew up, it would have been illuminated with the last rays of the sun on the longest day of the year. It probably was some solar worship functions to it.

金字塔为什么建在这里？我们有几条证据可以支持这一点。首先，金字塔是建在一个泉水的上方，所以水从底部冒出来。目前，有一口井从金字塔的侧面向下延伸到地下水位。此外，金字塔的方向也经过特别设计，它面向某个至日（即太阳位置达到极点的日子）的落日。因此，在这一年中最长的一天，金字塔会被最后的阳光照亮。这可能与某种太阳崇拜有关。

Wow, that's amazing. Throughout the course of the show, there's some evidence that Graham Hancock gives that comes from primary documents. What is the written records of this site like? Whether it be from indigenous authors or whether it be from Spanish colonizers? Well, especially relating to the so-called Chalua massacre of 1519, there are many different accounts. So about a dozen, some written in Spanish, some written in the Aztec language, and some simply depictions in the pictographic style of the Native peoples. So we have good information about that. But we also have a number of Spanish chroniclers, and they were using indigenous informants to fill out the ancient history. So we have actual accounts as well as myths that were reported.

哇，这真是太神奇了。在节目的过程中，Graham Hancock提供了一些来自原始文献的证据。那么，关于这个遗址的书面记录是怎样的呢？无论是来自土著作者还是西班牙殖民者，尤其是与1519年所谓的查卢亚大屠杀有关的记录，都有很多不同的描述。大约有十几个记录，有些是用西班牙语写的，有些是用阿兹特克语言写的，还有一些是用当地土著的象形文字绘制的。因此，我们掌握了关于这件事的丰富信息。同时，我们也有一些西班牙编年史家，他们利用土著的消息来源来补充古代历史。因此，我们既有实际的记述，也有流传下来的神话故事。

One of the things that we that we have from from Chalua is an account of the building of the pyramid, which occurred in sort of the third age of man, the chronicler, Ishtel and Sochi, who wrote that there were five different sons or ages in the history of Mexico. And during the third age, the great pyramids were being built. Ishtel, Sochi, who describes these as being built by a race of giants, Quiname, Tenime. Sort of out of that comes another tradition of a giant known as Chalua. And this is the one that Hancock was referring to.

我们从查卢亚（Chalua）得到了关于金字塔建造的记录，这发生在所谓人类的第三时代。记录者伊什特尔和索奇提到，墨西哥历史上有五个不同的太阳或时代。在第三时代，大金字塔正在建造。伊什特尔和索奇描述这些金字塔是由一种被称为Quiname, Tenime的巨人族建造的。在这个故事中，另外一个关于巨人的传统也出现了，这个巨人被称为查卢亚（Chalua）。汉考克提到的正是这个故事。

In fact, the story of Chalua's dates to the 19th century. So about 400 years after the conquest and has relatively little historical grounding. Really? So do we know where this story arose from? Is this a misinterpretation of an older story or is it a complete fabrication? Well, it seems to be a conglomeration of several different stories. And probably ultimately based on these Quiname, Tenime, but the name Chalua that Hancock was using really has no basis.

事实上，Chalua 的故事可以追溯到19世纪。因此，这个故事大概出现在征服后的400年，并没有太多的历史依据。真的吗？那么我们知道这个故事的起源吗？这是对更古老故事的误解，还是完全是捏造的呢？嗯，这似乎是几个不同故事的集合，并且可能最终基于Quiname和Tenime这些传说，但Hancock所使用的Chalua这个名字实际上没有依据。

However, in the later 20th century, people were trying to sort of reinvent this tradition. And so there is a statue in Chalua dedicated to Chalua. And although while we were filming the program, I explained to Hancock that it had relatively little historical significance. He insisted on going there and making a filming that, including that in the program. This is a modern statue that was made of Chalua, who Hancock was claiming was the giant that built the pyramid.

然而，在20世纪后期，人们试图重新发掘这一传统。因此，在查鲁瓦有一座献给查鲁瓦的雕像。虽然在拍摄节目时，我向汉考克解释说，这座雕像的历史意义不大，但他坚持要去那里拍摄，并将其纳入节目。这是一个现代制作的雕像，汉考克声称查鲁瓦是建造金字塔的巨人。

Wow, that is such an interesting piece of context there. Because I think that a theme that we see reoccur through this show is the idea that archaeologists and anthropologists are opposed to the idea of analyzing folklore as holding some sort of truth behind it. As a professional archaeologist, what is your opinion on using folklore within your field? Well, I think we have to use everything we can, but with a critical eye. Obviously, histories in the past, as well as in the present, are written with a specific purpose in mind. Sometimes it is to glorify the victors, sometimes to glorify some other element or to integrate certain characteristics. We just have to be very critical of that.

哇，这真是一个有趣的背景信息。因为我认为我们在这个节目中反复看到的一个主题是，考古学家和人类学家往往反对将民间传说分析为蕴含某种真实的想法。作为一名专业考古学家，您对在您的领域中运用民间传说有什么看法？嗯，我认为我们必须利用一切可以利用的东西，但要保持批判性眼光。显然，无论是过去还是现在的历史，都是带着特定目的写成的。有时是为了美化胜利者，有时是为了美化其他某些元素或者融入某些特征。对此我们必须非常批判性地看待。

There's nuggets out there that are important. And these stories can add some life to the stories that we try to tell. Absolutely. Very well said. I like that. How do you feel about the way that archaeology as a field was portrayed throughout the series, ancient apocalypse? Well, there's been a lot of debate about that. And the Society for American Archaeology, among others, has written letters to Netflix saying that it was not a balanced presentation. I see that Graham recently responded to that as well. So the debate goes on. I was pleased to have the opportunity to go on the show and talk about Chalua. Partly because I'm setting up a new project. We hope to be starting later this month.

外面有一些非常重要的信息，而这些故事能为我们试图讲述的内容增添活力。绝对没错，非常精准的表达。我很喜欢这样的看法。你觉得整个系列片《远古启示》中对考古学这一领域的呈现方式如何？对此一直有很多争议。美国考古学会等机构曾写信给Netflix，指出这不是一种平衡的呈现。我看到Graham最近对此也做出了回应。所以，讨论仍在继续。我很高兴能有机会参加这个节目并谈论Chalua，部分原因是我正在启动一个新项目，希望能在本月晚些时候开始。

And to get a free ticket to go to Chalua and talk to my colleagues was a, you know, was nice. Absolutely. At the time that Netflix contacted me, they asked if I would be interested in discussing the great pyramid of Chalua. And they didn't tell me that it was Graham Hancock that was going to be involved. Really? It was only after I had agreed. They said, oh, by the way, this is how this is going to go down. That's interesting. And they did it very hesitantly because there is quite a bit of friction between the archaeological establishment and Hancock and other pseudo-archeology practitioners.

为了去Chalua，与我的同事们交流获得一张免费机票，这确实很不错。当时Netflix联系我，询问我是否有兴趣讨论Chalua的大金字塔。不过，他们并没有告诉我会涉及到Graham Hancock。真的，只有在我同意之后，他们才随口提到，“哦，顺便说一下，这就是事情的安排。”这很有趣。他们提起这个时显得有些犹豫，因为考古学界与Hancock及其他伪考古学者之间有相当大的分歧。

It didn't bother me. I mean, I've talked classes on what we call fringe archaeology or fantastic archaeology, things like that. And obviously Graham Hancock was part of that. I think that it's an important role for archaeologists to confront that in a reasoned fashion. There are some of us in our discipline that are a little bit more rabid about this than I am. But it's, you know, it's popular, popularizing archaeology and popularizing the past. And I think, you know, that's to all of our benefit.

这对我来说没什么困扰。我是说，我上过一些关于边缘考古学或奇幻考古学的课程，类似的内容。而显然，格雷厄姆·汉考克就是其中的一部分。我认为考古学家以理性的方式去面对这些话题是很重要的。我们学科中有些人对此比我更加激进。但你知道，这让考古学和历史变得更受欢迎。而我认为，这对我们所有人都有好处。

But I think that there are lots of good stories to tell without having to go down the rabbit hole that of Atlantis and lost civilizations that are fantastic. Yeah, I completely agree. One of the things that really stood out to me after watching the show is, you know, it really made me realize how much I would love to have seen a show that talks about all the plays that Hancock did, but in a more factual sense, I suppose. But I really commend the fact that you were, despite the fact that it was Graham Hancock conducting the interview, still willing to do this.

但我认为有很多好故事可以讲，而不必深入探讨像亚特兰蒂斯和那些奇幻的失落文明。我完全同意。在看完这个节目后，我意识到我非常希望看到一个节目，能够更真实地介绍所有汉考克参与的剧作。不过，我很佩服你，尽管是由葛瑞姆·汉考克来采访，你仍愿意参与。

Do you think that if you had known that it was Graham Hancock off the bat, you would have either gone into this with some reservations or changed your decision to conduct this interview entirely? No, no. I was happy to have the opportunity to meet him and discuss it with him. He's a charming man. I enjoyed meeting him very much. We had very good conversations. I wish we could have chatted longer.

你觉得如果一开始就知道是格雷厄姆·汉考克，你会有所保留或者干脆不进行这次采访吗？不会，不会。我很高兴能有机会见到他并和他讨论这个话题。他是个很有魅力的人。我非常享受和他见面的过程。我们的谈话很愉快。我希望我们能聊得更久一些。

He had a list of 20 questions for me. It was like taking my doctoral exams all over again. And they were good questions, and he clearly read my answers and incorporated it into what he was thinking. But once my time was done, the producer cleverly made me go to a different part of the site at which point Hancock sat down and gave his spin to it. And I didn't have any idea what that was going to, I had suspicions. But no idea what he was saying until I actually saw the program last November.

他准备了20个问题要问我。这感觉就像我又在考博士考试一样。而且这些问题都很有深度，他显然读过我的回答，并把它们融入到他的思考中。但当我的部分结束后，制片人巧妙地让我去场地的另一个地方，然后汉考克坐下来给出了他的解读。在看到去年11月播出的节目之前，我完全不知道他会怎么说，虽然我有些猜测，但还是没有确切的想法。

I was curious in watching all of the professionals who talked about the series, how much of their actual words and their opinions were truly represented throughout the show. The archaeologists from Malta, for example, seemed to be quite unhappy with the way their interviews were twisted. I felt that they did a very fair job with my interviews. I thought it came out relatively well. I wish I had had more airtime just because I want to be that much more famous.

我很好奇地观察了所有讨论这个系列的专业人士，想看看他们的真实言论和观点在节目中到底反映了多少。比如，来自马耳他的考古学家似乎对他们采访内容被曲解很不满。而我觉得他们对我的采访处理得相当公正，我个人认为效果还不错。我希望自己能有更多的出镜时间，只是因为我想变得更出名一点。

But no, I wish I had been able to have a more in-depth discussion with Mr. Hancock at the time. If you had one thing to give to anyone who has watched this show, what would you want to say to them? There are lots of civilizations out there, places that we haven't fully explored, haven't fully understood. But you don't have to drink the kool-aid to find those. There's real good archaeology out there that has exciting stories to tell.

但实际上，我希望当时我能与汉考克先生进行更深入的讨论。如果你想对观看过这个节目的观众说一句话，你会说什么？这个世界上有许多文明存在，还有很多地方我们尚未完全探索和理解。但你不需要盲从其中，因为有真正优秀的考古学正在讲述令人兴奋的故事。

And then to my archaeological colleagues, we need to get better at telling those stories, to make it as compelling as Graham Hancock's stories are. I'd like to give a massive thank you to Dr. McAfrin for agreeing to join us for this series. It's always really refreshing and exciting to talk to someone who just really knows what they're talking about. So I hope my excitement was palpable.

“然后，我要对我的考古学同事们说，我们需要更加擅长讲述那些故事，让它们像Graham Hancock的故事一样引人入胜。我要特别感谢Dr. McAfrin同意加入我们的这个系列。与真正了解他们所讨论主题的人交流总是让人感到耳目一新，非常激动。我希望大家能感受到我的兴奋之情。”

And now we get to my favorite part. Graham Hancock begins listing all the similarities between all these different pyramids. Graham Hancock shows us the pyramid of Chalula and the, I guess, Terrace Tale at Gondeng Padang or in Graham Hancock's words, the pyramid. And he makes one of the boldest claims that he makes throughout this entire series.

现在到了我最喜欢的部分。Graham Hancock 开始列举所有这些不同金字塔之间的相似之处。Graham Hancock 向我们展示了查卢拉金字塔和，我想，大概是轰登巴东的梯田，或者用 Graham Hancock 的话说，就是金字塔。他在整个系列中提出了最大胆的主张之一。

The fact that these ancient structures, whose builders supposedly had no contact with one another have so many things in common remains a mystery. No, Graham Hancock, it does not. This crops up all the time in these archaeological conspiracy theories. The idea that multiple parts of the world have pyramids and therefore must have either been, I don't know, taught by aliens or Atlanteans or there was some master plan which taught all of them how to make pyramids.

这些古代建筑有许多相似之处，而建造它们的人据说彼此之间并没有联系，这一点至今仍是个谜。格雷厄姆·汉考克，并不是这样。这种观点常在考古阴谋论中出现。有人认为，世界各地都有金字塔，因此他们可能是被外星人或亚特兰蒂斯人教导过，或者是有某个大师计划教他们如何建造金字塔。

But thankfully Graham Hancock doesn't end there. He goes on to give us a list of different pyramids that are all part of this, I guess, master plan of his. Graham Hancock's pyramid extravaganza. All right, now let's have a look at all of these pyramids. And you know, I might be thinking yourself, Miley, can't be serious. Are you telling me that this guy thinks that all of these pyramids are related to one another? Yes, that is exactly what I am telling you.

但值得庆幸的是，格雷厄姆·汉考克并没有就此打住。他继续给我们提供了一份不同金字塔的清单，这些金字塔都是他所谓的总体规划的一部分。格雷厄姆·汉考克的金字塔盛宴。好吧，现在让我们来看一下所有这些金字塔。我想，你可能在心里想，麦莉，你在开玩笑吧。你是说这个家伙认为所有这些金字塔彼此有关联？是的，我就是在这样告诉你。

But how do you know that? How do you know? Maybe he's just suggesting that there could be a master plan? Oh, well, he goes on to say, is this a coincidence? I don't think so. Which sounds a lot to me like he's saying that these things are all related to one another. So I'm going to treat it as such.

但是你怎么知道的呢？你怎么知道？也许他只是提出可能有一个整体计划？哦，他接着说，这真的是巧合吗？我不这么认为。这听起来很像他在说这些事情是相互关联的。所以我会这样来理解。

Yet again, this could be your very first archaeology class and you would need no more context to be able to tell me that those pyramids have very little in common with one another. But you may remember in the first lesson on episode one, we specifically quoted what Graham Hancock's definition of a pyramid is. And I think it would be very interesting to apply it to this list.

再一次，即使这是你的第一节考古课，你也不需要更多背景知识就能告诉我，那些金字塔之间几乎没有什么共同之处。但你可能还记得在第一节课的第一集中，我们特别引用了Graham Hancock对金字塔的定义。我认为将这个定义应用到这个列表上会非常有趣。

Jesus, I'm running out of room. A series of terraces that rises to a summit. Looks like the great pyramid of Giza isn't a pyramid then, Graham. Polariously, if we are to use Graham Hancock's definition of a pyramid, the Ziggurat at Earth, the great pyramid of Giza and the Moro pyramids would all not be pyramids. You just can't make this shit up. Now obviously I'm being a little bit facetious here. All of these are pyramids. Graham Hancock agrees that all of these are pyramids. I'm just trying to show that this definition is really really bad.

翻译如下：天啊，我快没地方写了。一系列梯田延伸到一个顶点。看起来吉萨大金字塔就不是金字塔了，格雷厄姆。如果按照格雷厄姆·汉考克对金字塔的定义，那么地球上的齐古拉、吉萨大金字塔以及莫罗金字塔都不算是金字塔。你简直不敢相信这些事情。我当然在这里有点开玩笑。这些都是真正的金字塔。格雷厄姆·汉考克也同意这些都是金字塔。我只是想说明这个定义真的非常糟糕。

But anyway, there's about a million things that are different between these. Some of them have steps to the top. Some of them don't. So what is it exactly that Graham Hancock uses to tie all of these pyramids together? Well, he says all of these period, period. He says how these pyramids are universally associated with very specific spiritual beliefs or spiritual ideas rather. From doing the air quotes, I may as well quote him correctly. Which technically is true.

不管怎样，这些之间大约有一百万种不同之处。其中一些有通往顶端的台阶，而另一些则没有。那么，格雷厄姆·汉考克用什么方法把这些金字塔联系在一起呢？他说，这些金字塔普遍与某些特定的精神信仰或精神观念相关。为了准确引用他的说法，虽然他用空气引号，但是从技术上讲，这的确是正确的。

But the problem and the thing that he doesn't say, which is the most important part of this, is that all of those spiritual beliefs are so wildly different from one another. Let me break this down. The pyramid of Giza, the Ziggurat at Earth, and the Moro pyramids are all burial structures. Each one of these pyramids was designed to have the dead in turn in it or be some sort of memorial for the deceased. Now, Kahwachi, El Tijin and Chichen Itza are all ceremonial pyramids. I don't really know what does a ceremony look like. We're going to just do the sun.

问题在于，他没有说出最重要的一点，那就是所有这些精神信仰之间有着巨大的差异。让我来解释一下。吉萨金字塔、地球上的齐古拉特塔和摩洛金字塔都是墓葬建筑。这些金字塔中的每一个都是为了安葬死者或作为纪念死者的某种形式而设计的。而卡瓦奇、埃尔蒂金和奇琴伊察则是用于举行仪式的金字塔。我并不真正知道一个仪式是什么样子的，我们就以太阳为例吧。

Kahwachi is a pyramid that was designed to make offerings in regards to agriculture. El Tijin is part of a huge ceremonial complex that includes multiple buildings and ball courts. And Chichen Itza was a sacred site for Ketsakuadil, the Mayan feathered serpent. Fun fact, Chichen Itza was actually designed so if you stand at the top and clap, it sounds like the chirping of a bird. Pretty neat. Doesn't really have anything to do with this video, but I thought I'd just.

Kahwachi 是一个金字塔，其设计目的是为了进行与农业有关的祭献。El Tijin 是一个庞大的仪式建筑群的一部分，其中包括多个建筑和球场。Chichen Itza 是玛雅羽蛇神Ketsakuadil的圣地。有趣的事实是，Chichen Itza 的设计非常巧妙，如果你站在顶端拍手，会听起来像鸟鸣声。虽然这与这个视频无关，但我觉得挺有意思，想分享一下。

Now, the astute viewer is noticing a theme here. What do the pyramid of Giza, the Ziggurat at Er and the Merot pyramids all have in common? And on the flip side, what do Kahwachi, El Tijin, and Chichen Itza all have in common? These are all in North Africa and the Near East. Interesting, isn't it? Now, I wonder if we're going to see a theme with, I don't know, the other three pyramids he chose.

现在，敏锐的观众会注意到这里有一个主题。吉萨金字塔、乌尔的齐格拉特和梅罗埃金字塔有什么共同点？另一方面，卡瓦奇、埃尔塔欣和奇琴伊察又有什么共同之处？这些都位于北非和近东地区。很有趣，不是吗？那么，我想知道我们是否会在他选择的另外三个金字塔中看到相似的主题。

Oh my god, would you look at that? South America and Central America. Wow. What do you know? You know, that seems like a pretty interesting detail that he probably should have included instead of saying just ceremonial purposes. So, yes, obviously, every single one of these pyramids was designed with a specific ritual purpose in mind, but each one of these rituals was really different from one another.

天啊，你看看这个！南美洲和中美洲。哇，这真有趣！你知道吗？他其实应该提到这个细节，而不仅仅是说用于仪式目的。所以，没错，每一座金字塔的设计都有特定的仪式用途，但每一个仪式实际上都很不一样。

So, to say that they are all the same because they are associated with similar ritual purposes is such a misleading statement. Because you can literally divide all of these into different cultural regions based on the things that they were designed to do, which again is just such a fascinating archaeological concept to look at. You can literally see how these ideas spread and disseminated through the parts of the world where they arose.

因此，仅仅因为它们与类似的仪式用途相关就说它们都是一样的，这是一个非常误导的说法。实际上，你可以根据它们被设计的用途，将所有这些物品划分到不同的文化区域。这是一个非常令人着迷的考古概念，因为你可以清楚地看到这些理念是如何在它们产生的世界各地传播和扩散的。

The fact that South America associated pyramids with ceremony and celebration whereas North Africa and the Near East associated it with death rituals. Once you know what these pyramids were actually used for, you are able to completely dismantle everything that Hancock says. Which is probably why he didn't tell you that. God, I don't even want to say he's only telling half the story. He's barely even telling the story.

南美洲将金字塔与仪式和庆典联系在一起，而北非和近东则将金字塔与死亡仪式联系在一起。一旦你知道这些金字塔的真正用途，就能完全推翻汉考克所说的一切。这可能就是他没有告诉你的原因。天啊，我都不想说他只讲了一半的故事，他几乎什么都没说清楚。

And now, the most obvious one and the one which is always the perfect argument when talking about pyramids is that it is just the best way to stack rocks. You got four sides and it goes up. You really can't beat that. And to say that all of these cultures in different parts of the world needed someone to come teach them how to do it is pretty belittling. Don't know how he didn't see that.

现在，最明显的一个观点，也是谈论金字塔时总是被认为是完美论据的观点，就是这样的结构是堆砌石头的最佳方式。它有四个面，并且逐渐向上收缩。你真的找不到比这更好的方法了。而说世界各地的这些文化需要有人来教他们如何建造这样的结构实在是有些看不起人。真不知道他怎么会没看出来这一点。

Just hilarious how he tries to push this idea of being like the ancients were so much more complex than we thought. And then it's like well, did they stack up those rocks on their own? No. They needed people to come from Atlantis to teach them to do that one. Oh man, that looks nice. I'm going to have to erase this. I hate my job. All right, turn to the next page. Bazinga.

他试图宣扬一个观点，说古人比我们想象得要复杂得多，真是搞笑。然后又说他们自己堆那些石头吗？不是的。还需要亚特兰蒂斯的人来教他们怎么做。哇，这看起来还不错。我得把这个擦掉。我真讨厌我的工作。好吧，翻到下一页。巴兹inga。

Texcot Zingo is a 15th century Aztec pool complex. I would have pulled water from a spring, channeled it through many aqueducts and created a lush mountain top full of gardens and baths and waiting pools and whatnot. And like many of the things that the ancients did, it was really impressive. The Aztecs were highly proficient with irrigation systems and it shows at this site.

Texcot Zingo 是一个15世纪的阿兹特克游泳池建筑群。这个复杂设施曾从一个泉眼引水，通过多条水渠进行输送，并在山顶上创造出一个郁郁葱葱的花园、浴池和嬉水池等。就像许多古代人的杰作一样，这个地方令人叹为观止。阿兹特克人在灌溉系统方面非常娴熟，这在这个遗址上得到了充分体现。

Now thankfully Graham Hancock spends the last half of this episode telling us the unique cultural history of this site. Oh wait, no, he actually doesn't do that. Never mind. Now Graham Hancock's claim about Texcot Zingo is that it is much older than archaeologists want to tell us. Thankfully, he has done tens of years of studies into this site dedicated millions of dollars of research and been able to publish many papers proving his hypothesis. Oh wait, hold on. Nope. He looked at a rock. Graham Hancock goes there with another guy and they look at a rock and they're like, this rock is way more weathered than it would be if it was carved in the 15th century and therefore this site must predate all of that, which is just a really bad argument.

现在，感谢格雷厄姆·汉考克（Graham Hancock），他用这一集的后半部分向我们讲述了这个遗址独特的文化历史。哦等等，不，他其实并没有这样做。没关系。关于Texcot Zingo，格雷厄姆·汉考克的主张是，这个地方比考古学家告诉我们的要古老得多。值得庆幸的是，他花了几十年研究这个地方，投入了数百万美元进行研究，并发表了很多论文来证明他的假设。哦，等等。实际上没有。他去看了一块石头。格雷厄姆·汉考克和另一个人去那里，他们观察了一块石头，然后说，这块石头的风化程度大大超过了15世纪雕刻的水平，因此这个遗址一定要更古老，这实在是一个很糟糕的论点。

There is something to be said for using the erosion on rocks to be able to date a site, but typically that only works when you really know what the original state of the rock was. But the problem when you're looking at an enormous boulder is you have no idea what the original state was. You don't know how long it's been there. You don't know any of its history and you're just looking at it and being like, yep, looks a little crusty to me. Must have been Atlantis. Towards the end of this episode he starts talking more about mythology. He talks about Ketsu Kwaddle, the Mayan feathered serpent. He talks about Prometheus. He talks about Maui. He talks about, I don't know, Frank Zappa, all the civilizing heroes, you know.

岩石的侵蚀确实可以帮助我们判断一个地点的年代，但通常只有在知道岩石的原始状态时才能奏效。然而，当面对一块巨大的岩石时，问题在于你无法知道它的原始状态。你不知道它在那里存在了多久，你对它的历史一无所知，只是看着它，想着：嗯，看起来有点风化，可能是亚特兰蒂斯留下的痕迹。在这一集的后半部分，他更多地谈论了神话。他提到了玛雅羽蛇神Ketsu Kwaddle，普罗米修斯，毛伊，以及，呃，弗兰克·扎帕，所有这些文明的英雄角色。

After this, Graham Hancock and Marco Vigado, they go to another place called Sotchi Calco. Did I spell that right? I don't think I spelled that right. I'm going to stop doubting myself. I'm pretty sure I've gotten all of these right so far. Sotchi Calco is a seventh century temple and it has depictions of the Ketsu Kwaddle feathered serpent around the outside of it. The reason why Vigado and Hancock go to this site is to prove that the folklore is true. Ketsu Kwaddle allegedly arrived from the sea on a raft of serpents and you know came and civilized everyone.

在这之后，Graham Hancock 和 Marco Vigado 前往另一个叫做索奇卡尔科（Sotchi Calco）的地方。我拼对了吗？我觉得没拼对。不过我决定不再怀疑自己，我几乎肯定到目前为止我拼写的都是对的。索奇卡尔科是一个建于七世纪的庙宇，庙宇外部装饰着羽蛇神奎兹尔科亚特尔（Ketsu Kwaddle）图案。Vigado 和 Hancock 造访这个遗址的目的是为了证明传说的真实性。据说奎兹尔科亚特尔是乘坐一只由蛇组成的筏子从海上到达这里，并随后开化了当地人。

And so they prove that this actually happened by going to a temple dedicated to Ketsu Kwaddle and looking at the carving of Ketsu Kwaddle on the outside. I think I'm going to convert religions. So even if that is what this carving actually depicts, that would be like walking to literally any cultural interpretation or piece of art and taking it at face value. So next time you go to an art museum, remember that every single thing in it is a fact. The thesis is that this temple is a chronicle of the events that happened when the younger dryest impact happened. Despite this temple being built, you know, 8,000 years after this event, I'm done with this one.

他们通过去一个供奉Ketsu Kwaddle的神庙，并观察神庙外墙上的Ketsu Kwaddle雕刻，来证明这件事确实发生了。我想我可能要改信这种宗教。不过，即使那雕刻确实描述了这个事件，也就像是走进任何一个文化解释或艺术作品，然后完全按照字面意思解读它一样。所以，下次你去艺术博物馆时，请记住，里面的每一件东西都是真实的事实。这种观点认为这个神庙记载了小德冰期冲击事件，尽管这个神庙是在事件发生后8000年才建成的。我不想再讨论这个话题了。

So let's do a quick recap of what Grand Hancock has proven in this episode. Are we all on the same page? Write that down. It will be on the test. Next page, Lesson 3, Serious Rising.

那么，让我们快速回顾一下Grand Hancock在这一集里证明了什么。大家都明白了吗？把这点记下来，这会出现在测试中。翻到下一页，第三课：严肃崛起。