科举为什么发生基因突变｜罗振宇《文明之旅》之1002

这段文字出自一档名为《文明》的节目。主持人带领听众回到中国宋真宗年间的1002年，重点讲述了科举制度的演变，这是当时选拔官员的关键机制。 1002年发生了一件大事：殿试，这是由皇帝亲自主持的科举考试的最后一关。当年的状元是王曾，一位非凡的人物，他实现了“连中三元”，即在乡试、省试和殿试中都获得了第一名。 主持人强调，1002年也是“糊名”这种“黑科技”创新被引入的一年。“糊名”是指将考生的姓名在试卷上封起来，防止考官知道他们正在评分的试卷是谁的，从而确保公正并防止偏袒。像那个时代的其他技术一样，这项技术反映了宋朝为提高公平性和防止作弊所做的努力。主持人将此与现代标准化考试进行类比，强调了对公平评估的持久追求。 节目概述了在北宋早期出现的或成熟的四项关键“黑科技”，这些技术旨在防止科举考试中的舞弊行为。 * 殿试：皇帝主持最后的考试。 * 锁院：指定的主考官被关在考场内，在考试结果公布前不能与外界见面。 * 糊名：考生的名字被封起来。 * 誊录：重新誊抄试卷，这样原先的阅卷人就无法识别他们的笔迹。 这些创新措施表明，当时人们对科举制度的态度发生了重大转变。 主持人提出了两个关键问题：为什么这些创新在科举制度于隋朝创立近400年后，才突然在北宋时期出现？为什么宋朝会采用一种完全依赖笔试的制度，这可能会牺牲对考生能力的更全面评估？ 为了回答这些问题，节目深入探讨了中国人才选拔的历史。在科举制度之前，人才选拔依赖于推荐和关系。在秦汉时期，地方官员有责任招募人才。逐渐地，出现了一种名门望族积累优势的制度。唐朝试图利用不同的部门来招募人才。到了宋朝，这些制度创造了一种权势家族可以影响人才库的环境。 科举制度最初旨在打破这种制度，为那些原本无法被推荐或通过关系得到机会的人提供了一种晋升途径和成为政府官员的机会。它允许任何人通过考试来展示他们的能力。宋代的科举制度引入了前所未有的公平性和客观性。 主持人强调，科举制度并不完美，但它为那些地位较低的人提供了一个通过在笔试中取得好成绩来获得机会的途径。

This transcript comes from a program called "Civilization". The host takes listeners on a journey to the year 1002 in China, during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. The main focus of this episode is the evolution of the Imperial Examination System (科举制), a crucial mechanism for selecting officials. The year 1002 saw a significant event: the *dianshi* (殿试), the final imperial examination personally overseen by the emperor. This year's *zhuangyuan* (状元), the top scorer, was Wang Zeng, a remarkable individual who achieved *lianzhong sanyuan* (连中三元), meaning he secured first place in the local, provincial, and imperial examinations consecutively. The host highlights that 1002 was also the year *huming* (糊名), a "black technology" innovation, was introduced. *Huming*, or sealing the examinee's name on the exam paper, prevented examiners from knowing whose paper they were grading, ensuring impartiality and preventing favoritism. This technology, like others of the era, reflects Song Dynasty efforts to enhance fairness and prevent cheating. The host draws a parallel to modern standardized tests, emphasizing the enduring pursuit of fair evaluation. The program outlines four key "black technologies" that emerged or matured during the early Song dynasty to prevent fraud in the civil service examinations. * *Dianshi* (殿试): Emperor presided the last exam * *Suoyuan* (锁院): the appointed main examiner was locked up in the examination compound so they can't meet others before the exam result released * *Huming* (糊名): examinee's name was sealed * *Tonglu* (誊录): re-copy the exam paper, so the original examiners can't recognize their handwriting These innovative measures suggest a significant shift in the attitude towards Imperial Examination System in that era. The host raises two crucial questions: Why did these innovations emerge suddenly in the early Song Dynasty, nearly 400 years after the system's inception during the Sui Dynasty? And why did the Song embrace a system that relied solely on written examinations, potentially sacrificing a more holistic assessment of a candidate's abilities? To answer these questions, the program delves into the history of talent selection in China. Prior to the Imperial Examination System, talent selection relied on recommendations and connections. During Qin and Han Dynasties, local authorities had a responsibility to recruit talent. Gradually there was a system where prestigious families accumulated advantages. The Tang Dynasty tried to use different departments to recruit talent. By Song Dynasty, these systems created an environment where powerful families could influence talent pool. The Imperial Examination System was originally designed to break the system by providing a way for people who can not otherwise be recommended or connected, to move up and get a chance to become government officers. It allowed anyone to demonstrate their ability through examinations. The Imperial Examination System of the Song Dynasty introduced an unprecedented level of fairness and objectivity. The host emphasizes that Imperial Examination System was not perfect, but provided a chance for the less privileged to step into the opportunity, by doing well on the written exam.