凭什么罗马教廷能掌权西欧几百年？｜罗振宇《文明之旅》之1054

好的，这是对您提供的文本的中文翻译： 这是一段播客节目《文明之旅》第55集的文字稿，本集聚焦于1054年的东西教会大分裂，即东正教和罗马天主教的分裂。主持人通过强调11世纪的欧洲相比中国缺乏详细的历史记录来引出讨论，突出了这一事件作为欧洲历史上的一个重大发展的重要性。 本集节目首先概述了这一事件：1054年7月，罗马天主教会的代表前往君士坦丁堡（今伊斯坦布尔），在圣索菲亚大教堂的祭坛上放置了一份绝罚声明，宣布东方教会为异端。东方教会反击，将罗马代表团逐出教会，并谴责教皇。主持人指出，直接原因是细微的分歧，例如圣餐应该使用有酵饼还是无酵饼。但他强调，这些分歧仅仅是一个更深层次、长达数个世纪之久的分歧的表象。 问题的根源在于公元395年西罗马帝国和东罗马（拜占庭）帝国之间的政治分裂。在随后的几个世纪里，语言（西方是拉丁语，东方是希腊语）和神学解释上的差异加剧了这一鸿沟。主持人指出，弥合这一裂痕耗费了漫长的时间——一个象征性的姿态发生在1965年。 本集的主要焦点随后转移到探索罗马天主教会在西方历史上的独特地位。主持人认为，现代对基督教的认知往往受到罗马天主教会的行为和特征的过度影响，忽略了东正教的存在和独特的特征。他用东正教作为一面镜子来照亮罗马天主教会的特殊性。 他首先提问，“教会”究竟是什么。他挑战了一种假设，即教会应该是一个强大的、中心化的组织，尤其是在政治权力和军事力量才是真正权力来源的世界里。他将罗马天主教会与典型的、分散的宗教组织进行对比，例如佛教寺庙或现代美国新教教会。这些团体在很大程度上是自愿性组织，缺乏强制力。主持人承认，一些宗教组织可以变得强大，但他认为，从历史上看，它们要么变得明确地政治化（神权政治），要么被世俗权力征服。 他强调东正教就是后者的一个例子，拜占庭皇帝对教会施加了相当大的控制，甚至决定谁将成为牧首。他指出，俄罗斯东正教会随后受到沙皇的征服，包括彼得大帝废除牧首职位，转而支持国家控制的宗教事务委员会。 主持人随后强调了罗马天主教会的“奇怪”性质，尽管缺乏军事力量，但在几个世纪里，它对欧洲政治产生了巨大的影响。他认为这源于许多因素。首先，它中心化的、等级结构，就像一个中央帝国；其次，教皇作为即使在世俗统治者之上也具有强大影响力的人物，其地位是独一无二的。他强调教皇在罗马天主教会中的独特地位几乎是不可质疑的，并拥有巨大的权力。 他讨论了早期的教皇，如圣彼得，他们面临迫害并拥抱谦逊。然后，他将他们与中世纪时期更强大、更活跃于政治的教皇进行对比，后者发动十字军东征，迫害科学家，并参与政治权力斗争。他质疑宗教领袖的形象是如何改变的。 他探讨了教皇的权力，引用了教会法，该法声称教皇对普世教会拥有至高无上的、完全的、直接的和完全自由的权力。他讨论了格列高利七世教皇的《教皇训令》，该文件概述了教皇的至高权力，包括废黜皇帝的权力。他讲述了神圣罗马帝国皇帝亨利四世被迫在卡诺莎的雪地里恳求格列高利七世教皇宽恕的著名事件。 主持人随后引用了一本书《中世纪世界》，以及其论点，即天主教欧洲的许多艺术和建筑杰作代表着大规模的财富转移。他讨论了一个宗教组织本不应该拥有暴力和金钱，然后从书中提出了两个原因来解释为什么罗马天主教会拥有如此巨额财富。第一，欧洲的历史气候。第二，在这种气候下出现的人们。 西罗马帝国的灭亡造成了权力真空，罗马天主教会凭借其独特的地位填补了这一真空，从而保存了文化、知识和秩序感。在一个以城市衰落和社会分裂为标志的混乱时代，教会及其修道院成为文化中心，保存了古典文本并提供社会服务。罗马皇帝让位于罗马天主教会，并帮助教会获得了一种权力感。 他随后用利奥教皇的故事来阐述，他曾两次与野蛮入侵者谈判以阻止罗马被摧毁，以及君士坦丁皇帝，他帮助建立了罗马和天主教会的力量。他进一步强调了关键人物的重要性，指出了格列高利一世教皇。他强调，由于欧洲的所有动荡和混乱，罗马天主教会才拥有权力。 主持人使用进化生物学框架来分析教会的独特轨迹，认为其奇怪的演变代表了全球文明背景下的“突变”。主持人没有问为什么其他文明没有以类似的方式发展，而是建议问题应该是为什么天主教会变得如此独特。 最后，主持人强调，这些“突变”不是孤立的现象。西方教会和国家之间由此产生的权力失衡最终导致了权力、法律和其他原则的发展。所有人类文化都是相互关联的，这才是构成人类整体的原因。 他说，节目将在未来的十字军东征专题中进一步讨论这种演变。

This is a transcript of a podcast, *Civilization Journey*, Episode 55, focusing on the Great Schism of 1054, the split between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. The host frames the discussion by emphasizing the lack of detailed historical records in 11th-century Europe compared to China, highlighting the importance of this event as a major development in European history. The episode begins by outlining the event: in July 1054, representatives from the Roman Catholic Church traveled to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and placed a document of excommunication on the altar of the Hagia Sophia, declaring the Eastern Church heretical. The Eastern Church retaliated by excommunicating the Roman delegation and condemning the Pope. The host points out that the immediate causes were minor disagreements, such as whether the Eucharist should be made with leavened or unleavened bread. However, he stresses that these disagreements were merely symptoms of a much deeper, centuries-long divide. The root of the problem lies in the political split between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 395 AD. Over the following centuries, differences in language (Latin in the West, Greek in the East) and theological interpretation widened the gap. The host notes the absurd length of time it took for reconciliation – a symbolic gesture occurring in 1965. The main focus of the episode then shifts to exploring the Roman Catholic Church's unique position in Western history. The host argues that modern perceptions of Christianity are often unduly influenced by the actions and characteristics of the Roman Catholic Church, overlooking the existence and distinct character of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He uses the Eastern Orthodox Church as a mirror to illuminate the peculiarities of the Roman Catholic Church. He begins by asking what a "church" even is. He challenges the assumption that it should be a powerful, centralized organization, especially in a world where political power and military strength are the real source of power. He contrasts the Roman Catholic Church with typical, decentralized religious organizations, such as Buddhist temples or modern American Protestant churches. These groups are largely voluntary associations, lacking coercive power. The host acknowledges that some religious organizations can become powerful, but argues that historically, they tend to either become explicitly political (theocracies) or be subjugated by secular powers. He highlights the Eastern Orthodox Church as an example of the latter, where the Byzantine emperors exerted considerable control over the church, even deciding who would be the patriarch. He points to the Russian Orthodox Church's subsequent subjugation to the Czars, including Peter the Great’s abolition of the Patriarchate in favor of a state-controlled religious affairs board. The host then emphasizes the "strange" nature of the Roman Catholic Church, which, despite lacking military power, wielded immense influence over European politics for centuries. He argues this stems from a number of factors. First, its centralized, hierarchical structure, like a central empire; second, the unique position of the Pope as a powerful figure even above secular rulers. He emphasizes the Pope's unique position in the Roman Catholic Church that is nearly beyond questioning and holds immense power. He discusses the early Popes, like St. Peter, who faced persecution and embraced humility. He then contrasts them with the more powerful, politically active Popes of the Middle Ages, who launched crusades, persecuted scientists, and engaged in political power struggles. He questions how the image of the religious leader has changed. He explores papal authority, quoting from Canon Law which claims that Popes have supreme, total, direct, and completely free authority over the universal Church. He discusses Pope Gregory VII's *Dictatus Papae*, a document outlining the Pope's supreme authority, including the power to depose emperors. He recounts the famous incident of Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire being forced to beg for forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII in the snow at Canossa. The host then refers to a book, *The Medieval World*, and its argument that the many artistic and architectural masterpieces of Catholic Europe represent a massive transfer of wealth. He discusses the lack of violence and money that a religious organization should hold, and then presents two reasons from the book as to why the Roman Catholic Church holds such wealth. First, Europe's historical climate. Second, people who appeared in this climate. The fall of the Western Roman Empire created a power vacuum, which the Roman Catholic Church was uniquely positioned to fill, leading to the preservation of culture, knowledge, and a sense of order. In a chaotic era marked by the decline of cities and the fragmentation of society, the Church and its monasteries became centers of literacy, preserving classical texts and offering social services. Roman emperors gave way to the Roman Catholic Church, and helped to provide the church a sense of power. He then illustrates with the story of Pope Leo, who twice negotiated with barbarian invaders to prevent the destruction of Rome, and Emperor Constantine, who helped to build the power of Rome and the Catholic Church. He further emphasizes the importance of key individuals, pointing to Pope Gregory the Great. He highlights the Roman Catholic Church has had power due to all the turmoil and disorder in Europe. The host uses an evolutionary biology framework to analyze the Church’s unique trajectory, arguing that its strange evolution represents a "mutation" within the context of global civilizations. Instead of asking why other civilizations didn't develop similarly, the host suggests the question should be why the Catholic Church became so unique. Finally, the host emphasizes that these "mutations" are not isolated phenomena. The resulting power imbalance between church and state in the west ultimately leads to the development of power, law, and other principles. All cultures of humans are interrelated and interconnected, which is what makes humanity as a whole. He says the program will discuss this evolution further in a future episode on the Crusades.