Why Humans Need a Tribe | Book Insights on Tribe by Sebastian Junger
发布时间 2023-03-15 22:00:15 来源
摘要
*Sebastian Junger’s work as a journalist and film-maker in war zones led him to some startling facts about conflict and hardship: people are often happier in times of war than in peace; disasters are sometimes recalled more fondly than vacations or weddings; and mental illness increases the richer a society becomes.
*Rather than hardship, what people cannot bear is the feeling that they are unnecessary, not part of some tight group that needs them and looks out for them.
*History bears this out: in the early days of North America’s settlement by Europeans, many white captives of American Indians, once freed, chose to go back to tribal life.
*And many of the soldiers who Junger met admitted they didn’t just struggle to find civilian life meaningful, they actually missed the war experience.
*Junger pulls these facts together into a compelling argument about the intrinsically tribal nature of human beings and the dreadful cost of the de-tribalization of modern life.
Theme 1: History of Tribalism - 0:29
Theme 2: Tribal War - 7:50
Theme 3: Tribalism & America - 16:05
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HEAR THE FULL INTERVIEWS MENTIONED IN TODAYS' EPISODE HERE:
ABC News. “Bowe Bergdahl Responds to Those Who Called Him a Traitor.” YouTube, YouTube, 17 Oct. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyvcY2DH4fg.
Archive, AP. “The CEO of Goldman Sachs Testily Defended His Company's Ethics and Business Practices during the Nat.” YouTube, YouTube, 24 July 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=7r3oeQdrb5c&t=49s.
Fox Business. “Trump Calls Media 'Enemy of the People'.” YouTube, YouTube, 30 July 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtP3yDf4yuo.
Joe Rogan University - Fan Channel. “Sebastian Junger on Affluent Living and Obese People.” YouTube, YouTube, 12 June 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=anyq9jn2uTw.
JRE Clips. “Joe Rogan & Sebastian Junger - Modern Society Makes People Depressed.” YouTube, YouTube, 9 June 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=R04K0jLMZ1Y.
PowerfulJRE. “Joe Rogan Experience #1034 - Sebastian Junger.” YouTube, YouTube, 6 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=iurXFfNriyg&t=207s.
“Sebastian Junger Examines Veteran Life After Leaving 'Tribe'.” NPR, NPR, 21 May 2016, www.npr.org/2016/05/21/478962909/sebastian-junger-s-examines-veteran-life-after-leaving-tribe.
TED. “Our Lonely Society Makes It Hard to Come Home from War | Sebastian Junger.” YouTube, YouTube, 10 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9DNWK6WfQw&t=616s.
TED. “Sebastian Junger: Why Veterans Miss War.” YouTube, YouTube, 23 May 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGZMSmcuiXM&t=700s.
TV, TPM. “President Bush Addresses Nation on Economic Crisis.” YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsDmPEeurfA.
Full Title: Tribe: On Homecoming & Belonging
Year of Publication: 2016
Book Author: Sebastian Junger
To purchase the complete edition of this book click here: https://tinyurl.com/2jzb5ezv
Book Insight Writer: Tom Butler-Bowden
Editor: Tom Butler-Bowden
Producer: Daniel Gonzalez
Production Manager: Karin Richey
Curator: Tom Butler-Bowden
Narrator: Patrick Chou
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中英文字稿 
You're listening to Book Insights, brought to you by Memode, finding and simplifying the world's most powerful ideas to fit into your lifestyle. Each episode is a deep dive into a non-fiction bestseller that can change your life or make you think. In around 30 minutes, you'll learn all about a book that offers wisdom for your life, career, or business. So get ready to live and work smarter, better, and happier with Book Insights.
你正在聆听由Memode带给你的《书籍洞见》节目，我们发现并简化了世界上最强有力的思想，以适应你的生活方式。每一集都深入探讨一本可以改变你的生活或让你思考的非小说畅销书。在大约30分钟的时间里，你将学到一本书为你的人生、职业或企业提供智慧的所有内容。所以，准备好和《书籍洞见》一起以更聪明、更好、更幸福的方式生活和工作吧。
Imagine this. You're hitchhiking alone in a foreign country. There's nothing for miles. That's when you come across a homeless man. You go tense. He asks you, you got any food? You lie because you don't want to be robbed. So you say, only a little. And you know what the homeless man does? He gives you some of his own food, because he wants to make sure you're okay, that you've got what you need. This actually happened to someone, it's a bastion younger, and this set his imagination of fire. He wondered when the last time he ever felt responsible for somebody else.
想象一下，你独自在一个陌生的国家搭车旅行，周围几乎没有什么东西。这时你遇到了一个无家可归的男人，你感到有些紧张。他问你是否有食物，你撒了一个谎，因为你不想被抢劫。你说，只有一点点。你知道这个无家可归的男人做了什么吗？他给了你一些他自己的食物，因为他希望确保你没事，有你需要的东西。这实际上发生在某个人身上，他叫巴斯廷年轻人，这激发了他的想象力。他想知道他最后一次对别人负责是什么时候。
We are wired to serve ourselves, and we are wired to serve the group. And in a healthy society, those two are in a dynamic tension with each other and in balance. In modern society, there really is no group to serve, and it leads to a really profound sense of meaninglessness for a lot of people. That was younger on the Joe Rogan experience. It isn't just a bummer that we aren't close with our neighbors. It's a fatal flaw in our society, and you might be feeling the symptoms.
我们天生倾向于服务自己，也天生倾向于服务集体。在一个健康的社会中，这两个方面处于动态张力和平衡状态。在现代社会中，真的没有什么集体可以服务，这导致很多人感到非常深刻的无意义感。这是在乔·罗根体验节目上较年轻的观点。我们与邻居不够亲密不只是让人沮丧，这是我们社会的一个致命弱点，也许你正在感受到症状。
Sebastian Younger is a war reporter, a writer, and an Oscar-nominated filmmaker. He co-directed the 2010 film Restrepo and its 2014 follow-up, Corangal. Both films bring the viewer into the physical and mental distress of the soldiers deployed to the most dangerous place in Afghanistan. He also wrote the book The Perfect Storm, a true story of Men Against the Sea, which was made into the popular film starring George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg. Danger and uncertainty attracted him to those places and stories. He researched people like him as well as the history of long-term effects of war. This culminated in the 2016 book, Tribe, on Homecoming and Belonging. It's a book that uses history and psychology to explore our need for the tribe and why we lack it today.
Sebastian Younger是一位战地记者、作家和奥斯卡提名的电影制片人。他与他人共同导演了2010年的电影《Restrepo》和2014年的续集《Corangal》。两部电影展示了被派往阿富汗最危险地区的士兵们的身体和心理痛苦。他还写了《完美风暴》这本书，讲述了海难逃生的真实故事，后来还被制成了由乔治·克鲁尼和马克•沃尔伯格主演的流行电影。危险和不确定性吸引了他去那些地方，并探究人类与长期战争后遗症的历史。这最终在2016年的书籍《部落》中得到了总结，关于归家和归属感。这是一本结合历史和心理学来探讨我们为何需要部落以及今天我们为何缺乏它的书籍。
In this book, Insight, we'll explore humanity's relationship with tribalism, and how losing that affects society. The book begins in the early days of America's white settlement. The new settlers were supposed to be equal in the new world, but race and class divisions were very real. The native Indian population, on the other hand, lived in genuinely egalitarian style. Authorities were not seized, but earned, and if you weren't happy with your tribal group, you were free to leave. White Americans spread out across the landmass, taking with them a sense of cultural superiority.
在这本书“洞察力”中，我们将探讨人类与部落主义的关系，以及失去这种关系如何影响社会。本书从美国的白人定居早期开始。新移民应该在新的世界中平等，但种族和阶级分化却是非常真实的。另一方面，原住民印第安人生活在真正的平等风格中。当局没有被夺取，而是赢得的，如果你对你的部落团体不满意，你可以自由离开。白人美国人在土地上分散开去，带着文化优越感。
But a funny thing happened. We'll let Younger explain in his talk with Joe Rogan again. There was also a lot of young white people, particularly white men, but young women too, who basically absconded across the frontier into tribal society. They fled white society. They didn't like it. As Benjamin Franklin pointed out, we have lots of young colonial fleeing to the Indians, and we have not one example of an Indian, as they were called, fleeing to white society. Franklin also noted how Indian children almost always returned to their original group after the briefest of contact. And yet, lots of white captives, when freed, returned to the woods and planes to find their Indian families.
发生了一件有趣的事情。我们将让年轻人在与乔·罗根的谈话中再次解释。还有很多年轻的白人，尤其是白人男性，但年轻的女性也是如此，他们基本上潜逃到部落社会。他们逃离了白人社会。他们不喜欢它。正如本杰明·富兰克林指出的那样，我们有很多殖民地年轻人逃到印第安人那里，我们没有一个印第安人（如当时称呼他们的那样）逃到白人社会。富兰克林还注意到，几乎所有的印第安儿童接触最短时间就返回了他们最初的群体。然而，许多被释放的白人俘虏回到树林和平原找到他们的印第安家庭。
Why is this? A French settler once wrote, there must be in their social bonds something singularly captivating. The Indians had something that made white Europeans leave their old life behind. What was it? As early as the 1600s, English women mingled with and sometimes married Indian men. Mary Jamison, once captured by the Seneca people, later wrote that Indian women didn't have a harder life. They had plenty of food, social and sexual freedom, and were more equal to men. Hunting and gathering interested them more than plowing fields. With no personal property, there's a feeling of all for one, one for all. Loyalty encouraged were everything, fighting to the death for the sake of the group with something every person faced. So tribal life had its attractions.
为什么呢？一位法国殖民者曾写道，他们的社会纽带中一定有什么特别迷人的东西。印第安人拥有一些让白人欧洲人舍弃旧生活的东西。这是什么呢？早在17世纪，英国妇女就开始与印第安男子交往甚至结婚。曾被赛尼卡人俘虏的玛丽•贾米森后来写道，印第安妇女的生活并不比白人艰苦。她们有足够的食物和社会性和性自由，与男性更加平等。狩猎和采集对她们更有吸引力，而不是耕种田地。没有私人财产，有一种全为一体，一体为全的感觉。忠诚度是被鼓励的，每个人都面临为了整个团体奋斗到死的事情。所以，部落生活有它的吸引力。
But why exactly did civilized life pale next to it? You'd figure the one with more material comfort and physical security would look best.
但是为什么文明生活会在它旁边黯淡无光呢？你会想，拥有更多物质舒适和身体安全的生活方式应该是最好的。
You see, civilized life compels people to work more. The richer the society, the less free the individual. Compare this to the CUN people of the Kala Hari. They only need to work 12 hours a week to survive because they shared whatever was hunted or gathered. They don't have the trait of a wealth we do, but they have freedom and control of their time.
你看，文明的生活迫使人们更多地工作。社会越富裕，个人的自由就越少。与卡拉哈里的库恩人相比，他们只需要每周工作12小时就能生存，因为他们分享所狩猎或采集到的一切。他们没有我们拥有的财富特质，但他们拥有自由和对时间的掌控。
Thousands of years ago, all humans lived like the CUN do. We lived in tribes of maybe 50. People spent their time together intensely loyal and never alone. Our brains evolved to one and expect this kind of closeness. Today we live in cities or suburbs where we go whole days without talking to anyone. We don't know our neighbors anymore. We've made stunning advances in medicine and health, but there's an epidemic in depression, anxiety, chronic loneliness, and schizophrenia.
数千年前，所有人类都像CUN一样生活。我们生活在大约50个人的部落中。人们在一起度过时间，忠诚无比，永远不会孤独。我们的大脑进化到一起并期望这种亲密关系。今天我们生活在城市或郊区，在整整一天都没有与任何人交谈的情况下度过。我们不再认识邻居。我们在医学和健康方面取得了惊人的进展，但抑郁症、焦虑症、慢性孤独症和精神分裂症正在流行。
Extreme inequality is a major reason for this. A World Health Organization study found that extreme mood disorders are much more common in countries such as the US, where the income disparity is great. Here's younger Angio Rogan again.
极度的不平等是这个问题的主要原因。世界卫生组织的一项研究发现，在美国等收入差距大的国家，极端情绪障碍更为普遍。以下是年轻的安吉奥·罗甘。
If you look at those alcoholism, depression, suicide, and effluent neighborhoods, I mean it's astronomical. It's brutal. Mental illness and high suicide rates seem normal to us, but are rare in tribal societies. Among Native Indian peoples, a person only takes their life to avoid death at the hands of an enemy or an old age to not burden the tribe. It was done in some purposeful, rational way and not from general misery. Today, despite their greater wealth, US-born Mexicans are more likely to get depressed than Mexicans in Mexico. Prosperity has many comforts and wonders, but it also pushes us to live more separately. In poorer countries, people are forced to live together and be more dependent. The flip side is constant companionship in a sense of shared struggle and sacrifice. This is exactly how humans evolved to live. Wealth can't replace that.
如果你看那些滥酒、抑郁、自杀和污染严重的社区，你会发现那是一种天文数字。太残酷了。心理疾病和高自杀率好像是我们平常见的，但在部落社会中却很罕见。在美洲原住民中，只有在为了避免被敌人杀死或在老年时不给部落带来负担时才会自杀。这是有目的、理智的行为，而不是出自普遍的痛苦。如今，尽管美国出生的墨西哥人更富裕，但他们比墨西哥的墨西哥人更容易沮丧。繁荣带来了许多舒适和奇迹，但它也推动我们更孤立地生活。在较贫穷的国家，人们被迫生活在一起，更为相互依赖。另一方面，这种生活方式带来了持续的伙伴关系，以及共同的奋斗和牺牲感。这正是人类演化生活的方式。财富无法替代这一点。
In psychology, self-determination theory says that people need some basic things. They need a feeling that they can do things or competence. They need a feeling that their lives have meaning or authenticity. And they need a feeling that they're connected to others. Things such as wealth, status, and beauty are nice, but inessential. Younger's point isn't that the Native cultures are superior to European ones, but the way their organization is how humans lived for millennia.
在心理学中，自我决定理论认为人们需要一些基本的东西。他们需要感觉自己能够做事或是有能力。他们需要感觉自己的生活有意义或真实性。他们需要感到自己与他人有联系。像财富、地位和美貌之类的东西是好的，但不是必要的。杨格的观点并不是认为土著文化比欧洲文化优越，而是他们的组织方式是人类数千年来生活的方式。
Deep tribal loyalty and connection didn't just feel good for the members, it's crucial to group wanted to survive. Today, we lack this sense of closeness. We lose opportunities to show loyalty and sacrifice to the larger group. We fall into social and spiritual voids. Today, we learn just how bad our modern society understands the needs of the individual.
深厚的部落忠诚和联系不仅让成员感觉良好，对于组群的生存也至关重要。今天，我们缺乏这种亲密感。我们失去了表现忠诚和为大组做出牺牲的机会。我们陷入了社交和精神虚空。今天，我们了解到现代社会对个体的需求理解得有多糟糕。
Next time, we're learning how this relates to war and what happens to the soldier who finds their tribal calling and then loses it. We'll conclude our talk later by discussing what today's contentious atmosphere means for our desire for closeness and purpose.
下次，我们将学习这与战争有什么关系，以及那些找到他们部落召唤并失去它的士兵会发生什么。稍后我们将通过讨论今天的争议氛围对我们对亲近和目的的渴望有什么意义来结束我们的谈话。
Enjoying this episode of Book Insights? If so, keep listening and learning. There's a collection of over 100 titles you can read or listen to now at memodeapp.com/insights. That's m-e-m-o-d-a-p-p.com/insights.
喜欢这集《读书启示录》吗？如果是的话，就继续听下去，并且继续学习吧。你可以在 memodeapp.com/insights 上阅读或聆听超过100本书籍的内容集合。记住这个网址，是 m-e-m-o-d-a-p-p.com/insights。
Today, only about 10% of American servicemen see active combat. Compared to wars like Vietnam or World War II, our soldiers suffer far less casualties. So you'd figure disabilities would follow this trend, right? The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced, thank God, a casualty rate about one-third of what it was in Vietnam. But they've also created, they've also produced three times the disability rates.
今天，只有约10％的美国军人参与实际战斗。与像越南战争或第二次世界大战这样的战争相比，我们的士兵遭受的伤亡远远较少。那么您会认为残疾也会遵循这种趋势，对吗？在伊拉克和阿富汗的最近战争中，感谢上帝，伤亡率约为越南战争的三分之一。但是它们也创造了三倍的残疾率。
That was Sebastian Younger giving a TED talk. The title of the TED talk is, Our Lonely Society Makes It Hard to Come Back From War. How can coming home be more of a challenge than active combat in Vietnam? What's our modern society doing that's so damaging for these men and women?
那是塞巴斯蒂安·杨格在 TED 演讲。演讲的题目是“我们孤独的社会让回归战场变得困难”。回家比在越南的实战更具挑战性有什么原因？我们现代社会对这些男女做了什么伤害？
We're continuing our discussion on tribe, on homecoming and belonging. This slim book was written by war journalist and Academy Award-nominated filmmaker, Sebastian Younger. In our last talk, we explored the differences between European settlers in early America and the first people. We learned that while Native Americans rarely adopted the white people's way, the whites abandoned their lifestyles to live in the tribes.
我们正在继续关于种族、回归和归属的讨论。这本小书是战争新闻记者和奥斯卡提名电影制片人塞巴斯蒂安·杨格撰写的。在我们上次的谈话中，我们探讨了早期美国的欧洲移民和第一批居民之间的差异。我们了解到，虽然美洲原住民很少采用白人的方式，但白人却放弃了自己的生活方式来生活在部落中。
We've lived in close knit communities for thousands of years. The Indian tribes connected with our need for belonging.
我们已经在紧密联系的社群中生活了数千年。印第安部落能够满足我们归属的需求。
In this book, in sight, we're discussing how war fits into our tribal psychology and question why a soldier misses the action.
在这本书里，我们正在探讨战争如何符合我们的部落心理，并质疑为什么士兵会想念行动。
We'll start by taking a look at England in World War II. Just before the Germans started the London Blitz, authorities worried Londoners would be too scared to leave the underground shelters. Without anybody working, the economy would collapse. But the opposite happened. They were defiant, risking their lives to keep the city running. They got behind the war effort.
我们将首先看一下二战中的英国。就在德国开始对伦敦实施轰炸之前，当局担心伦敦人会因害怕而不愿离开地下庇护所。如果没有人工作，经济将崩溃。但事实却相反。他们挺身而出，冒着生命危险来保持城市运转。他们支持战争努力。
Above ground, scores of people were killed by bombs, but mass hysteria never took. Psychiatrists reported a drop in psychiatric admittance, and in many existing cases, the symptoms of mental illness disappeared. You could see the same thing happening in Paris. During the war, the city's psych wards emptied, even after the Nazis began their occupation. In Germany, the people were only getting more defiant. The highest morale was recorded in cities like Dresden that were bombed the most.
地面上，有许多人被炸弹炸死了，但从未发生过集体歇斯底里。精神病医生报告称精神病入院人数减少了，在许多现有的病例中，精神疾病的症状也消失了。在巴黎也可以看到同样的情况。在战争期间，该市的精神病收容所空了，即使纳粹开始占领该市。在德国，人们只变得更加反抗。像德累斯顿这样受到炸弹最多的城市，士气最高。
The same thing happened in Spain in its civil war, in Lebanon, and in Northern Ireland. During the Belfast riots, suicide, depression, and homicide fell. Meanwhile, in County Dairy, where there was no violence, rates of depression increased.
在西班牙的内战，黎巴嫩和北爱尔兰也发生了同样的事情。在贝尔法斯特骚乱期间，自杀、抑郁和凶杀的案件数量下降了。与此同时，在没有暴力事件发生的达里县，抑郁症的发生率却增加了。
Charles Fritz in American observed England. He analyzed the bombings effects. He concluded that extreme conditions reinforced social bonds. Disasters in anxiety created a community of sufferers. Class, wealth, and racial differences lose their significance. People are judged only by what they give to the group.
查尔斯·弗里茨是一位美国人，曾观察英格兰。他分析了爆炸事件的影响。他得出结论：极端情况强化了社会联系。焦虑中的灾难创造了一群受苦的社区。阶层、财富和种族差异失去了意义。人们仅仅被他们对群体的贡献所评价。
The American writer Thomas Payne once said that in times of war or calamity, communities don't lapse into moral chaos. People go out of their way to ensure fairness and equality are upheld.
美国作家托马斯·潘恩曾经说过，在战争或灾难时期，社区不会陷入道德混乱。人们会尽力确保公平和平等得到维护。
Look at New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. There's a widespread myth that the city descended into criminal chaos. In fact, crime dropped. Most of the looting was just people needing food.
看看飓风卡特里娜后的新奥尔良。有一种普遍的谣言认为这座城市陷入了犯罪混乱。事实上，犯罪率下降了。大多数抢劫只是人们需要食物。
The problem with modern life is we don't get to live for the collective good.
现代生活的问题在于，我们没有机会为集体利益而生活。
Younger interviewed Nitzara, a medic of Vec, a Bosnian journalist. This is him talking about meeting this young woman who survived the atrocities of Sarajevo.
Younger采访了Vec的一位医务人员Nitzara，一位波斯尼亚记者。这是他谈论遇见这位年轻女性生还了萨拉热窝暴行的事情。
I met this extraordinary woman, Nitzara Amitassovich, who was wounded at age 17 by a Serb tank round that hit her parents apartment. They almost had to cut off her leg. They saved the leg, but they operated on her full reconstructive surgery without anesthesia. Because there was just nothing in Sarajevo at the time. And when I met her last summer, she said almost embarrassed. She said, you know, the siege was so terrible. It was so hard. But you know what? We all kind of miss it. And she literally lowered her voice because she was embarrassed by the thought.
我遇到了一位非同凡响的女士，Nitzara Amitassovich，她在17岁时被塞尔维亚坦克打中她父母的公寓，受伤了。他们差点得截肢。虽然保住了腿，但因为萨拉热窝当时实在太缺医药，所以进行了完整的重建外科手术而没有麻醉。去年夏天我见到她时，她几乎自惭形秽地说，你知道吗？那次围城太可怕了，太难了。但你知道吗？我们有点怀念它。她甚至压低了声音，因为她对这个想法感到不好意思。
She admitted that she misses the close relationships she formed with her friends. They lived together in an apartment block basement. Because every day was life or death, they lived intensely. There were intense love affairs, deep discussions of literature, and laughter to fill a lifetime. When the war ended, she would call people to start living for themselves again. She told Younger, we didn't learn the lesson of the war, which is how important it is to share everything you have with human beings close to you.
她承认想念和她的朋友建立的亲密关系。他们居住在一座公寓楼的地下室里。因为每一天都是生死存亡，他们生活得非常强烈。有激情的爱情，深入的文学讨论，以及足以填满一生的笑声。战争结束后，她会呼吁人们重新开始为自己而活。她告诉年轻人，我们没有学到战争的教训，那就是与你亲近的人分享你所拥有的一切有多么重要。
Any sane person hates war. Hates the idea of war. Wouldn't want to have anything to do with it. Doesn't want to be near it. Doesn't want to know about it. That's a sane response to war.
任何理智的人都讨厌战争。讨厌战争的想法。不想与它有任何关系。不想靠近它。不想知道关于它的事情。这是对战争的理智反应。
That's Younger on one of his TED talks. He's clear on his feelings, but says it inspires ancient human virtues of courage, loyalty, and selflessness. These can be utterly intoxicating to the people who experience them. And this is the secret behind veterans struggling to adjust to peacetime. Normal life just seems much less meaningful because it lacks an intense tribal element.
这是杨纳在他的TED演讲中说的。他对自己的感受非常明确，但是说这激发了古老的人类美德，如勇气、忠诚和无私。对于体验过这些美德的人来说，它们可以完全令人陶醉。而这就是退役军人难以适应和平生活的秘密所在。正常的生活似乎变得没有意义了，因为它缺少了一种强烈的部落元素。
What is war's effect on people who live it every day? What happens to people when peace eventually comes?
战争对每天经历它的人有什么影响？和平最终到来时，人们会发生什么？
Compared to the World War, soldiers today see less action. However, traumatic stress, depression, and suicide are on the rise. The problem isn't that soldiers see or do horrific things, but what happens when they go home?
跟世界战争相比，现在的士兵参观战争场面的机会较少。但创伤后应激障碍、沮丧以及自杀现象正在上升。问题不在于士兵看到或做了可怕的事情，而是他们回家后发生了什么？
Here's Younger making a comparison during a TED talk. We know that if you take a lab rat and traumatize it and put it in a cage by itself, you can maintain its trauma symptoms almost indefinitely. And if you take that same lab rat and put it in a cage with other rats, after a couple of weeks, it's pretty much okay. People take longer to recover from war in rich countries because the contrast between war and civilian life is so great. There's no shared struggle among the general population. Instead, sometimes there's hostility.
这是年轻人在TED演讲中做出比较。我们知道，如果你让一只实验室老鼠遭受创伤并将它单独关在笼子里，你几乎可以无限期地保持它的创伤症状。但是，如果你把同样的实验室老鼠和其他老鼠放在一起关在笼子里，几周后它基本上就会好了。在富裕国家，人们恢复从战争中的时间更长，因为战争与平民生活之间的对比太大了。普通人之间没有共同的斗争，而有时还存在敌意。
That's an XP score of volunteers return from close-knit units to a competitive society in which every person is out for themselves. There's little sense of camaraderie in the homeland. The issue then is not the experience of challenging situations, but with the home they return to. What is it about modern society that is so dispiriting?
这是志愿者从亲密团队返回到一个每个人都只为自己而奋斗的竞争社会所得到的XP分数。在国内几乎没有同志之感。问题不是他们面对挑战的经历，而是他们回到的家园。现代社会有什么令人沮丧的地方呢？
Here's Younger again on the Joe Rogan experience. Yeah, I mean, we're not wired to be confronted with strangers all day long. I live in New York City, and I love New York City, but all day long you encounter strangers and you don't recognize anybody. So you can be alone in a crowd, which is not something that human beings have experienced until quite recently in their history. Sharon Abramowitz, a Peace Corps volunteer, describes the modern world as an anti-human society. It's cold and alienating because our basic human need is to be close to others, emotionally and physically. Modern life bars those essential needs. The lack of connection between people is in stark contrast to the way we evolved socially over thousands of years.
这里是年轻人在Joe Rogan节目中的见解。我是说，我们没有生来就能随时应对陌生人。我住在纽约市，我喜欢纽约，但整天面对着陌生人，你认不出任何人。所以你可以在人群中独自一人，这是人类历史上直到最近才经历过的。和平队志愿者Sharon Abramowitz将现代世界描述为反人类社会。因为我们基本的人类需要是在情感和身体上亲近他人。现代生活却违背了这些根本需求。人与人之间缺乏联系与我们在数千年社会进化中形成的方式形成了鲜明的对比。
Now consider rampage killings where a gunman takes down strangers. Not one has ever happened in an urban ghetto. They're always in white, low-crime towns where the population are middle to upper class. In inner city areas, gun killings are due to gang warfare, which is driven by loyalty and revenge. The indiscriminate nature of rampage killing is the opposite. Extremely nation-caused by a person feeling they're ignored and not part of anything. They begin to hate the world around them.
现在考虑一下肆意杀戮案，指一个持枪者对陌生人进行袭击。它们从未在城市贫民区发生过。而是总是在白人低犯罪率的城镇中发生，这些城镇的居民中多为中高阶层。在城市内部地区，枪击事件通常是由于帮派之间的战争而引起的，这种战争是由忠诚和复仇推动的。而肆意杀戮的不加选择则截然相反。它极其可怕，由于一个人感到自己被忽视和孤立无援，开始憎恨周围的世界而引起。
Today we learned how veterans and volunteers don't only suffer from returning to civilization. They struggle at adapting to the distant and cold world civilians live in. Next time we'll conclude our book insight on Sebastian Younger's tribe. We'll discuss how our politically divided world is ruining our community. Enjoying this episode of book insights? If so, keep listening and learning. There's a collection of over 100 titles you can read or listen to now at memodeapp.com slash insights.
今天我们学习了退伍军人和志愿者不仅遭受从军团回归文明的痛苦，他们还在适应平民生活的遥远和冷漠的世界中挣扎。下次我们将结束Sebastian Younger的部落书的思考。我们将讨论政治分裂的世界如何破坏我们的社区。喜欢这一集的书籍洞见吗？如果是这样，请继续聆听和学习。现在在memodeapp.com/insights上有超过100种书籍可供阅读或听取。
This is from Fox News. President Trump doubled down against the media after a meeting he had with the publisher of the New York Times at the White House. The president sent out a tweet. Fake news has morphed into the phrase enemy of the people. The NHG sales burger, who's the publisher of the Times Fire's Back saying I told him.
这是福克斯新闻的报道，川普总统在白宫与《纽约时报》的出版商会面后，再次对媒体进行了强硬的反击。总统发推文称“假新闻”已经演变成敌人的说法。《纽约时报》的出版商NHG销售汉堡则回应说，我告诉他。
America has some troubles. We've all got opinions and beliefs regarding our politics. We've always had them. But it's leveled up to open warfare. How can a nation continue to operate under such extreme divisions? How are we vulnerable to those looking to undermine us? And what does this mean for the individual looking for belonging in purpose? Today we'll be concluding our talk on Sebastian Younger's book, Tribe on Homecoming and Belonging.
美国有一些问题。我们所有人都有关于政治的意见和信仰。我们一直都有。但现在这已经升级为公开的战争了。一个国家如何在如此极端的分裂下继续运作？我们如何容易受到那些想要破坏我们的人的攻击？对于寻找归属和目的的个人来说，这意味着什么？今天我们将结束对塞巴斯蒂安·杨格尔的《部落：归家与归属》一书的讨论。
We've previously discussed how the human race prefers to live in tribes, just like how we did thousands and thousands of years ago. We've also learned how our modern society promotes alienation and mental illness. Then we learned the real reason why military veterans today suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders. It's not what they experienced over there, but what they're coming home to.
我们之前讨论过人类喜欢像数千年前一样生活在部落中。我们也学过现代社会如何促进孤立和心理疾病。然后我们知道了军人退役后患创伤后应激障碍的真正原因。不是他们经历了什么，而是他们回到家中所面临的问题。
In this book in sight, we'll examine how America's destructive and politically tense society is affecting our sense of tribe. Then we'll review what we learned from Younger's book, Tribe. America is tearing itself apart on every dimension. Younger remembers coming back from war zones. After the shock of American comfort, it quickly turned to dismay. America is a society basically at war with itself, he says. People are full of toxic contempt for the government, for the poor, for the rich, and for foreigners. What would happen to a tribal society that exhibits this kind of behavior?
在这本《在视野中的部落》的书中，我们将探讨美国毁灭性和政治紧张的社会如何影响我们的部落感。然后我们将回顾从杨格尔的书《部落》中学到的内容。美国正在从各个方面自我撕裂。杨格尔记得从战区回来后的感受。在美国安逸的环境下，震惊很快就转化为失望。他说，美国基本上是一个在内部相互对战的社会。人们对政府、穷人、富人和外国人充满有毒的鄙视。一个展示这种行为的部落社会会发生什么？
A group of soldiers holding a post can't afford to revile each other. They work together or die. A nation that doesn't have a common vision is at risk of extinction. A more united nation will see the cracks in the wall. They'll take advantage of them and divide in conquer. Younger doesn't mention Russia explicitly, but it's easy to extrapolate what he's talking about. When a nation loses its tribal ethos, you not only get mass social security fraud, but bankers creating fraudulent products that lead to a financial collapse.
一群士兵守岗时不应该相互咒骂，他们必须团结一致，否则就会死亡。一个没有共同愿景的国家处于灭亡的危险中。一个更加团结的国家会看到墙上的裂痕，并利用它们进行分而治之。杨格尔没有明确提到俄罗斯，但很容易推断他所说的是什么。当一个国家失去了部落的民族精神时，你不仅会得到大规模社会保障诈骗，还会出现银行家制造欺诈性产品，导致金融崩溃。
Over the past few weeks, many Americans have felt anxiety about their finances and their future. I understand their worry and their frustration. We've seen crippled digit swings in the stock market. Major financial institutions have teetered on the edge of collapse, and some have failed. That was President George W. Bush addressing the nation after the 2008 financial crash. This happened while troops were overseas fighting for our nation.
在过去几周里，许多美国人对自己的财务状况和未来感到焦虑。我理解他们的担忧和挫折感。股市出现了严重的数字波动。一些主要的金融机构濒临崩溃，甚至有一些已经失败了。那是乔治·W·布什总统在2008年金融危机后向全国发表讲话。这发生在我们的军队还在海外为国家而战的时候。
For the last 100 years, the U.S. National Suicide Rate has perfectly matched the unemployment rate. The financial crisis of 2008 led to a 5% spike in suicides. British epidemiologists estimated in the first two years alone, 5,000 more people took their lives than normal.
在过去的100年里，美国的全国自杀率和失业率完美匹配。2008年的金融危机导致自杀率上升了5%。英国的流行病学家估计仅仅在前两年就有5000人比正常情况下更多地自杀了。
What kind of society do we have where people seek more for themselves at the expense of others? Younger highlights the contrast between community punishments. He looked at perceived military traders and deserters such as Bo Bergl. Today Bergl at a court-martial hearing at Fort Bragg pleaded guilty to desertion. He told the military judge, I understand leaving was against the law. I understand I endanger the safety of my platoon. That's ABC covering the story of the former sergeant who abandoned his post in Afghanistan.
我们生活的社会怎么会有人为了自己的利益而损害他人呢？ Younger强调了社区惩罚与其他形式惩罚的对比。他研究了军队中被认为是贸易者或逃兵的人，例如Bo Bergl。今天，Bergl在布拉格堡的一次军事法庭听证会上认罪。他对军事法官说：“我明白离开我的岗位是违法的，我明白我危及了我的班全体军人的安全。” 这是ABC报道的关于这位曾在阿富汗逃离自己职责的前中士的故事。
But what happened to the CEOs that played a part in the financial crisis? What the Goldman executives defended their actions and said they didn't cause the financial crisis. Which we could have done better in hindsight, but at the times that we made the decisions and think we did anything wrong. That was from the Associated Press. Not one CEO was sent to prison, and most continued to receive massive bonuses. The formula of betrayal with no punishment, mixed with a nation without solidarity, could be farther from the tribal ethos we humans evolved from.
那些在金融危机中扮演角色的CEO们发生了什么事情呢？高盛的高管们为自己的行为辩护，并表示他们并没有引起金融危机。回想起来，我们确实可以做得更好，但在当时做出决定时，我们认为自己没有做错任何事情。这是来自美联社的报道。没有一个CEO被送进监狱，而大多数人继续获得巨额奖金。背叛无罪的公式，再加上一个没有团结的社会，与我们人类进化出的部落精神背道而驰。
No wonder people fall mentally ill, go on rampages and are filled with contempt. Younger favors national service in America to bring back a sense of tribal belonging. We'll feel responsibility for each other and for the whole. It would reduce the goal of between veterans and the general public, as well as providing a channel for boys to be more safely and less randomly initiated into adulthood.
不难理解人们会因此患上心理疾病、进行暴行并充满鄙视。杨恩格希望通过引入国民服务制度来恢复族群归属感。我们将感受到对彼此和整个社会的责任。这将缓解退伍军人和公众之间的隔阂，同时也为男孩提供更安全、不那么随意的成年仪式。
The war between liberals and conservatives gets us nowhere. Each have outlooks that are rooted in our evolutionary past. We've always had voices pushing for the tribal ideal of equality and everyone looking out for each other. This is represented in the US by the Democrats. Then there is the view that no one in society should get a free ride, that we're responsible for ourselves and cheating of any kind must be punished. This is generally represented by conservative Republicans in the US. Each view has roots in our evolutionary, tribal past. The gap between them will never be resolved. So we should stop wasting time and energy defending our side and quit expressing contempt for the view we don't believe in. The only way to solve this is for both parties to be given respect.
自由派和保守派之间的战争让我们一事无成。他们的观点都扎根于我们进化的过去。我们一直有支持部落理念的声音，追求平等并互相照顾。在美国，这代表了民主党。然后有一种观点认为社会上没有人能轻易得到好处，我们应该为自己负责，任何形式的作弊都应该受到惩罚。这在美国通常由保守派共和党人代表。每种观点都有深深的部落历史渊源。他们之间的差距永远无法解决。因此，我们应该停止浪费时间和精力去捍卫我们的一方，放弃对我们不信任的观点表示蔑视。解决这个问题的唯一方法是给予双方尊重。
A healthy society encompasses fairness and equality. We make sure more vulnerable people are helped and protected and we encourage others, and they share the bounty. It's a sacrifice but one that's got massive benefits overall. Human beings are social, happiest when deeply valued by our tribe. We take our groups for granted. There's nothing worse than feeling outcast or exiled.
一个健康的社会包括公平和平等。我们确保更多弱势人群得到帮助和保护，鼓励其他人分享收益。这是一种牺牲，但总的来说有巨大的好处。人类是社会性的，当我们受到部落深刻的珍视时，最幸福。我们常常将我们的团体视为理所当然，没有什么比感到被排斥或流放更糟糕的了。
Here's Younger Angio Rogan again. We're in middle-class neighborhoods. And that communal connection, I mean, literally meeting people on the landing of your apartment building. Right? Meeting people on the doorstep, on the street. You know, those kinds of human interactions, even in an economically stressed neighborhood, that those create enough of a sense of community that people who might otherwise go crazy and turn their guns in this nihilistic way and on innocent people, that they just don't do it. Because why would I do that to my own people?
这里又是年轻的安吉欧·罗根。我们在中产阶级社区里。那种群体联系，就是在公寓楼的楼梯口真正地遇见人们。对吧？在门口，街上遇见人。你知道的，即使在经济紧张的社区里，那些人际互动足以产生足够的社区意识，使得可能会因为狂躁不安、以一种虚无主义的方式将他们的枪对准无辜的人而走火入魔的人们并没有这样做。因为为什么要对自己的人这样做呢？
As individuals of society, we've become so used to the desire to win. That we've forgotten a more deeper, perhaps more important need to belong. Thank you for listening to this book Insight. Thank you for listening to book Insights. Check out the rest of our content at memo.com.
作为社会的个体，我们已经习惯了想要获胜的欲望，以至于我们已经忘记了一种更深层次、或许更重要的归属需求。谢谢您聆听这本《洞察力》。请访问memo.com查看我们其余的内容。
Please keep in mind that the information provided in or through our book Insights episodes is for educational and informational purposes only. It's not intended to be a substitute for advice given by qualified professionals and should not be relied upon to disregard or delay seeking professional advice.
请记住，我们的书籍《洞见》中提供的信息仅供教育和信息用途，不是替代有资格专业人士提供的建议，不应依赖它来忽视或延迟寻求专业建议。