Chapter 7, "The Charleston Years," delves into the vibrant and complex dance culture of Weimar Republic Germany in the 1920s, exploring its social, political, and artistic dimensions. Fueled by post-war anxieties, economic instability, and the allure of American jazz, dance became a phenomenon that reflected the era's contradictions: freedom and despair, tradition and modernity, exhilaration and disillusionment.
The chapter begins by highlighting the figure of the "jiggalo," a male dancer for hire, as exemplified by a young Billy Wilder. This practice highlights the altered gender dynamics of the time, where women could pay for companionship on the dance floor. The jiggalo symbolized a shift in power relations, where women exercised more economic agency. The article underscores the pragmatism behind this profession, and the social commentary Wilder, himself a jiggalo, would later write.
The text then shifts to the broader dance craze that swept Germany, particularly the shimmy and the Charleston. These dances, originating in African American culture, offered a new sense of freedom and individualism on the dance floor, breaking away from rigid traditional dance forms. No longer bound by fixed steps or formal training, people could express themselves through improvised movements. However, this "misuse of dancing freedom" was criticized by traditional dance instructors, reflecting a cultural clash.
While embraced by many as liberating, the new dance styles were also viewed with suspicion and disdain by conservative elements. Critics saw the frenetic energy and "primitive" movements as indicative of a society in moral decay, a "dancing on the volcano" mentality that ignored the country's deep-seated problems. Otto Dix and George Grosz, for example, depicted the dance halls as repulsive displays of indulgence amidst widespread suffering. Klaus Mann equated the dance craze to a form of oblivion.
The chapter then explores the complex relationship between Germans and African American culture. Black musicians and dancers, like Josephine Baker, became immensely popular in Germany, embodying exoticism and "savage" energy. Baker's success, however, was tinged with racism, as she was often reduced to stereotypes about her "Negro spirit." This section also sheds light on the experiences of Black Germans, including former colonial soldiers, who faced discrimination and the "black shame" campaign, despite their contributions to German society.
The chapter highlights the emergence of venues from grand dance halls, offering a variety of themed spaces from Westerns to Turkish cafes. These spaces underscore the theme of a global world becoming increasingly available to tourists, yet distorted through the theme park lens. From the perspective of people like Inga von Wagenheim, these spaces represented a capitalistic inferno, filled with corruption and pseudo-artists. The chapter ends by highlighting the criticism leveled against the dance craze, as cultural bolshevism, and americanism, and a sign of a deeply divided and decaying culture. By the same measure, it highlights how music addressed poverty, housing, consumerism, self-exploitation and war and helped to address suffering.